Biomass Resource Availability to Design the Biogas Plant in Sordo Village

District Panjgur, Balochistan, Pakistan

Submitted by

Group Members CMS ID

Kashif Anwar 37814

Abdul Wajid 38230
Ahmedullah Zahoor 37286
Malik Kamran 37919
Taimoor Ahmed 37220

Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of degree Bachler’s of science in

Mechanical Engineering

Project supervised by

Engr. Asif Hussain

Co Supervised by

Engr. Muhammad Ayub

Supervisor Signature: ____________External Examiner’s Signature: ________

Chairperson Signature: ______________Dean Signature: _________________

_______________________________________

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

BALOCHISTAN UNIVERSITY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCE, QUETTA

CURRENT TERM: SPRING 2020, BATCH FALL 2016

 UNDERTAKING

I certify that research work title ‘Biomass Resource Availability to Design the

Biogas Plant in Sordo Village District Panjgur, Balochistan, Pakistan’ is my

own work. The work has not been presented elsewhere for any assessment.

Where material has been used form other sources it has been properly

acknowledgement / refers

Student Name CMS ID Signature

Kashif Anwar 37814 ________________

Abdul Wajid 38230 ________________

Ahmedullah Zahoor 37286 ________________

Malik Kamran 37919 ________________

Taimoor Ahmed 37220 _________________

 DEDICATION

Those who are merciful will be shown

Mercy by most merciful

Be merciful to those on the earth

One in the heavens will have mercy upon you

(Prophet Muhammad P.B.U.H)

 ACKNOWLEDEGEMENT

In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious and the Most Merciful Alhamdulillah,

all praises to Allah for the strengths and His blessing in completing this thesis.

Special appreciation goes to my supervisor, Engineer Asif Hussain, for his

supervision and constant support. His invaluable help of constructive comments

and suggestions throughout the experimental and thesis works have contributed

to the success of this research. Not forgotten, who give me a golden opportunity

to do this project and support in completing in my project. My appreciation to my

co-supervisor, Engineer Muhammad Ayub for his support and knowledge

regarding this topic. I would like to express my appreciation to the Chairman

Department of Mechanical Engineering BUITEMS, Quetta, Dr. Azmat Ullah

Khan, and Engineer Arshad Ali who helped us lot in finalizing this project

within the limited time frame by Active coordination and cooperation. My

acknowledgement also goes to all the technicians and office staffs of Department

of Mechanical Engineering for their co-operations. Sincere thanks to all Group

Members for their kindness and moral support during project work.
ABSTRACT
 TABLE OF CONTENT

ACNOWLEDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF SYMBOLS

LIST OF ABRIVATIONS

CHAPTER 1

INTODUCTION

1.1 Background

1.1.1 Biogas Useful

1.2 Biogas plant

1.2.1 Structure of Biogas Plant

1.2.2 Parts of Biogas Plant

1.2.3 Type of Biogas Plant

1.2.4 Advantages

1.2.5 Disadvantages

1.3 Problem Statement

1.4 Justification and Scope

1.5 Biogas as solution

1.6 Aim and Objective

CHAPTER 02

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Case Study 1 (Research Paper 2019)

2.2 Case Study 2 (Research Paper 2018)

2.3 Case Study 3 (Research Paper 2017)

2.4 Case Study 4 (Research Paper 2016)

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Study Area

3.1.1 General Information about Village

3.2 Survey Report

3.2.1 House Hold Survey

3.2.2 Household Income

3.2.3 Education Statement

3.2.4 Cooking Stove

3.2.5 Animal Potential

3.2.6 Cooking Energy demand

3.2.7 Demand Biogas Energy

3.2.8 Knowledge about Biogas

3.2.9 Agriculture Resource

3.2.10 Common disease

3.2.11 Main challenge

 LIST OF TABLE

Table 3.1: The Total number of members in the village (males/females)

Table 3.2: The total number of members in the village (Adult, Children’s

between 12 and below 18, Children’s below 12)

Table 3.3: The major source of household income

Table 3.4: The Priorities for annual income expenditure

Table 3.5: The main source of income of their household and their occupation

Table 3.6: Government Employee/Self/Private Employee

Table 3.7: Educational status of the family

Table 3.8: The Main type of stove use for cooking

Table 3.9: The stove normally they use for cooking

Table 3.10: Fuel use for cooking

Table 3.11: Fuel use for cooking

Table 3.12: Biomass collection or buy

Table 3.13: Collected fire wood comes from

Table 3.14: Collect firewood per week

Table 3.15: Meals cook per day

Table 3.16: Cooking inside/outside the houses

Table 3.17: The Separate Kitchen

Table 3.18: (Have livestock / don’t have livestock)

Table 3.19: Total number of livestock

Table 3.20: Dung use as fertilizer in field

Table 3.21: (Like to pay more to change the cooking fuel)

Table 3.22: The Problem with the current cooking

Table 3.23: Firewood use as a domestic use

Table 3.24: Air ventilation system in house

Table 2.5: Air ventilation system in kitchen

Table 3.26: Familiar with the biogas technology

Table 3.27: Biogas plant is set up in the village for producing cooking gas for

entire village, would you contribute animal dung and other biomass resources

to the plant

Table 3.28: The (I am using dung for other purposes now but I can contribute

for the project)

Table 3.29: The (farmer, mark what best explain your working condition)

Table 3.30: The knowledge about biogas

Table 3.31: like to change the way they cook today

Table 3.32: Production of various cereal and other agriculture products

Table 3.33: Common diseases the households are suffered from the past

Table 3.34: The main challenge do we think are related to community-based

biogas plant
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 3.1: The Total number of members in the village (males/females)

Figure 3.2: The total number of members in the village (Adult, Children’s

between 12 and below 18, Children’s below 12)

Figure 3.3: The major source of household income

Figure 3.4: The Priorities for annual income expenditure

Figure 3.5: The main source of income of their household and their occupation

Figure 3.6: Government Employee/Self/Private Employee

Figure 3.7: Educational status of the family

Figure 3.8: The Main type of stove use for cooking

Figure 3.9: The stove normally they use for cooking

Figure 3.10: Fuel use for cooking

Figure 3.11: Fuel use for cooking

Figure 3.12: Biomass collection or buy

Figure 3.13: Collected fire wood comes from

Figure 3.14: Collect firewood per week

Figure 3.15: Meals cook per day

Figure 3.16: Cooking inside/outside the houses

Figure 3.17: The Separate Kitchen

Figure 3.18: (Have livestock / don’t have livestock)

Figure 3.19: Total number of livestock

Figure 3.20: Dung use as fertilizer in field

Figure 3.21: (Like to pay more to change the cooking fuel)

Figure 3.22: The Problem with the current cooking

Figure 3.23: Firewood use as a domestic use

Figure 3.24: Air ventilation system in house

Figure 2.25: Air ventilation system in kitchen

Figure 3.26: Familiar with the biogas technology

Figure 3.27: Biogas plant is set up in the village for producing cooking gas for

entire village, would you contribute animal dung and other biomass resources

to the plant

Figure 3.28: The (I am using dung for other purposes now but I can contribute

for the project)

Figure 3.29: The (farmer, mark what best explain your working condition)

Figure 3.30: The knowledge about biogas

Figure 3.31: like to change the way they cook today

Figure 3.32: Production of various cereal and other agriculture products

Figure 3.33: Common diseases the households are suffered from the past

Figure 3.34: The main challenge do we think are related to community-based

biogas plant
 LIST OF GRAPHS

Graph 3.1: The Total number of members in the village (males/females)

Graph 3.2: The total number of members in the village (Adult, Children’s

between 12 and below 18, Children’s below 12)

Graph 3.3: The major source of household income

Graph 3.4: The Priorities for annual income expenditure

Graph 3.5: The main source of income of their household and their occupation

Graph 3.6: Government Employee/Self/Private Employee

Graph 3.7: Educational status of the family

Graph 3.8: The Main type of stove use for cooking

Graph 3.9: The stove normally they use for cooking

Graph 3.10: Fuel use for cooking

Graph 3.11: Fuel use for cooking

Graph 3.12: Biomass collection or buy

Graph 3.13: Collected fire wood comes from

Graph 3.14: Collect firewood per week

Graph 3.15: Meals cook per day

Graph 3.16: Cooking inside/outside the houses

Graph 3.17: The Separate Kitchen

Graph 3.18: (Have livestock / don’t have livestock)

Graph 3.19: Total number of livestock

Graph 3.20: Dung use as fertilizer in field

Graph 3.21: (Like to pay more to change the cooking fuel)

Graph 3.22: The Problem with the current cooking

Graph 3.23: Firewood use as a domestic use

Graph 3.24: Air ventilation system in house

Graph 2.25: Air ventilation system in kitchen

Graph 3.26: Familiar with the biogas technology

Graph 3.27: Biogas plant is set up in the village for producing cooking gas for

entire village, would you contribute animal dung and other biomass resources

to the plant

Graph 3.28: The (I am using dung for other purposes now but I can contribute

for the project)

Graph 3.29: The (farmer, mark what best explain your working condition)

Graph 3.30: The knowledge about biogas

Graph 3.31: like to change the way they cook today

Graph 3.32: Production of various cereal and other agriculture products

Graph 3.33: Common diseases the households are suffered from the past

Graph 3.34: The main challenge do we think are related to community-based

biogas plant
 LIST OF SYMBOLS

CH4 = Methane Gas

CO2 = Carbon Dioxide

CO = Carbon Monoxide
 LIST OF ABRIVATIONS

TCS = Traditional Cook Stoves

IAP = Indoor Air Pollution’s

AD = Outdoor Air Pollution’s

BMA =
 CHAPTER 01

INRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND

Bio-gas is the mixture of gas produced by the breakdown of organic matter in

the absence of oxygen usually consisting of certain quantities of methane (CH4)

and carbon dioxide (CO2) several other gases. Animal wastes are rich in

methane and can be used to produce biomass through the process of anaerobic

digestion of animal waste and slurries in an airproof system known as digester.

There are also environmental benefits of reducing greenhouse gas emission

through the use of biogas. Methane, CH4 is the main compound of biogas. It has

a high energy value equal to 802 kJ/mole Carbon Dioxide, CO2, is a non-

corrosive gas that doesn’t have any energy value.

The energy crisis in the world especially in Pakistan is facing severe economic

crunch due to continuously growing gap between energy demand and supply.

The political and economic conditions of Pakistan have resulted in negligence

towards the energy needs of rural areas in the country especially Balochistan.

Balochistan is (economically) the poorest province in Pakistan and is going

through some very crucial energy crisis. Pakistan is an agricultural country in

which 62% of population lives in rural areas and meet their 92% of domestic

energy needs by burning biomass resources in inefficient cook stoves. (Amjid,

ET al.2011). The use of biomass in traditional cook stoves (TCS) in unventilated

rooms has been identified as the primary cause of indoor air pollution (IAP).

The IAP has significant impact on the environment and health of human beings

in Pakistan. About 28,000 people die each year due to IAP. (Bhattacharya, S.C.

et al. (2002), Biogas, a clean burning methane-rich gaseous fuel produced

through decomposition of biomass with absence of air. We need to create

demand for biogas and for carbon. We should also advance clean energy and

carbon utilization technology, as doing so is necessary to keep global warming

under 2 degrees Celsius. We should also promote research and investment in

advanced energy technology. Biogas produced from domestic-scale digesters is

a clean and cheap fuel that can be used for cooking and heating.

Pakistan is facing severe economic crunch due to continuously growing gap

between energy demand and supply. The shortage in power and gas supply has

already halted many industrial se about 14% of the worldwide primary energy

supply is provided by biomass resources equivalent to 72 EJ each year, and 38%

of total energy supply in developing countries [International Energy Agency;

2010]. Since half of the world population lives in rural areas of developing

countries, most of biomass is consumed in these regions. It has been estimated

that Kenya derives about 68%, India 47%, Pakistan 27%, Brazil 25% and China

13% of their total energy from biomass. Due to rapid industrialization and\

economic growth in developing countries, the incorporation of fossil fuels in

total energy supply has declined the total share of biomass. However, an

increasing trend in usage of biomass resources can be observed in these

countries, growing at an annual rate of over 2% [Shukla PR 1997]. The increase

in utilization of biomass is mainly attributed to ever growing population rate,

poor economic conditions, and unavailability factors such as textile, small and

medium enterprises and local transportation. The World Biogas Association is

the global trade association for the biogas, landfill gas and anaerobic digestion

(AD) sectors, dedicated to facilitating the adoption of biogas globally. We

believe that the global adoption of biogas technologies is a multi-faceted

opportunity to produce clean, renewable energy while resolving global issues

related to development, public health and economic growth (Newman n.d.)

1.1.1 Biogas useful

The gases methane, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide (CO) can be combusted or

oxidized with oxygen. This energy release allows biogas to be used as a fuel; it

can be used for any heating purpose, such as cooking. It can also be used in a

gas engine to convert the energy in the gas into electricity and heat.

1.2 BIOGAS PLANT

A biogas plant is where biogas is produced by fermenting biomass. The

substrate used for the production of this methane-containing gas usually consists

of energy crops such as corn, or waste materials such as manure or food waste.

1.2.1 Structure of biogas Plant

1.2.2 Parts of Biogas Plant

1. Mixing Tank
Present above the ground level
2. Inlet Tank
The mixing tank opens underground in to a sloping inlet chamber

3. Digester

The inlet chamber open from below into the digester which is a huge tank with

a dome like ceiling. The ceiling of the digester has an outlet with value for the

suppling of biogas.

4. Outlet tank

The digester open from below into an outlet chamber

1.2.3 Type of Biogas Plant

1. Fixed Dome Biogas plant

A fixed-dome plant comprises of a closed, dome-shaped digester with an

immovable, rigid gas-holder and a displacement pit, also named 'compensation

tank'. The gas is stored in the upper part of the digester. When

gas production commences, the slurry is displaced into the compensating tank

2. Floating Drum Plant

Floating-drum plants consist of an underground digester and a moving gas-

holder. The gas-holder floats either directly on the fermentation slurry or in a

water jacket of its own. The gas is collected in the gas drum, which rises or

moves down, according to the amount of gas stored.

3. Balloon Biogas Plant

A balloon plant consists of a heat-sealed plastic or rubber bag (balloon), combining

digester and gas-holder. The gas is stored in the upper part of the balloon. The inlet

and outlet are attached directly to the skin of the balloon. Gas pressure can be

increased by placing weights on the balloon.

1.2.4 Advantages

Production of large amount of methane gas (ambient temperature storage)

2. Production of free flowing thick sludge

3. Odorless sludge

4. Sludge can be used as fertilizing and soil conditions

5. Sanitary way for human and animal waste disposal

1.2.3 Disadvantages

1. Explosion chances

2. High capital coast

3. Incorrect handling of liquid sludge causes pollution

4. Need proper condition

1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT

The rural population of Balochistan meets their domestic cooking and heating

energy needs by burning biomass in inefficient TCS resulting in deforestation,

IAP and associated health hazards. They are using wood ,charcoal ,cow dung as

fuel for cooking which are effecting the forest, wood burning stoves produce

harmful toxin that can damage your lungs and increase the risk of cancer, heart

disease and premature death, Pollutant in wood smoke can cause the eyes ,nose,

and throat to burn with irritation ,and even cause headaches, green house. The

amount of pollution has generated burning wood, fire wood, can add poisonous

gases to the environment. The main problem is forests of consume, about 7000

has of land is deforest in Pakistan every year (Qamar et al.).

1.4 JUSTIFICATION AND SCOPE

Biogas energy is a modern renewable energy source. Biogas energy is efficient

and cheap solution for the use of basic households. Biogas improves cleanness

and protects the environment. Biogas also reduce diseases caused by fuel wood

smoke. The use of bio-gas plant to produce energy can bring a new vision in

energy sector. Gas generated through bio digestion is nonpolluting it actually

reduce greenhouse emission and it’s also low-income source of energy to

control the deforestation.

1.5 BIOGAS AS SOLUTION

Biogas, a clean burning methane-rich gaseous fuel produced through

decomposition of biomass with absence of air.

Biogas produced from domestic-scale digesters is a clean and cheap fuel that

can be used for cooking and heating.

1.5 AIM AND OBJECTIVE

1. The aim of this study is to use biogas cooking and heating resource in Sordo

village district Panjgur, Balochistan, Pakistan.

2. To assess cooking energy demand of the rural household

3. To assess the resource potential for biogas production

4. To design biogas plants for rural households.

 CHAPTER 02

LITERATURE REVIEWS

2.1 Case study 1 (Research Paper 2019)

Yasmin et al. (2019) this study takes women empowerment as the research

focus in the context of technology transition, given that there is a knowledge

gap at present. For this research, the term women empowerment refers to how

women’s status in the household determines the decision-making process.

Specifically, this study investigates whether there are any links between

women’s status and their role in making a decision toward the shift in cooking

fuel. In rural areas, the responsibilities of women are not only confined to

performing household duties, but they are also responsible for the collection and

management of the cooking fuel (e.g. Animal dung, fuel wood, and crop

residues).Much of the population that uses biomass as the main source of energy

lives in rural areas where 62% of biomass users collect woods and shrubs; 24%

of biomass users purchase fuel wood to meet their energy requirements. The

development world where a population of 2.5 billion is still using solid biomass

for cooking, according to world health organization, compared to developed

countries, population in developing countries suffer more from pollution caused

by traditional cooking technology which cause the death 1.3 million children

and women each year.

Ahmad et al. (2019) Biogas is a viable source of energy to tackle the problem

of this energy crisis in agriculture-based developing countries like Pakistan. A

6m3 capacity novel fixed-dome digester was installed and operated at variable

temperatures (30 to 42 0C) in order to assess its potential, typically of the

southern Punjab, Pakistan, from July 2018 to august 2018 and different, pH and

gas production were recorded. Pakistan has an abundant amount of waste

produced in the form of cattle dung, poultry waste, and municipal waste. A large

number of official databases and literature have been surveyed and analyzed to

address the characterization of the biogas digestive and the potential form live

stokes waste in district Khandwa. Biogas production potential in district

Khandwa buffalos and cows are 1085644, dung produced (kg/day) 16284660,

biogas production potential (m3 /day) 732808

Haseeb et al. (2019) the study was carried out in the Dera Ismail Khan District

of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. This research endeavor attempted

to investigate the impact the biogas technology is imposing on the households

that have adopted it. A total of 162 households composed of both adopters and

non-adopters of the technology were surveyed in the Dera Ismail Khan District

of Pakistan in addition to the meetings and discussions with the relevant

stakeholders. ogas technology has been prevalent in Pakistan for quite a while

dating back to 1959 when the first use of this technology was made in

construction of a farm manure plant in Sindh for biogas generation, used mostly

in cooking. Another resurgence of the program occurred in 1990 when 1700

new plants were installed all over the country. 2000 Biogas Support

Programmed (BSP) helped set up 1200 new digesters, amounting to 27% of

domestic biogas capacity.

2.2 Case Study 2 (Research Papers 2018)

Madonna et al. (2018) this research based on upgrading and liquefaction in an

anaerobic digester plant. Biogas is an attractive fuel since it has a zero-carbon

footprint and can be produced from waste organic materials such as manure,

organic waste from agricultural activities, sewage from water treatment plant

and municipal bio waste. Sewage treatment may represent a significant

contribution to the increase of biogas production various upgrading techniques

are currently available on the market which can provide a high-quality bio-

methane, with a content of CH4 which varies from 95 to 97% [7]. The

liquefaction process for small-scale system is a technology which is recently

available on the market but is characterized by an elevated specific energy

consumption.

Dorella et al. (2018) In this paper, based on the kinetical analysis and BMP

determined through a set of experiments lead by the authors at the Riga

Technical University, the use of biological feed stokes from farm and agriculture

origin together with the use of alternative feed stokes like marine microalgae

provide benefits in term of waste management and avoided natural resource

extraction. The environment is seriously threatened by the modern human

practices, especially by energy production and transports. The global warming

is only one of the numerous issues to manage and specifically it is mainly due

to the CO2 air emissions brought by the massive employment of fossil fuels.

Biofuels, i.e. fuels produced by biomass, seem to be an interesting solution in

order to replace, at least partly, this source of energy and consequently reducing

greenhouse gases emissions.

Kamran (2018) this paper is based on future success of renewable energy in

Pakistan. Growth rate of livestock sector in Pakistan is 4% annually and 72

million buffalos and cows, producing 1140-million-ton dung, are there in

Pakistan.1m3 biogas in generated from 20kg of manure. Pakistan council of

renewable energy technology, Pakistan council of appropriate technology,

Alternative energy development board and Pakistan renewable energy society

are working to develop new biogas technologies and installing biogas plants to

harness the available potential throughout the country. Till 2002, 4500 biogas

plant had been installed under different projects in difference areas of Pakistan

in 2006 under this project 400 plants more than the target were installed. Abbas

et al.

2.3 Case Study 3 (Research Papers 2017)

Abbas et al. (2017) this study attempts to estimate the economics of biogas plant

in Faisalabad district. The availability of biomass in Pakistan is widespread.

Approximately 50,000 tons of solid waste, 225,000 tons of crop residue and over

1 million tons of animals manure are produced daily.it is estimated that the

potential production of biogas from livestock residue is 8.8-17.2 billion cubic

meters of gas per year (equivalent to 55 to 106 TWh of energy) .Despite the fact

that household biogas technology was introduced in the early 60,s in Pakistan,

the number of biogas plants its capacity the country is believed to have.
2.4 Case Study 4 (Research Papers 2016)

Yasser Abbas et al. (2016) Had worked on Future Prospects of biogas in

Pakistan, Pakistan, being an agriculture country, annually million tons of solid

organics waste in the form of biomass such as corn cob, cotton waste, rice husk,

wheat straw, wheat stalk and other energy crop residues; this biomass has great

potential for biogas production.in Pakistan, total 172.2 million livestock animals

produce 652 million kg dung per day. This large amount of dung can be used

for biogas production. In the year 1959, Pakistan has installed its first biogas

plant in Sindh. In 1974 Pakistan council for appropriate technology has installed

10 biogas plants installed in Azad jammu & Kashmir. in 2002 Biogas support

program launched 1200 biogas plant and 10000 biogas plant were projected to

be established until 2006.in 2009 under Pakistan Dairy Development Company

556 plants have been installed.

Soomro et al. (2016) this paper is based on Cook Stove for Sindh, the poor

burns biomass energy to encounter their household cooking needs. These open

fires are fairs are fairly inefficient at converting energy into heat for cooking:

the amount of biomass fuel needed each year for basic cooking can reach up to

2 ton per family. About 730 million tons of biomass burned each year and more

than 1 billion tons of carbon dioxide emitted out into the atmosphere .the house

hold rural technology that is currently used for cooking is very and is

haphazardly or gained by placing three stone in a triangle position with enough

of space in between, to place the twigs and biomass materials for burning.
 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Study Area

Baluchistan is one of the four provinces of Pakistan it is the largest province in

term of land area forming the southwestern region of the country, but least

populated, Baluchistan being the poorest province of the country .over all 71%

of the population in Baluchistan is multi-dimension ally poor rural population

85% and urban population 38% dimensionally poor. Baluchistan is divided into

34 district and 23 had no natural gas only 11 district headquarters are supplied

with gas.

3.1.1 General Information about Village

Panjgur districts are famous for agricultur/Dates production and livestock were

taken as study area. Panjgur is the 7th largest district in Baluchistan the location

of panjgur 460km south-west from Quetta city .According to survey information

in Sordo village regarding the source of cooking fuel .wood and charcoal are the

main source of cooking about 72 to 94 percent of village household use either

wood or charcoal about 18 percent of urban household reported the use of gas/oil

(gas are compressed in cylinder) as cooking fuel. Livestock is also an important

source of livelihood in the village .that goats, sheep, and cows are the major type

of livestock in the village. The demand of an average sized family in village was

calculated using daily fuel wood consumption by a village household. 10kg fuel

wood used per day per house hold required for cooking the bio-gas requirement

for replacing fuel wood used for cooking. The amount of bio-gas required for

cooking approximately 1kg per day per household. Member of per house hold

are maximum 5 and 3 time they cook food. Village has significant agriculture
activity. Consequently there is significant agriculture/animals waste generated

and there is also support of farmers, superior feedstock for bovine (cow dung)

animals, generation of horticulture waste which can be used as feed stoke for

biogas plant. The village is rich in livestock resources that are contributing

about 40 percent of Baluchistan total livestock population. Sources of

livelihood represent the economic base of the village. Various features of

agriculture, livestock, mining and forestry are compiled in this section, while

district-wise manufacturing and fisheries data is not available. However women

help their family by getting involved in allied activities like home-base date

processing.

The climate of Panjgur is warm in summer and cool in winter. Mean monthly

temperature in the summer remains around 38°C. In the coldest month, January,

the mean monthly temperature drops below 10°C.

3.2 Survey Report

3.2.1 House Hold Survey

1. Total number of members in the Village

The current Population of village is estimated 603 in which males are 252

(42%), females are 351 (58%), children between 12 and below 18 are 178 (30%)

and children below 12 are 260 (43%). the average household member are 11 per

household. Population density in the village is lower as compared to the other

villages in the district.

Table 3.1 Shows the Total number of members in the village (males/females)

Members Number
Male 252
Female 351
Total 603

Figure 3.1 Shows the Total number of members in the village

Graph 3.1 Shows the Total number of members in the village

Total number of male 700

Total number of female 600

500

400

300
42%
200
58%
100

0
Male Female Total

Figure 3.1 Graph 3.1

Table 3.2 shows the total number of members in the village (Adult,

Children’s between 12 and below 18, Children’s below 12)

Members Numbers
Adult 165
Children between 12 and below 18 178
Children below 12 260
Total 603

Figure 3.2 shows the total number of members in the village (Adult,

Children’s between 12 and below 18, Children’s below 12)

27%

43%

30%

Adult Children between 12 and below 18 Children below 12

Graph 3.2 shows the total number of members in the village (Adult,
Children’s between 12 and below 18, Children’s below 12)

700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
Adult Children between Children below 12 Total
12 and below 18
3.2.2 HOUSEHOLD INCOME
1. Major source of household income

The major sources of household income are agriculture .Village falls in the

tropical agro-ecological zone bearing a total potential agriculture area which is

approximately 83%.Agricultural labor consists predominantly of males.

However women help their family by getting involved in allied activities like

home-base date processing. Mostly the farming activities are performed by the

land owner himself, although tenants are also employed.

Table 3.3 shows the major source of household income

Agriculture 83%
Non-Agriculture 11%
Business 2%
Services 4%

Figure 3.3 shows the major source of household income

Business Non-Agriculture Agriculture Services

4% 2% 11%

83%

Graph 3.3 shows the major source of household income

90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Agriculture Non-Agriculture Business Services
2. Priorities for annual income expenditure
Village household tend to be large with in average ten to thirty person living and

eating together in a single household. Village spends only 82% of its annual

income on food, health care and education. The total food and health spending

13% is spent by the government and house hold contributes 6%. The remainder

is contributed by local non-government organization spending 4%.

Table 3.4 shows the Priorities for annual income expenditure

Items Ranking
Food 50%
Education 10%
Energy 0%
Cloths 4%
Health care 22%
Religious functions 4%
Entertainment 4%
Other specify 4%

Figure 3.4 shows the Priorities for annual income expenditure

4% 4% Food
6%
Education
Energy
22% 50% Cloths
Health care

10% Religious functions

4% 0%
Entertainment

Graph 3.4 shows the Priorities for annual income expenditure

50%

22%
10%
0% 4% 4% 4% 4%
3. The main source of income of their household and their occupation

In the village, agriculture is the main occupation. Agro based activities are also

common in the village. Most of the villagers are farmers but other village

occupations include Government employee, hairdressers and Private employee,

shepherds. Some livestock raised by rural areas include cattle, goats, and cows.

Table 3.5 shows the main source of income of their household and their

occupation

Source of income Percentage

Farmer 80%
Fisherman 0%
Government Employee 8%
Self/Private Employee 6%
Retried (Pensioner) 4%
Other 2%

Figure 3.5 shows the main source of income of their household and their
occupation

4% 2%
6% 0% Government Employee
8% Fisherman
Farmer
Self/Private Employee
80% Retried (Pensioner)
Other

Graph 3.5 shows the main source of income of their household and their
occupation

100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
Farmer Fisherman Government Self/Private Retried Other
Employee Employee (Pensioner)
4. Government Employee/Self/Private Employee
Table 3.6 shows the Government Employee/Self/Private Employee
Occupation Percentage
Teacher 8%
Driver 11%
Postman 0%
Health worker 13%
Labor 26%
Shop keeper 29%
Carpenter 0%
Retired (pensioner) 5%
Other 24%

Figure 3.6 shows the Government Employee/Self/Private Employee

Teacher
Postman
0%
29% Health worker
11% 8% Labor
24%
26% Shop keeper
5%
13% Carpenter

0% 8% Retired (pensioner)
Driver

Graph 3.6 shows the Government Employee/Self/Private Employee

35%

30%

25%

20%

15%

10%

5%

0%
Retired
Health Shop Carpent
Teacher Driver Postman Labor (pension Other
worker keeper er
er)
Series1 8% 11% 0% 13% 26% 29% 0% 5% 24%
3.2.3 Education Statement

1. Educational status of the family

State of education in the village is not very different from education situation in the

other village in Panjgur, access and quality indicators of village are very weak. A total

of 2 schools are operated by the public sector. Which are including of primary, middle

school, the number of school in the village according to survey?

Table 3.7 shows the Educational status of the family

Member Primary High school College or University Other

level level level
Male 66 44 2 17
Female 17 22 0 10

Figure 3.7 shows the Educational status of the family

2% 13%
Primary level
High school level
51% College or university level
34%
Other

Graph 3.7 shows the Educational status of the family

70
60
50
40
Male
30
Female
20
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
3.2.4 Cooking Stove

1. Main type of stove use for cooking

Cooking stove in village, there are several types of cooking stoves for different
fuels
Table 3.8 shows the Main type of stove use for cooking

Three stone type LPG stove Kerosene stove

68% 12% 20%

Table 3.8 shows the Main type of stove use for cooking

Three stone fire LPG stove kerosene stove

20%

12%
68%

Graph 3.8 shows the Main type of stove use for cooking

80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Three stone type LPG stove Kerosene stove
2. Type of stove normally they use for cooking

Stoves are generally used for cooking and heating purposes in village are

traditional mud stove, improved mud stove, kerosene stove, LPG burner, biogas

stove. Mostly used stove in village is traditional mud stove traditional cooking

devices such as locally produced three-legged metal stoves (tripod), three-brick

hearths, or home-made clay stoves are used in most parts of village. 40%

householder use traditional mud stove. Traditional biomass fuels such as dung

cakes, and leaves, fuel wood, or a combination of these fuels are fed in

these stoves.

Table 3.9 shows the stove normally they use for cooking

Stove type Rank

Traditional mud stove 40%
Improved mud stove 38%
Kerosene stove 14%
LPG burner 8%
Biogas stove 0%

Figure 3.9 shows the stove normally they use for cooking

LPG burner Biogas stove

8% 0%
Kerosene stove Traditional mud stove
14% 40%

Improved mud stove

38%

Graph 3.9 shows the stove normally they use for cooking

50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Traditional mud Improved mud Kerosene stove LPG burner Biogas stove
stove stove
3. Type of fuel use for cooking
Biomass is major cooking and heating energy in village. The most common fuel
used for cooking and heating is wood. 68 ton/month firewood used for cooking
and heating in per household, followed by other solid biomass fuels, such as
charcoal, dung, agricultural residues and sometimes even leaves and grass.
These fuels are often collected from the local environment in rural areas
(village) and are purchased through markets in urban areas

Table 3.10 shows the fuel use for cooking

Fuel type LPG Firewood Dung Agriculture Coal

(cylinder)
Amount of 0 68 30 26 5
consumption ton/month ton/month ton/month ton/month
(ton)/month
Amount of 60 2520 1200 1040 200
consumption kg/month kg/month kg/month kg/month kg/month
(kg)/month
Amount of 1% 50% 24% 21% 4%
consumption
(kg/year)

Figure 3.10 shows the fuel use for cooking. Amount of consumption

(ton/month)
Amount of consumption (ton/month)
0%
24%
LPG

55% Firewood

21% Agriculture

Graph 3.10 shows the fuel use for cooking Amount of consumption (ton/month)

Amount of consumption (ton/month)

80

60

40

20

0
LPG Firewood Dung Agriculture
Figure 3.11 shows the fuel use for cooking Amount of consumption
(kg/month)

Amount of consumption (kg/month)

LPG Firewood Agriculture Dung Coal
4%1%
24%

50%
21%

Graph 3.11 shows the fuel use for cooking Amount of consumption
(kg/month)

Amount of consumption (kg/month)

3000

2000

1000

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Figure 3.11 shows the fuel use for cooking Amount of consumption (kg/year)

Amount of consumption (kg/year)

24% 4% 1% LPG
50% Firewood
21%
Agriculture
Dung

Graph 3.11 shows the fuel use for cooking Amount of consumption (kg/year)

Amount of consumption (kg/year)

60%
40% 50%
20%
1% 21% 24% 4%
0%
LPG Firewood Agriculture Dung Coal
4. Biomass collection or buy
Harvesting or collecting firewood varies by the region and culture. Some places

have specific areas for firewood collection. Other places may integrate the

collection of firewood in the cycle of preparing a plot of land to grow food as

part of a field rotation process. Collection can be a group, family or an individual

activity. The tools and methods for harvesting firewood are diverse. Collecting

firewood is more involved than just cutting trees down, cutting them up and

stacking them to be burned in a wood stove.

Table 3.12 shows the Biomass collection or buy

Wood (kg) Agriculture waste Dung (kg) Coal (kg)

(kg)
Collect 47% 26% 11% 16%
Buy 48% 11% 27% 14%
Cost per kg 120 per kg 100 per kg 70 per kg

Table 3.12 shows the Biomass collection

Collect
16% wood (kg)
Dung (kg)
47%
26% Agricultural waste(kg)

11% Coal (kg)

Table 3.13 shows the Biomass for bu

Buy
14%
Wood (kg)
11% 48% Dung (kg)

27% Agricultural waste (kg)

Coal (kg)
5. Collected fire wood comes from
Some firewood is harvested in "woodlots" managed for that purpose, but in heavily

wooded areas and some firewood is harvested in open land and some are harvested

from public forests.

Table 3.13 shows the Collected fire wood comes from

Own farm Open land Public Other sources

forest/bush
28% 57% 9% 6%

Figure 3.13 shows the Collected fire wood comes from

Own farm Open land Public forest/bush Other sources

57%
6%
15%
9%
28%

Graph 3.13 shows the Collected fire wood comes from

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%
Own farm Open land Public forest/bush Other sources
6. Collect firewood per week
Table 3.14 shows the Collect firewood per week
Once per week 6%
Twice per week 14%
Three time per week 20%
More than three times 60%

Figure 3.14 shows the Collect firewood per week

6%
14%
Once per week
20% Twice per week
60%
Three time per week
More than three time

Graph 3.14 shows the Collect firewood per week

70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Once per week Twice per week Three time per More than three
week times
7. Meals cook per day

Table 3.15 shows the Meals cook per day

One meal per day 2%

Two meal per day 4%
Three meal per day 44%
More 50%

Figure 3.15 shows the Meals cook per day

2% 4%

One meal per day

50% Two meal per day
44% Three meal per day
More

Graph 3.15 shows the Meals cook per day

60%

50% 50%
44%
40%

30%

20%

10%
2% 4%
0%
One meal per dayTwo meal per day Three meal per More
day
8. Cooking inside/outside the houses

Table 3.16 shows the Cooking inside/outside the houses

Cooking inside 70%

Cooking outside 20%
other 10%

Figure 3.16 shows the Cooking inside/outside the houses

10%
Cooking inside the
houses
20%
Cooking outside the
houses

70% Other

Graph 3.16 shows the Cooking inside/outside the houses

70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Cooking inside Cooking outside other
9. Have separate kitchen

Table 3.17 shows the Separate Kitchen

Separate kitchen 60%

Other 40%

Table 3.17 shows the Separate Kitchen

40%

Separate kitchen
60%
ther

Table 3.17 shows the Separate Kitchen

70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
3.2.5 Animal potential

1. Have livestock / don’t have livestock

Table 3.18 shows the (Have livestock / don’t have livestock)

Have livestock 82%

Don’t have livestock 18%

Table 3.18 shows the (Have livestock / don’t have livestock)

18%

Have livestock
Don't have livestock

82%

Table 3.18 shows the (Have livestock / don’t have livestock)

90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Have livestock Don’t have livestock
2. Total number of livestock

In total livestock population ranking Sordo Panjgur has third largest population

.the village maintain 60% animals (livestock) and 40% agriculture is centuries

old occupation of the people of village. Livestock are one of the major important

sectors of the village having about 60%.

Table 3.19 shows the Total number of livestock

Type of Cow Buffalo Goats Sheep Hen Camel Donkey

livestock
Number 158 54 321 42 509 34 23
percentage 14% 5% 28% 4% 44% 3% 2%

Figure 3.19 shows the Total number of livestock

3% 2%
14%
5%

44% 28%

4%
Cows Buffalos Goats Sheeps Hens Camels Donkeys

Graph 3.19 shows the Total number of livestock

600

500 Hen, 509

400

300 Goats, 321

200
Cow, 158
100
Buffalo, 54 Sheep, 42
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
3. Dung use as fertilizer in field

Animal manure, such as chicken manure and cow, camel, goat’s dung, has been

used for centuries as a fertilizer for farming. It can improve the soil structure

(aggregation) so that the soil holds more nutrients and water, and therefore

becomes more fertile, Maximum amount of dung use as fertilizer in field (74%)

in village.

Table 3.20 shows the Dung use as fertilizer in field

Dung use as fertilizer 74%

Dung don’t use as fertilizer 26%

Figure 3.20 shows the Dung use as fertilizer in field

Dung use as fertilizer Dung don't use as fertilizer

26%

74%

Graph 3.20 shows the Dung use as fertilizer in field

80%
74%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
26%
20%
10%
0%
Dung use as fertilizer Dung don’t use as fertilizer
3.2.6 COOKING ENERGY DEMAND

1. Like to pay more to change the cooking fuel

Table 3.21 shows the (Like to pay more to change the cooking fuel)
Like 70%
Dislike 30%

Figure 3.21 shows the (Like to pay more to change the cooking fuel)

30%
Like
Dislike
70%

Graph 3.21 shows the (Like to pay more to change the cooking fuel)

80%
70% Like , 70%
60%
50%
40%
30% Dislike , 30%
20%
10%
0%
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
2. Problem with the current cooking

Health impact on women using solid cooking fuels in village, Maximum

number of women and children are suffering different type disease.

Since many people use traditional mud stove, improved mud stoves, kerosene

stove, the burning of firewood continues to have a negative impact on health

due to high emissions, such as respiratory and skin disease, asthma, and eye

irritations.

Table 3.22 shows the Table 3.22 shows the Problem with the current
cooking

Have problem 66%

Don’t have problem 34%

Figure 3.22 shows the Table 3.22 shows the Problem with the current
cooking

Don't have problem have problem

34%

66%

Graph 3.22 shows the Table 3.22 shows the Problem with the current
cooking

70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
3. Firewood use as a domestic use

Many of these rural households still use traditional cooking methods such as the

firewood, charcoal, cow dung, agriculture waste in the village 66% household are

using traditional cause

Table 3.23 shows the Firewood use as a domestic use

Easy access 14%

Cheap source 20%
Traditional cause 66%

Figure 3.23 shows the Firewood use as a domestic use

Easy access Cheap source Traditional cause

14%

20%

66%

Graph 3.23 shows the Firewood use as a domestic us

70%

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
4. Air ventilation system in house

Ventilation strategies as a solution in the village houses in hot climates

Table 3.24 shows the Air ventilation system in house
Have ventilation system 58%
Don’t have ventilation system 42%

Figure 3.24 shows the Air ventilation system in house

Have ventilation system Don't have vetilation system

30%

70%

Graph 3.24 shows the Air ventilation system in house

70%
Have
60%
ventilation
system, 58%
50%
Don’t have
40% ventilation
system, 42%
30%

20%

10%

0%
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
5. Air ventilation system in kitchen

Table 2.5 shows the Air ventilation system in kitchen

Have ventilation system 70%

Don’t have ventilation system 30%

Figure 3.25 shows the Air ventilation system in kitchen

Have ventilation system Don't have vetilation system

30%

70%

Graph 3.25 shows the Air ventilation system in kitchen

80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Have ventilation system Don’t have ventilation system
Series1 70% 30%
3.2.7 DEMAND BIOGAS ENERGY

1. Familiar with the biogas technology

Table 3.26 shows the Familiar with the biogas technology

Familiar with the biogas technology 24%

Aren’t familiar with the biogas 76%
technology

Figure 3.26 shows the Familiar with the biogas technology

Familiar with the biogas technology Aren’t familiar with biogas technology

24%

76%

Graph 3.26 shows the Familiar with the biogas technology

80%

70%

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
2. If a biogas plant is set up in the village for producing cooking gas for
entire village, would you contribute animal dung and other biomass
resources to the plant?

It was clear from the survey data that there was a pervasive perception that

biogas technology works only for people who have sufficient animal and

agricultural waste available to them to obtain a reasonable quantity of gas for

energy .73% household are agree to do the project in village. Many of them,

farm laborers or workers in the area, mentioned that although they did not own

livestock, they were willing to travel to collect animal waste from neighboring

farms.

Table 3.27 shows the biogas plant is set up in the village for producing

cooking gas for entire village, would you contribute animal dung and other

biomass resources to the plant

Yes, very happy to do that 73%

No, I am using for my own purpose 27%

Figure 3.27 shows the biogas plant is set up in the village for producing

cooking gas for entire village, would you contribute animal dung and other

biomass resources to the plant

Yes, very happy to do that No, I am using for my own purpose

27%

73%
Graph 3.27 shows the biogas plant is set up in the village for producing

cooking gas for entire village, would you contribute animal dung and other

biomass resources to the plant

80%

70%

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
3. I am using dung for other purposes now but I can contribute for the
project

Table3. 28 shows the (I am using dung for other purposes now but I can
contribute for the project)

Yes 68%
Cannot say 32%

Figure 3.28 shows the (I am using dung for other purposes now but I can
contribute for the project)

Yes Cannot say

32%

68%

Graph 3.28 shows the (I am using dung for other purposes now but I can
contribute for the project)

80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
4. If you are a farmer, mark what best explain your working condition

Table 3.29 shows the (farmer, mark what best explain your working condition)

Have my own land 56%

Lease someone else’s land 26%
Works on wage 18%

Figure 3.29 shows the (farmer, mark what best explain your working condition)

Have my own land Lease someone else's land Work on wage

18%

26% 56%

Graph 3.29 shows the (farmer, mark what best explain your working condition)

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
3.2.8 KNOWLEDGE ABOUT BIOGAS

1. Their knowledge about biogas

Most people who have the raw material available do not have any knowledge of

biogas technology.it is therefore important to educate them by first explaining and

then demonstrating this technology to rural communities. Most of people don’t know

about biogas plant 62% people have no knowledge at all maximum people know

about biogas.

Table 3.30 shows the knowledge about biogas

Excellent knowledge 10%

Good knowledge 28%
No knowledge at all 62%

Figure 3.30 shows the knowledge about biogas

Exellent knowledge Good knowledge No knowledge at all

10%

28%
62%

Graph 3.30 shows the knowledge about biogas

70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Excellent knowledge Good knowledge No knowledge at all
2. They would like to change the way they cook today

Table 3.31 shows the like to change the way they cook today

Would like to change 69%

Wouldn’t like to change 31%

Figure 3.31 shows the like to change the way they cook today

Would like to change Wouldn’t like to change

31%

69%

Graph 3.31 shows the like to change the way they cook today

80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
 3.2.9 AGRICULTURE RESOURCE
1. Production of various cereal and other agriculture products

Agricultural production in the village is very limited with Dates/ wheat being

the principal crop. Agriculture is the means of livelihood of rural population.

Sordo village has one of the largest productions of dates in the district, and

annually 40% of the dates produced in panjgur come from village. Vegetables,

sunflower, grapes, tomato, onion, (etc.) have been noted as also the important

food crops of village.

Table 3.32 shows the Production of various cereal and other agriculture
products

Description Yearly production

wheat 20%
Dates 34%
vegetable’s 18%
sunflowers 13%
cottons 4%
other 11%

Figure 3.32 shows the Production of various cereal and other agriculture
products
cottons
other wheat
4% 11% 20% wheat
sunflowers
Dates
13%
vegetable’s
vegetable’s Dates sunflowers
18% 34%

Graph 3.32 shows the Production of various cereal and other agriculture
products

40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
wheat Dates vegetable’s sunflowers cottons other
3.2.10 Common diseases the households are suffered
(Diseases associated with cooking/lighting fuel)
Health is most important factor which plays a key role in determine the human

capital. Common diseases the house hold are suffering are asthma, eye disease,

skin disease, burn disease, tuberculosis, acute respiratory infection,

pneumoconiosis, thyroid ,malaria are common disease in the village. Number of

health institutions in the village are hospital 1,clinic 1, in the hospital 2 doctor

and 4 nurses are working.

Table 3.33 shows the Common diseases the households are suffered from

the past

Name of diseases Male Women Children

Asthma 0% 6% 58%
Eye disease 52% 39% 0%
Skin disease 14% 10% 0%
Burn 7% 8% 0%
Tuberculosis 0% 3% 0%
Acute respiratory 3% 4% 0%
infection
pneumoconiosis 0% 0% 0%
thyroid 0% 18% 0%
other 24% 12% 42%
 Figure 3.33 shows the Common diseases the households are suffered from
the past (Male)

Male
0%
Asthma
0% 24% Eye disease
0% Skin disease
3% 0% 52%
14% Burn
7%
Tuberculosis

Graph 3.33 shows the Common diseases the households are suffered from
the past

60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
-10% 0 2 4 6 8 10

Figure 3.34 shows the Common diseases the households are suffered from
the past (Female)

Women
12% 6% Asthma
Eye disease
0% 18% 39% Skin disease
4% Burn
3%
8% Tuberculosis
10%

Graph 3.34 shows the Common diseases the households are suffered from
the past

50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
-10% 0 2 4 6 8 10
3.2.11 THE MAIN CHALLENGE
The main challenge do we think are related to community-based biogas
plant
The main challenge, according to survey result is initial cost of plant the

majority continued to believe that the capital costs of installing a biogas plant

are too high we should come forward to take benefit of the government scheme,

private scheme, many ENGO are working and install biogas plants in village.

Further we discuss our main challenge is distribution of gas because the area of

houses are too long we need to distribute biogas to the villagers through

underground pipe.

Table 3.35 shows the main challenge do we think are related to community-
based biogas plant

Main challenge Rank

Collection of feedstock’s 4%
Operation and maintenance 7%
Distribution of gas 20%
Management of system 9%
Safety of supply 11%
Initial cost of plant 41%
Biomass supply to plant 5%
other 3%

Figure 3.35 shows the main challenge do we think are related to

community-based biogas plant

3% 4% Collection of feedstock’s
5% 7% Operation and maintenance
Distribution of gas
20% Management of system

41% Safety of supply

9% Initial cost of plant
11% Biomass supply to plant
other
 Graph 3.35 shows the main challenge do we think are related to
community-based biogas plant

45%
40%
35%
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%