Maharashtra Public Service Commission Assistant Engineer Examination Civil Engineering Structural Analysis Well Illustrated Theory with Solved Examples and Practice Questions LI [nae.cee | MADE EASY PublicationsStructural Analysis Contents UNIT TOPIC Stability and indeterminacy Influence Line Diagram — Truss Arches and Cables -— ‘Method of indeterminate Analysis ~ Slope Deflection Method 124-142 ‘Moment Distribution Method ——- 143-165 ‘Matrix Methodof Structural Analysis. 166-189, 9000CHAPTER Stability and Indeterminacy 1.1. Support System 1.1.1 2-D Supports (@) Fixed Support 2 Hy AN Me RI Fig.1.1 (i) Numberofreaction=3 Fig. 1.1 (ii) Number ofreactions=3 At2-D fixed support, there can be three reactions: (one vertical reaction (R,) (ii) one horizontal reaction (H,) (iii) one moment reaction (M,) (b) Hinge Support Hinge support is represented by the symbol A. Ry Fig. 1.2 (i) Numberofreactions=2 Fig. 12 (ii) Numberofreactions=2 Athinged support, there can be two reactions: (9 one horizontal reaction (H,) (i) one vertical reaction (R,)2 Civil Engineering MPsc MADE EASY (© RollerSupport Roller suppor is represented by the symbol ror 5 _, t > Fig. 1.3 (i) Number ofreaction Fig. 1.3 (i) Numberofreactions At roller support there can be only one externally independent reaction which is normal to the contact surface, (@ Guided Roller Support I Fig. 1.4 Number ofreactions=2 ‘At guided roller supports there can be two reactions: (i) one vertcalreaction (R,) (i) one momentreaction (M,) 1.1.2 2-Dinternal Joints (a) Internal Hinge Atinternal hinge bending moment will be zoro. Intomal Hinge é BM, =0 Fig. 1.5 NOTE: An intemal hinge provides one additional equilibrium equation for structures: () _InternalRoller Atinternal roller either axially force or shear force willbe zero, co A 1 8 Fig. 1.6 in fig. 1.6, axially force at Cand Dis zero. > ¢ A 1 5 Fig. 1.7MADE EASY Structural Analysis Stability and indeterminacy 3 fig. 1.7, shear force at Cand Dwill be zeroie., S:= S, (0 Internal Link it any member is connected by hinges at its end and subject can be termed as internal link and carry axial force only to1no external loading in between then it Fig. 1.8 Here BCis a link, link BC catry only axial force and BM, Also BMy NOTE: Internal release also provides additional equation for analysis of structure: 1.13 3-DSupports (@) Fixed Support AtS.D fixed support there can be six reactions: (three reactions R,, R, and R, (ii) three moment reactions M,, M,and M, ‘The fixed support are also called Built-in support. b) 3 DHinged Support AAt3-D hinged suppor there can be three reactions OR, ae i) R, A fe i) The 3-D hinged support is also called ‘ball and socket joint’ 1: Number of reactions = 6 Fig. 1.10 Number of reactions = 3 (© RollerSupport At3-D roller support there can be only one externally independent 4 reaction which is perpendicular to the contact surface a i A Fig. 1.11 Number of reaction a Riexemaly independent) Fig. 1.12 (i) Fig. 1.12 (ii) in figure 1.12.(i), reactions at roller support A, R,, B, and R are externally dependent reactions which depends on reaction R,4 Civil Engineering MPsc MADE EASY Publieatone 1.2 Structure 1.2.1. Elements of Structure Some of the major elements of structure by which structures are fabricated are as follows: (a) Beams: Beams are structural members which is predominantly subjected to bending. On the basic of support system beams can be classified as: (Simply supported beam (i) Cantilever beam (ii) Propped cantilever (iv) Fixed beam Fig. 1.16 TT Fig. 1.17 (9) Continuous beam (b) Columns: A column is a vertical compression member which is slender and straight. Generally columns are subjected to axial compression and bending moment as shown in figure P| a Fig. 1.18 (i) Fig. 1.18 (ii)MADE EASY Structural Analysis Stability and indeterminacy 5 (€)_ Tie Members: Tie members are tension members of trusses and frame, which are subjected to axial tensile force. (Figure : 1.19) he Fig. 1.19 TieRod 1.2.2 Types of Structures (a) Trusses: A truss is constructed from pin jointed slender members, usually arranged in triangular manner. In trusses, loads are applied on joints due to which each member of russ subjected to only axial forces ie, either axial compression or axial tension. Generally trusses are used when span of structure's large. Fig. 1.20 Truss frame is constructed from either pin jointed or fixed jointed beam and columns. Generally loads are applied on beams and this loading causes axial force, shear force and bending to the members of frame. (b) Frame: Gy Beam Beam, Column Colum Column o + Beam [E Beam Column column Column A © Fig. 1.21 Frames (Arches: Arches are used in bridges, dome root, auditorium, where span of structures are relatively more due to external loading, Arch can be subjected to axial compression, shear force or bending moment. Inemal Hinge A Fig. 1.22 (i) ThreeHinge Arch 4 A & Fig. 1.22 (ii) TwoHinge Arch1.3 Civil Engineering MPsc MADE EASY Publieatone (d) Cables: Cables are used to support long span bridges. Cables are flexible members and due to external loading it is subjected to axial tension only. cable X Bridge Deck Pier Fig. 1.23 Cable and Bridge Types of Loading (a) Point lead: A point load is considered to be acting at a point. Itis also called concentrated load. In actual practice point loads are distributed load which are distributed over very small area. .24PointLoad (b) buted loads: Distributed loads are those loads, which acts over some measurable area. Distributed loads are measured by the intensity of loading per unt length along the beam, , pa, Fig. 1.25 DistributedLoads (0 Uniformly distributed leads: Uniformly distributed loads are those distributed loads which have Uniform intensity of loading over the area unit per length Al 8 © D Fig. 1.26 Uniformly Distributed Loads (d)_ Uniformly varying loads : A uniformly varying load, commonly abbreviated as UVL, is the one in which the intensity of loading varies from one end to other, For example, intensity is zero at one end and watother end Fig. 1.27 Uniformly Varying LoadsMADE EASY Structural Analysis Stability and indeterminacy 7 (@) Couple : A system of forces with resultant moment, but no resultant force is called couple. It is statically equivalent to force times the offset distance, =a Fig. 1.28 Couple 1.4 Stability of Structures Structural stabiliy is the major concern of the structural designer. To ensure the stabilly, a structure must have enough support reaction along with proper arrangement of members. The overall stability of structures can be divided into (External stability (ii) Internal stability 1.4.1. External Stability (a) 2-D Structures: For stability of 2-D structures there should be no rigid body movement of structure due to loading so, it should have support in x-direction, y-direction and no rotation in x-y plane. So there should be enough reactions to restrain the rigid body motion. For stability of 2-D structures, following three conditions of static equilibrium should be satisfied () 2F,=0 (Toprevent a,) (ii) BF,=0 (Toprevent A,) (ii) EM, =0 (To prevent @,) For stability in 2-D structures following conditions also be satisfied: (There should be minimum three number of externally independent support reaction, (ii) Allreactions should not be parallel, otherwise linearly unstability will set up, t t f Ry Re Re Fig. 1.29 Unstable (iii) All reactions should not be linearly concurrent otherwise rotational unstability will setup. te Fig. 1.30 (DUnstable Fig. 1.30 (i) UnstableCivil Engineering MPsc MADE EASY (is) Reactions should be non-trival.e. there should be enough magnitude and enough difference between them. (b)3-D Structures: In case of $-D structures, there should be a minimum of six independent external reactions to prevent rigid body displacement of structure. The displacement to be prevented are: A, 4, 4,8, 6, and @,, Therefore, there will be six equation of static equilibrium () =F =0 (i) F,=0 (ii) BF,=0 (i) 3M,=0 ©) -=M,=0 () EM,=0 For stabilly in -D structures, athe reactions should be non-coplanar, non-concurrent and non-parallel NOTE: Ifa structure is constructed from elastic members then small elastic displacement may be permitted but small rigid body displacement will not be permitted. ‘Which one of the following structures is stable? om (a) (b) 0): = @ Solution (a) Member (a) is stable, since reactions are non-parallel and nen-concurrent, He Hy —e!MADE EASY Structural Analysis Stability and indeterminacy 9 Publiestions Member (b) is unstable since all the reactions are concurrent at C. Rs — In Beam (c) is unstable, since all three reactions are parallel 1.42 Internal Stability For the internal stability, no part of the structure can move rigidly relative to the other part so that ‘geometry of the structure is preserved, however small elastic deformations are permitted. To preserve geometry, enough number of members and their adequate arrangement is required. For the geometric stability there should not be any condition of mechanism, Mechanism is formed when there are three collinear hinges, hence to preserve ‘geometric stabilty there should notbe three collinear hinges. For 2-D truss the minimum number of members needed for geometric stability are Fig. 1.99 m= 3-3 and for 8-D truss, m=3j-610 15 151 Civil Engineering MPsc MADE EASY where, j = Number of joint in truss m = Member tequired for geometrical stability. All the members should be arranged in such a way that truss can be divided into triangular blocks. i. no rectangular or polygonal blocks. Hence, for overall geometrical stability of truss: () Minimum number of member should be present 3 (2Dtuss) and m=3j-6 (-Dituss) (ii) There should be no condition of mechanismi.e. no three collinear hinges. EEREEIEEN «check geometrical stability for given trusses o Solution: (Incase (i), arrangement of members is not adequate, hence right panel is unstable and left panel is over stift, For geometric stability, all panels of truss should be stable so given truss is geometrical unstable, For right panel j24 Number of member present, ma4 But minimum number of memberneeded = 2/-3=2x4 Hence Right panel is deficient. For left panel Number of member present, Butminimumnumber of memberneeded = 2)-3=2x 4-3-5 Hence left panels over stif i) i Number of members present m=7 Butminimum number ofmemberneeded = 2/-8 Hence, above truss is geometrically unstable and itcan be called “deficient structure : Number of deticionay = 2 Statically Determinate and Indeterminate Structures Statically Determinate Structures A structure is said to be determinate if conditions of stalic equilibrium are sufficient to analyse the structure. ‘+ Indeterminate structures, bending moment and shear force are independent of properties of materia and cross-sectional area, ‘© Nostresses are induced due to temperature changes * No stresses are induced due to lack of fit and support settlement.MADE EASY Structural Analysis Stability and indeterminacy 11 1.5.2 Statically Indeterminate Structures A structure is said to be statically indeterminate if conditions of static equilibrium are not sufficient to analyse the structure. To analyse these structures, additional compatibility conditions are required © In indeterminate structures, bending moment and shear force depends upon the properties of material and cross-sectional area, © Stresses are induced due to temperature varialion, ‘© Stresses are induced due to lack of fit and support settlement. 1.6 Degree of Indeterminacy The degree of indeterminacy can be divided into: 1. Static indeterminacy, which can be classified as (a) externalindeterminacy (©) internal indeterminacy 2. Kinematicindeterminacy 1.6.1. Static Indeterr inacy ‘Those structures which can not be analyse using equations of static equilibrium alone are called indeterminate structures or hyper static structures, To analyse these structures extra equation are required which is called compatibility equation (a) _ External StaticIndeterminacy (D,,): iis related to support system of the structure, External static indeterminacy is equal to number of independent external reactions in excess to available equilibrium condition for static equilibrium, Dg = ty-1 where, 1, = Total number of independent support reaction r= Total number of available equations of static equilsrium 3(20] (2-0) = 6[3-D] [3-D] Case-1: (2-D beam subjected to general loading) 4 Here, n=6 —} [— 3 (2-0) te 4/ Therefore, 1-8 rig 1.98 Ds, =6-3=3 For general loading system, a fixed beam is statically indeterminate to 3° degree. However for vertical loading system. ‘Case-2: (2-D beam vertical loading) a4 and equations of static equilibrium availabe, | | | 2 therefore, Dope font \te xt/ =4-2=2 Fig. 1.35 Hore beam indeterminate to 2%! degree. Hence, for general loading, the external indeterminacy is given by Dg, = f--3 [For 2-0] and Ds, = 1-6 [For3-D]12 Civil Engineering MPSC MADE EASY [EREEZEEN «= for the structure shown in figure. Determine degree of external static indeterminacy (Ds,) ‘| Solution: nas fe » For general loading, Ds, = 1-3 a = 5-3-2 ' Hence given beam is externally indeterminate to 2" degree. EEEEEEEZ «fr tho space frame shown in figure determine Dg, Solution: Total Ta = For thee thay =6 414346 For general loading (3D) 6-6=10 Since all reactions are nonparallel and nonconcurrent, hence given frames stable and indeterminate to 10" degree Internal Stat Indeterminacy (D,): Case-t: Pin jointed plane frame (2-D Truss): in trusses, all joints are hinged and loading is applied at joint only, the self weight of members are neglected, Hence all member of truss will carry only axial force either tension or compression. If there are m members inthe truss, then there will be minternal member force (axial force in each member). At each jointin the truss, there ate two equilibrium conditions ie. BF, = 0 and EF, = 0. Let there are j number of joint. Hence total ‘equilibrium conditions available on al oint willbe 2), out of 2jcquilibrium conditions, three equations are used to determine external support reactions. Hence net available equations to determine internal reactions will be 2-3. Therefore, Dg, = Total number of internal reactions - Available equation of equilibrium Dg, = m-(2j-3) if D,=0 Truss is internally determinate Such trusses are called perfect trusses if Dy> 0 It will be internally indeterminate and over stiff it D, <0 Internally deficient and geometrically unstable Case-II: 3-D Truss (Pin-jointed space frame) in 3-D truss, each member is having one internal force i.e. axial force but each joint has three condition of equilibrium i.e. ZF, = 0, ZF, = 0 and ZF, =0. Therefore, total condition of equilibrium at jnumber of joint will be 3) Out of Sjequilibrium conditions six conditions are used to find external support reactions. Hence, D,, = Total number of internal reactions — Available equation of equilibrium Dg, = m~(3)-6) where, m= total number of members = total number of jointsMADE EASY Structural Analysis Stability and indeterminacy 13 Publiestions Case-Ill: (2-D and 3-D Rigid Frames) In rigid frames, internal indeterminacy will not exist ifitforms an open configuration lke a tree. To check internal indeterminacy following thumb rule may be applied (_Ifstructure is internally determinate then its impossible to make a cut anywhere in structure without splitting the structure into two free bodies. (ii)_In case of internally determinate structure, itis impossible to retum back at same point without retracing the path, It mean internally determinate structures co not have any cyclic loop. Intwo dimensional (2-D) rigid frame, each member has three- internal forces ie. R,. R,and Mand in 3-D rigid frame each member has six internal force ie. R,, R,, R,..M, and M, Itmeans each closed loop in 2-D has three internal indeterminacy and each closed loop in 3-D has six internal indeterminacy, Hence For 2-D rigid frames, Dg=3e For 3-D rigid frames, Dg=6C where, C= Number of closed loop In above analysis all the joints are considered rigid. If some of the joints are hybrid (hinged) then some of the internal reactions will released. Hence Ds, will reduced. Therefore, D,, = 8 C-r, For 2D and Ds,= 6 C-¥, For 3D where, 1, = Total number of internal reaction released. For example: c 0 é . F 6 A at_C,M,=0, hence, one intemal force (Mis released ne = = a 8 At D, two internal forces are released (@) Axial Force (AF) (©) Bending Moment (BM) nae14 Civil Engineering MPSC MADE EASY Publications (ii) Ey A 8 ALE, Shear Force (SF) is released net The number of released forces (r,) depends upon number of members meeting at hybrid joi For example: (iv) A 8 At C, two members meets. Hence one internal reaction will released ‘ net AtD, three members meets. Hence, two internal reactions will released, nae Hence, total, nate2=3 We can generalize intetnal reaction released as follows: For plane structures, r= Um'-1) (2D frame) For space structures, 1, = E3(m’—1) where, im’ = Number of members mesting at hybrid joint Hence D,, can be written as Dg = 3C- Env - 1) 6C-Z3(mi — where, C=Number of closed loops m{ = Number of members meeting at hybrid joint Overall Degree of Static indeterminacy (D,) 1D, = External static indeterminacy + Internal static indeterminacy Dy = Dy + Ds, Altern: ive Approach to Find D, (a) Plane Truss (2-D Truss) 1D, = Total unknown forces (External + Internal) Total equation of eouilitium available = (m+ 0)-2) where, m = Number of members (Number of internal reactions) = Number of external reactionsMADE EASY Structural Analysis Stability and indeterminacy 15 Publestions J = Number ofoints if D, = 0 Truss is statically determinate Ds, > 0 ‘Truss is statically indeterminate D, <0 Truss is statically unstable (b) Space Truss (3-D Truss) Ds = (m+r)-3) (0 2-D Rigid Frames Dy = (3m+1)-3) (When all joints are rigid) Dg = (8m+1,)-3)—r, (When some joints are hybrid) (d)_ 3-D Rigid Frames Dz = (6m+r,)-6j (When all joints are rigid) Dy = (6m+1,)~6)~r, (When some joints are hybrid) Note: Static indeterminacy for frames: Frames are rigid joined structure hence all joints are made rigid by providing extra restraint (r,) the structure is then cut to make open tree like structure. Number of trees to be made to be equal to number of suppor, tree can't have closed loop branch and non of the branches should fall during cutting and also, tree should have only one root, 3C~1,- for plane frame 6C-s, > for space frame f, = Restrain required to make rigid ° " Number of cut required to make open tree ike structure x Number of restrained required to make support rigid (r,) Foot = [Number of support rk" had the support being fixed] - [Existing number of support reactions] Ex: 20 3D Ex: (1) Joint A and rhave to made rigid before cutting < r * Restrain required at joint A= 3-2 = 1 Restrain required at joint = 3-1 Total restrain required = 2+1=3 8 1H F 116 Civil Engineering MPSC MADE EASY ‘or by loop method D,, = 3x © (Number of closed loop) D,=3x2=6 (2) oF + ‘or’ by loop method D,=3x5=15 D,,=10-3=7 D,= Dy+ 1647 [FEREEZEEE for 2-0 truss shown in figure, find degree of static indeterminacy. Solution: First approach: Dey iy-36Forgonertionding) ree tala) reeset Degree of stat ndeteminacy ere f f Second approach: EEREEZEZE Whats tho total degree of static indeterminacy (both internal and external) of the cantilever plane truss shown in the figure below?MADE EASY Structural Analysis (a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5 Solution (6) First approach: Dy=t-324-3-1 Dy = M- (2-3) = 13-(2x7-3)=2 Dg = De, + Dy 142=3 Second approach: The 2j=1844-2x7 Stability and indeterminacy 17 '2e of static indeterminacy for the rigid frame as shown below is citeee (a) 6 (b) 4 (c) 8 (d) 10 Solution fa) First approach: Second approach: m+ 5-3) =3x5+10-3x6 1-6