ELECTRIC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS II

Lab # 06 Verification of Maximum Power Transfer

Theorem in AC Circuits

NAME Muhammad Abdullah

REGISTERATION NUMBER FA19-BEE-110

CLASS BEE-3C

SUBMITTED TO DR AMIR RASHID Ch.

Introduction:
Electric circuits are designed to provide power to a load. In order to transfer
maximum average power to the load impedance, ZLoad must be equal to the
complex conjugate of the Thevenin impedance ZTH. This result is known as the
maximum average power transfer theorem for the sinusoidal steady state.
ࠀ= ∗

The average power delivered to the load is:

For maximum power ࠀ ⺁= , ࠀ ⺁=−

Objectives
This lab experiment has been designed to verify the Maximum Power Transfer Theorem in
AC Circuits.

Part 1

The goal of this part is to determine the impact of resistive impedance of load on average
power transfer.

Part 2

The goal of this part is to determine the impact of reactive impedance of load on average
power transfer.

Pre-Lab:

Pre-Lab Task:
1) Simulate the circuit shown in Figure 1 for task
1 and task 2 using LTSPICE and record the
simulation results in Table 2. Take five
different values of CL and RL and repeat the
simulation.
2) Plot the power against load capacitor values.
3) Plot the power against load resistor
values.

Task1:
Different values for the Capacitor were taken to calculate the Power dissipated across the
RL.

For Maximum Power Dissipation:

F=1000Hz RTH=100

LTH=1m w=2 f
w=2*3.142*1000

w=6284.13rad/s

XTH=wL

XTH=6284*0.001

XTH=6.284Ώ

ZTH=RTH + Jxth

ZTH=100+j6.284Ώ

Xcload= XTH

Xcload= 6.284Ώ

Xcload=1/wC

6.284= 1/6284C

C=1/6.284*6284

C=25.3uF

Znet=ZTH+Zload

Znet=200+0

Znet=200

iLoad=Vspeak/Znet

iLoad=5.1/200

iLoad=25.5mA

P=(5.1)^2*(100/2) / (200)^2+(12.568)^2

P=32.4x10^-3 W

P=32.4mW
 Figure 2: Circuit for Maximum Power Dissipation

The Capacitor values are now varied and the power is calculated by using the above
formulas.

Simulations:

Graph of V peak across RL when C is 25.3uF

Graph of V peak across RL when C is 0.22uF

Graph of Vpeak across RL when C is 1uF

 Graph of V peak across RL when C is 100uF

Graph of V peak across RL when C is 24uF

Table:
Cload (uF) XC Load = E.q2 Zload= Znet = Zload + iLoad = P (mWatt)
(Ώ) Rload-jXCLoad ZTH (Ώ) vspeak/znet
(Ώ) (mApeak )
25.3 6.284 100 - j6.284 200 + 0 25.5 32.4
0.22 723.33 100 - j723.3 200 - j717.1 24.3 2.07
100 1.59 100 - j1.59 200 + j4.694 12.5 7.83
24 6.630 100 – j6.630 200 – j0.436 12.8 8.16
1 159.13 100 – j159.1 200 – j152.8 9.6 2.78
Task2:
Different values for the Load Resistance were taken to calculate the Power dissipated across
the RL(R2).

For Maximum Power Dissipation:

F=1000Hz RTH=100

LTH=1m w=2 f

w=2*3.142*1000

w=6284rad/s

XTH=wL

XTH=6284*0.001

XTH=6.284Ώ

ZTH=RTH + Jxth

ZTH=100+j6.284Ώ

Xcload= XTH

Xcload= 6.284Ώ

Xcload=1/wC

6.284= 1/6284C

C=1/6.284*6284

C=25.3uF

Znet=ZTH+Zload

Znet=200+0

Znet=200

iLoad=Vspeak/Znet

iLoad=5.1/200

iLoad=25.5mA

P=(5.1)^2*(100/2) / (200)^2+(12.568)^2

P=32.4x10^-3 W

P=32.4m
 Circuit Diagram for different values of RL

SIMULATIONS:

Graph of Vpeak across RL when RL(R2)=330

Graph of Vpeak across RL when RL(R2)=56

Graph of Vpeak across RL when RL(R2)=76

 Graph of Vpeak across RL when RL(R2)=180

Graph of Vpeak across RL when RL(R2)=100

Table:

Rload (Ώ) Zload= Znet = Zload + P (mWatt)

Rload-jXCLoad ZTH (KΏ)
(KΏ)
330 330 - j6.630 430 - j0.346 14.6
56 56 – j6.630 156 –j0.346 3.42
76 76 – j6.630 176 – j0.346 5.3
180 180 - j6.630 280 – j0.346 11.2
100 100 – j6.630 200 – j0.346 7.27
INLAB TASKS
Task1:
Determine average power of load by varying load capacitor and keeping load
resistance constant.

When C=24uF

CH1 = 200mV

Δx= -40.0us

Θv = 360πΔx

Θv = -14.4

Θi = -14.4

So

Θv - Θi = -14.4 – (-14.4)

Θv - Θi = 0

Vm = 256.4mV

im = 256.4/100

im = 2.564mA

Pav = ½ (Vm*im)cosθ

Pav = 32.8mW

Table:
CLOAD(uF) Vm(mV) Im(mA) P (mWatt)

0.22 200.0 0.200 0.2

100 320.0 0.320 0.51
24 256.0 0.256 32.7
1 400.0 0.400 0.8
47 264.0 0.264 34.8
Task2:
Determine average power of load by varying load resistance and keeping load
capacitor constant.
When RL= 330

CH1 = 200mV

Δx= -40.0us

Θv = 360πΔx

Θv = -14.4

Θi = -14.4

So

Θv - Θi = -14.4 – (-14.4)

Θv - Θi = 0 Vm

= 420.0mV im

= 420/ 330 im

= 1.27mA Pav

= 0.26mW

Table:
RLOAD(Ώ) Vm(mV) im(mA) P (mWatt)

330 420.0 1.27 0.26

56 230.0 4.1 0.47

76 256.0 3.36 0.43

180 360 2.0 0.36

100 320 3.2 0.51

Post Lab Task:-

• What is the phase difference between the current and the voltage source when
maximum power transfer is achieved?

Ans:-The phase between current and voltage is “0” because both are in phase in case
of maximum power transfer.

• If the frequency of the source is doubled, what change should be done to maintain
maximum power transfer to the load? How does this change affect the value of
the maximum power? Explain .
Ans :- If we change the frequency there will have no change in the max power
transfer,by the equitation w have:-

Pmax=Vsp/RTh.

• The term available power is used to describe a source in many communication

applications. It is the maximum possible power which the source can deliver to an
external load. What is the available power of a source of voltage V and internal
resistance R?

Ans:-The internal resistance of a source is equal to the thevenin’s resistance and here the
max power available is Given by:Pmax=Vsp/RTh.

CRITICAL ANALYSIS :
In this lab we have learned about the impact of resistive impedance of load and reactive
impedance of load on average power transfer. And we have verified the Maximum Power
Transfer in AC Circuits. Futher we had made circuit on ltspice in which we have changed
the values of capacitor and noted the results and in other task we have changed the values
of resistor and noted the results.

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