BITS Pilani

presentation
BITS Pilani Faculty Name
Faculty Department
Pilani Campus
 BITS Pilani
Pilani Campus

Course Number: QM ZG536

Course Title: Design of Experiments
Lecture No. 01
What should learn

• Why experiment
• Advantages and limitation with experiments
• Why design of experiment
• Growth of design of experiment in industry
• How design is going to help
• Different tool for design of experiments implementation

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• R.A. Fisher and F. Yates
• R. A. Fisher: A mathematical statistics
• F. Yates: Logic for experimentation
• Series of paper since 1932
• World 1st statistical department;
Rothamsted Statistical station 1920
R.A. Fisher

Rothamsted Research

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Growth

• Started with agriculture in 1971

(Europe and US)
• Expanded to oil & Chemical industry
(Britain) by George Box and his
colleagues
• Growth Accelerated due to George Edward Pelham Box
semiconductor industry in Japan
around 1982
• The Japanese engineer, G. Taguchi
learn the factorial design from
Mahalanobis and expanded to Japan

Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis

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Taguchi Approach

• Very simple
• Didn’t consider deeper analysis, cross-interaction
• Not limited to just think about finding the optimum
process (for desired yield)
• Extended to control the variability of a manufacturing
process.
• The journal Technometrics, which had first appeared in
1959 and to which there are numerous references
• 1971 edition of this book, thrived, publishing numerous
papers on design of experiments.

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Philosophy of Science

Science

Descriptive Theory development

• Observation method
• Apparatus

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Causality

• Relationship between Cause and effect

• Cause is necessary to study the effect
• Everything that happens has a cause
• Pollution a cause produces an effect disease
• Radiation, a “cause” produces cancer, an effect

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Causality Definition

1. A relationship between events, process or entities in the

same time series subject to several time conditions
2. A relationship between events, process or entities in a
time series such that when one occurs other follows
invariably
3. A relationship such that one has the efficacy to produce
or alter another
4. A relationship such that without one, other could not
occur
5. A relationship between experienced events, processes
or entities and extra experiential event, processes or
entities

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6. A relationship between things and itself (self causality
7. A relationship between an event, process or entities and
the reason or explanation for it
8. A relation between an idea and an experiences
9. A principle or category incorporating into experience
one of the previous

Three agents for causality

1. Human agency
2. Cause in Nature
3. Cause explanation

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Experiment

• Deliberate observation under conditions deliberately

arranged by the observer
Experiments

Absolute Comparative

Does vitamin C prevents cold or

cause absence of cold
Object has a definite fixed attribute
Do controlled experiment
One with massive doses
Without doses; compare outcomes

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Experiment (continue)
Controllable variable

Input Process Output

Uncontrollable variable

Deliberate changes are made in input to get the desired

output
Response (output) should change with change in input

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Example:

Cricket Score:
Controllable variables:
1. Pitch conditions (p)
2. Bat weight (w)
3. Players mood (m)
4. Ball condition

Uncontrollable variables
4. Air speed (environmental conditions)
5. Viewer’s behaviour
6. Opponent strength
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Experiment strategy

1. Best-guess approach
2. One-factor-at-a-time approach
3. Experiment at one factor while others are kept constant
4. Factorial experimental design

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Effect on Output

One-factor-at-a-time

Score
Score

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 Cross-interaction

Two factor and two level (22)

Bat weight

Pitch condition

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 An Example
Improve the yield of some petrochemical in an oil refinery
plant by comparing several catalyst
The yield, or response, is the percentage of feedstock
converted into product.
Product
(petrochemical)
Crude oil Catalyst

Unchanged oil

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Example (Continue)

How many catalysts?

How many runs?
How do we compare these averages after we have
obtained them?

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Application

• New material/process development

• New product development
• Product design validation
• Manufacturing process improvement
• Best financial decision
• Market identification

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Car Design Example

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modal_analysis#:~:text=Car%27s%20door
%20attached%20to%20an%20electromagnetic%20shaker.

Effect of speed on vibration

Effect of speed on temperature
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Aircraft Design

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Modal-analysis-of-an-airplane-model-2_fig1_309488

Difficult to model accurate boundary condition

Experiment for modal analysis under different design
Harsh environment effect

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Machine Tool Design Example

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Manufacturing (Normalizing
example)

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Modeling through Experimrnt

Modeling
• Mechanistic Model

Observation of system through

experiments

• Empirical modelling/semi-
empirical modeling

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Design of Experiments?

• For accurate modelling

• Reasonable process characteristics
• To perform controlled experiments
• Minimise the uncertainty
• Minimise the variation in response when repeating
experiments
• Reducing the noise effect

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Objective for experiments

• Determine which variable has most influence on

response
• How to set controllable variable to get the desired output
• How to set controllable variable to minimise the effect of
uncontrollable variable (noise)
• How to set controllable variable in order to get the
minimum variation in response

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