Professional Documents
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D Mer
D Mer
Disclosures
Speaker discloses she receives royalties as an author of a book on the subject of D‐MER. Review of the
educational activity by the planning committee concluded there is no commercial bias; there is a balance in
presentation, evidence‐based content and or other indicator of integrity. There are no conflict of interests
for this activity for planners nor content reviewers.
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2021
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Learning Objectives
Objective 1: Explain and define what D‐MER is and
what it is not
Objective 2: Distinguish how D‐MER presents and it’s
variances
Objective 3: Hypothesize and illustrate the possible
cause and treatment of D‐MER
Objective 4: Describe how to best help a mother with
D‐MER
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An Overview of D-MER
D‐MER presents The most widely
D‐MER (D‐MER) is
with a wave of accepted theory is
an anomaly of the
negative emotion that D‐MER is
milk release
manifesting in the mediated by
mechanism in
mother’s stomach. dopamine (the
lactating women. A
A mother feels prolactin inhibiting
lactating woman
normal before and factor). It is
who has D‐MER
after the 2 minute theorized that
experiences a brief
experience. The inappropriate
dysphoria just prior
emotions are dopamine activity at
to the milk ejection
generally self time of prolactin’s
reflex.
directed. rise is at fault.
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An Overview of D-MER
Mothers can D‐MER is not
have mild, nausea with letdown or any
other isolated physical
moderate or manifestation, not a
psychological response to
severe D‐MER. breastfeeding. is not
postpartum depression or a
This is the postpartum mood disorder, is
not a general dislike of
intensity, how breastfeeding, and is not the
strongly the Mothers can "breastfeeding aversion" that
can happen to some mothers
emotions experience D‐MER on when nursing while pregnant
a spectrum of or nursing older toddlers.
manifest. despondency, anxiety
or agitation. The
spectrum dictates the
mother’s emotional
experience.
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D-MER Mothers
Prevalence, predisposition, histories and demographics
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Prevalence
This is the first study to A prevalence rate of 9.1%
A new study in quantify a prevalence rate and describe was found. The
suspected experiences
Breastfeeding respondents described
of D‐MER. It provides the groundwork for
similarities in their
Medicine, volume future research to explore other
experiences with D‐MER,
contributing factors or relationships that
14, number nine, may be relevant to D‐MER. The findings to include feelings coming
2019 was just support that the experience of D‐MER is on suddenly and lasting
different from that of postpartum for less than five minutes.
published studying depression. Future research exploring the Respondents described
the prevalence of behavior of hormones and feeling anxious, sad,
neurotransmitters within the context of irritable, panicky, agitated,
dysphoric milk lactation could contribute to the oversensitive and tearful
ejection reflex. knowledge regarding D‐MER.
most often.
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Predisposition
Do we know why some mothers have D‐MER and not others?
Use of medications or birth It does not seem evident that
control do not seem to hold any birth experience, birth ,
influence on having a medications or birth intervention
predisposition to D‐MER. affects D‐MER.
No defining
It does not seem to be apparent It does not seem that a history of pattern, marker or
that HSP (highly sensitive people) mental health difficulties
are more susceptible to D‐MER. increases the risk of D‐MER, connection
amongst mothers
No overlapping medical
No connection through age,
familial support, location, RH
with D‐MER.
conditions such as thyroid
factor, number of children,
problems, diabetes, RLS, PMDD
westernized demographic or
or others.
ethnicity.
No lineage of D‐MER within families.
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Milk Supply
Mothers with D‐MER tend
to have higher supplies.
Assessing supply is
subjective to the mother.
In theory, if dopamine is
dropping inappropriately, it may
be allowing for higher levels of
prolactin.
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Pumping, Breastfeeding,
Spontaneous Releases
It seems the more D‐MER is generally
severe D‐MER is, the noted with
more likely as mother pumping,
is to feel it with every spontaneous and
letdown, even direct
subsequent letdowns breastfeeding.
during a feeding.
In terms of pumping,
In contrast, the more women gave various
mild D‐MER is the less descriptions. Some felt
likely a mother will D‐MER was worse with
feel D‐MER with every pumping, others less,
and some did not
letdown.
notice a difference.
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Weaning
Mothers are most
likely to wean if D‐MER
is paired with
PPD.
Mothers who have
D‐MER ruminate about Mothers who wean
weaning more often than other because of D‐MER face
breastfeeding heartache and
mothers.
guilt
If a mother
does not wean,
she continues to
breastfeed
under duress.
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Chocolate
The same case But none of
Some report shows these options are
professionals are that alcohol, safe or
recommending pseudo‐ sustainable long
chocolate for D‐ ephedrine and term and the
MER before smoking relieved suggestion shows
nursing based on symptoms for little
one case report. this one mother, understanding of
as well. D‐MER.
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Assumptions
Painful letdown, nausea, supply issues
Mothers
with D‐MER will However,
often think that dysphoria
other connected to the
breastfeeding milk ejection
concerns are reflex is the only
connected to criteria of D‐MER.
letdown.
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Though the mothers Others developed a strong
reported that bonding bond in midst of D‐MER, or
was delayed because of even felt it became
D‐MER. stronger because of it.
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View of Breastfeeding
74% of mothers with D‐MER state that their breastfeeding was affected by D‐MER.
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Personality Changes
Scarce These include
reports of perfectionism,
personality eating
changes that disorders and
the mothers obsessive
attribute to compulsive
D‐MER. disorder.
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D‐MER was
MER was
Feelings reported described as a
included feeling like very much
less of a mother, a
failure, inadequate,
affecting how
a bad mother, and they looked at
disappointment in themselves as
self. mothers.
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Seeking Help
Health care providers, avoiding help, handling it alone
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Women who were
Additionally mothers felt
pleased with their care
that the treatments
reported receiving
offered, like
validation, being taken
antidepressants or
seriously, receiving open
weaning were not
mindedness, given proper
appropriate or did not
information or being
help.
referred.
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Avoiding Help
Mothers report not seeking help
because they felt silly, ashamed
thought it was only in their head,
worried about not being taken
seriously.
Mothers admitted fear about being
judged or deemed an unfit mother and
losing their child.
Many mother felt that D MER was
Many mother felt that D‐MER was
not bad enough to seek help, that it
was mild, quick and passing or that
their own lack of knowledge kept them
from seeking help.
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Handling it Alone
Many mothers do
not seek help, not These included, just
because of shame, accepting it, reminding
but because they feel themselves the experience
they can handle it on was transient,
focusing on their end goal,
their own. bracing themselves for D‐
MER in advance,
using willpower to
These mothers persevere, ignoring
symptoms, counting for
found their own the duration of D‐MER,
tools to get locking their jaw in
determination. used
through the mindfulness and positivity.
experience.
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Oxytocin?
This theory would mean
Some researchers
D‐MER is stemming from
believe that
psychological trauma,
breastfeeding appears
to trigger the D‐MER
when D‐MER is a
response via oxytocin. predictable physiological
Stating that symptom reflex, like a knee jerk.
pattern resembles
chronic hyperarousal
symptoms in post‐
traumatic stress Additionally, “flight or
disorder (PTSD), with a flight” in women is
chronically activated actually “tend or
stress system on the befriend” and this
lookout for possible
danger .
does not line up with
D‐MER emotions.
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This happened Results demonstrate that
mammary nerve stimulation
within 1‐4 min (and by extension, suckling)
induces a momentary, but
after initiation profound, decrease in
hypothalamic dopamine
of mammary secretion which precedes or
nerve accompanies the rise in
prolactin secretion evoked
stimulation. by the same stimulus.
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Pregnancy PMDD
In childhood Before seizures
With galactorrhea Before hot flashes
With erotic nipple
After orgasm
stimulation
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To date there are 8 reports of self
harm with D‐MER recorded.
Self injury is a shameful experience and many
would likely not admit to it.
Seeking help and weaning are two things a mother
with self injury behaviors need to address.
Reported acts of self injury with D‐MER include,
scratching of own skin, pulling ones own hair, hitting
oneself and biting oneself.
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A mother does not need to have a
history of self injury to be susceptible.
The survey sample showed that about 50% of
mothers with D‐MER have self injury urges.
Self injury urges increase the risk of weaning, in
survey sample 10% of mothers with urges weaned
because of them.
Knowing that the feelings are temporary allow most
mothers to nurse despite the self injury urges.
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Safety of Infant
“I think it’s really hard
to find a care provider One midwife with
that you can go to and experience from 2
say you, you know, women with D‐MER
‘I’m angry and I had and SBS (Shaken Baby
this urge to throw my Syndrome) expressed
kid across the room’ concern over that the
without them saying, risk of violence could
‘well, we need to call be because of the
CPS [Child Protection mother doubting her
Services]’ I never feelings for her child
actually would have or and/or bonding
had the actual difficulties between
intension of hurting them.
my child.”
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Biological Breakdown
Some mothers
do not have D‐MER
with their first
child/children. But
once a mother has it, Is it a biological
she will likely have it breakdown due
with subsequent to….
babies. Environment?
Diet?
Toxins?
It is uncertain Indoor living?
if D‐MER has been Lifestyle?
a problem Sedentariness?
throughout time, Vitamin deficiency?
or if it is a new
phenomenon with
increasing
numbers.
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Increase in Mothers
‐100 mothers found in 2007‐2008
‐Facebook group grew slowly to 500 from 2008‐
2017
‐From 2017‐present the group has grown to over
1,400 mothers
Is this an increase of the
prevalence of D‐MER?
Or is it simply that mothers are
more easily able to find support
and information?
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Thank You!
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Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/DMERORG/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/alia-macrina-heise-ibclc-92b4b82b/
Website: d-mer.org
Blog: https://medium.com/@dmerorg
Email: info@d-mer.org
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Bibliography
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Heise, A. M., & Wiessinger, D. (2011). Dysphoric milk ejection reflex: A case report.
International Breastfeeding Journal, 6(1), 6. doi:10.1186/1746-4358-6-6
Pettersson, Jaqueline Packalén, Andréa April 2018. Experiences and knowledge on Dysphoric
Milk Ejection Reflex (D-MER) - A study by means of a mixed method design approach.
Karolinska Institutet doctoral education program.
Cox, S. (2010). A case of dysphoric milk ejection reflex (D-MER). Breastfeeding Reveiw, 18(1).
Watkinson, M., Murray, C., & Simpson, J. (2016). Maternal experiences of embodied
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doi:10.1089/bfm.2017.0086
Uvnas-Moberg, K., & Kendall-Tackett, K. (2018). The Mystery of D-MER: What Can
Hormonal Research Tell Us About Dysphoric Milk-Ejection Reflex? Clinical Lactation, 9(1),
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Bibliography
Lawrence, R. A., & Lawrence, R. M. (2016). Breastfeeding: A guide for the medical
profession. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier.
Before The Letdown: Dysphoric Milk Ejection Reflex and the Breastfeeding Mother 2017,
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