Binary Number System

Dr. Odelu Vanga

Department of Computer Science and Information Systems

Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani
Hyderabad Campus
odelu.vanga@hyderabad.bits-pilani.ac.in

January 17, 2020

Dr. Odelu Vanga (BITS-Pilani Hyderabad) CS F111 January 17, 2020 1 / 29

 Today’s Topics

Decimal Number System (base-10)

Dr. Odelu Vanga (BITS-Pilani Hyderabad) CS F111 January 17, 2020 2 / 29

 Today’s Topics

Decimal Number System (base-10)

Binary Number System (base-2)

Dr. Odelu Vanga (BITS-Pilani Hyderabad) CS F111 January 17, 2020 2 / 29

 Today’s Topics

Decimal Number System (base-10)

Binary Number System (base-2)

Binary Addition and Subtraction

Dr. Odelu Vanga (BITS-Pilani Hyderabad) CS F111 January 17, 2020 2 / 29

 Today’s Topics

Decimal Number System (base-10)

Binary Number System (base-2)

Binary Addition and Subtraction

Fixed Precision and Overflow

Dr. Odelu Vanga (BITS-Pilani Hyderabad) CS F111 January 17, 2020 2 / 29

 Today’s Topics

Decimal Number System (base-10)

Binary Number System (base-2)

Binary Addition and Subtraction

Fixed Precision and Overflow

Sign and Magnitude

Dr. Odelu Vanga (BITS-Pilani Hyderabad) CS F111 January 17, 2020 2 / 29

 Today’s Topics

Decimal Number System (base-10)

Binary Number System (base-2)

Binary Addition and Subtraction

Fixed Precision and Overflow

Sign and Magnitude

One’s complement

Dr. Odelu Vanga (BITS-Pilani Hyderabad) CS F111 January 17, 2020 2 / 29

 Today’s Topics

Decimal Number System (base-10)

Binary Number System (base-2)

Binary Addition and Subtraction

Fixed Precision and Overflow

Sign and Magnitude

One’s complement

Two’s complement

Dr. Odelu Vanga (BITS-Pilani Hyderabad) CS F111 January 17, 2020 2 / 29

 Decimal and Binary Representation
Decimal number (base-10)

Dr. Odelu Vanga (BITS-Pilani Hyderabad) CS F111 January 17, 2020 3 / 29

 Decimal and Binary Representation
Decimal number (base-10)

Binary number (base-2)

Dr. Odelu Vanga (BITS-Pilani Hyderabad) CS F111 January 17, 2020 3 / 29

 Converting Decimal to Binary Number

Binary equivalent for decimal number 35

MSD - most significant digit

LSD - least significant digit

Dr. Odelu Vanga (BITS-Pilani Hyderabad) CS F111 January 17, 2020 4 / 29

 Converting Decimal to Binary Number

Binary equivalent for decimal number 35

MSD - most significant digit

LSD - least significant digit

(35)10 = (100011)2 or
simply write 100011

Dr. Odelu Vanga (BITS-Pilani Hyderabad) CS F111 January 17, 2020 4 / 29

 Converting Decimal to Binary Number

Binary equivalent for decimal number 35

MSD - most significant digit

LSD - least significant digit

(35)10 = (100011)2 or
simply write 100011

Could you Develop Algorithm ?

Dr. Odelu Vanga (BITS-Pilani Hyderabad) CS F111 January 17, 2020 4 / 29
 Decimal to Binary Number

Algorithm
Start
1. Read x
2. Process q = x/2 (Note x/2 returns the quotient)
3. Process r = x%2 (Note x%2 returns the remainder)
4. Store r

Dr. Odelu Vanga (BITS-Pilani Hyderabad) CS F111 January 17, 2020 5 / 29

 Decimal to Binary Number

Algorithm
Start
1. Read x
2. Process q = x/2 (Note x/2 returns the quotient)
3. Process r = x%2 (Note x%2 returns the remainder)
4. Store r
5. if (q = 0) then Goto Step7
6. else
6.1 Assign x = q
6.2 Goto Step2
7. print r values from last to fist.
Stop

Dr. Odelu Vanga (BITS-Pilani Hyderabad) CS F111 January 17, 2020 5 / 29

 Converting Binary to Decimal Number
Convert binary number 1010 to decimal equivalent

Dr. Odelu Vanga (BITS-Pilani Hyderabad) CS F111 January 17, 2020 6 / 29

 Converting Binary to Decimal Number
Convert binary number 1010 to decimal equivalent

Dr. Odelu Vanga (BITS-Pilani Hyderabad) CS F111 January 17, 2020 6 / 29

 Converting Binary to Decimal Number

Dr. Odelu Vanga (BITS-Pilani Hyderabad) CS F111 January 17, 2020 7 / 29

 Converting Binary to Decimal Number

Dr. Odelu Vanga (BITS-Pilani Hyderabad) CS F111 January 17, 2020 8 / 29

 Converting Binary to Decimal Number

Dr. Odelu Vanga (BITS-Pilani Hyderabad) CS F111 January 17, 2020 9 / 29

 Converting Binary to Decimal Number

Dr. Odelu Vanga (BITS-Pilani Hyderabad) CS F111 January 17, 2020 10 / 29

 Converting Binary to Decimal Number

Dr. Odelu Vanga (BITS-Pilani Hyderabad) CS F111 January 17, 2020 11 / 29

 Binary Addition

Add the binary numbers 1010 and 11

Dr. Odelu Vanga (BITS-Pilani Hyderabad) CS F111 January 17, 2020 12 / 29

 Binary Addition

Add the binary numbers 1010 and 11

Conceptually similar to
decimal addition
Addition rules:

0+0 = 0
0+1 = 1
1+0 = 1
1 + 1 = 10

Dr. Odelu Vanga (BITS-Pilani Hyderabad) CS F111 January 17, 2020 12 / 29

 Binary Addition

Add the binary numbers 1010 and 11

Conceptually similar to
Example (Add the binary
decimal addition
numbers 1010 and 11)
Addition rules:

0+0 = 0
0+1 = 1
1+0 = 1
1 + 1 = 10

Dr. Odelu Vanga (BITS-Pilani Hyderabad) CS F111 January 17, 2020 12 / 29

 Binary Subtraction

Conceptually similar to
decimal addition
Addition rules:

0−0 = 0
0 − 1 = 1 barrow 1
1−0 = 1
1−1 = 0

Barrow 1 is equivalent to 2

Dr. Odelu Vanga (BITS-Pilani Hyderabad) CS F111 January 17, 2020 13 / 29

 Binary Subtraction

Conceptually similar to
decimal addition Example (Subtract binary
Addition rules:
number 101 from 1011)

0−0 = 0
0 − 1 = 1 barrow 1
1−0 = 1
1−1 = 0

Barrow 1 is equivalent to 2

Dr. Odelu Vanga (BITS-Pilani Hyderabad) CS F111 January 17, 2020 13 / 29

 Binary Subtraction

Conceptually similar to
decimal addition Example (Subtract binary
Addition rules:
number 101 from 1011)

0−0 = 0
0 − 1 = 1 barrow 1
1−0 = 1
1−1 = 0

Barrow 1 is equivalent to 2

How you will subtract larger number from smaller number ?

Dr. Odelu Vanga (BITS-Pilani Hyderabad) CS F111 January 17, 2020 13 / 29

 Fixed Precision and Overflow

In computers, numbers represented using a fixed number of bits.

Dr. Odelu Vanga (BITS-Pilani Hyderabad) CS F111 January 17, 2020 14 / 29

 Fixed Precision and Overflow

In computers, numbers represented using a fixed number of bits.

Typical sizes: 8 bits, 16 bits, 32 bits, 64 bits and 80 bits.

Dr. Odelu Vanga (BITS-Pilani Hyderabad) CS F111 January 17, 2020 14 / 29

 Fixed Precision and Overflow

In computers, numbers represented using a fixed number of bits.

Typical sizes: 8 bits, 16 bits, 32 bits, 64 bits and 80 bits.

Numbers in which a specific number of bits are used to represent

the value are called fixed precision numbers.

Dr. Odelu Vanga (BITS-Pilani Hyderabad) CS F111 January 17, 2020 14 / 29

 Fixed Precision and Overflow

In computers, numbers represented using a fixed number of bits.

Typical sizes: 8 bits, 16 bits, 32 bits, 64 bits and 80 bits.

Numbers in which a specific number of bits are used to represent

the value are called fixed precision numbers.

An overflow occurs when the result of a calculation can not be

represented with the number of bits available.

Dr. Odelu Vanga (BITS-Pilani Hyderabad) CS F111 January 17, 2020 14 / 29

 Fixed Precision and Overflow

Example (Consider 8 bit number)

There are 28 = 256 possible combinations, that is, we can
represent 256 distinct numeric values.

The range considered to be 0 − 255.

Dr. Odelu Vanga (BITS-Pilani Hyderabad) CS F111 January 17, 2020 15 / 29

 Fixed Precision and Overflow

Example (Consider 8 bit number)

There are 28 = 256 possible combinations, that is, we can
represent 256 distinct numeric values.

The range considered to be 0 − 255.

Any number larger than 255 can not be represented using 8 bits.

Dr. Odelu Vanga (BITS-Pilani Hyderabad) CS F111 January 17, 2020 15 / 29

 Fixed Precision and Overflow

Example (Consider 8 bit number)

There are 28 = 256 possible combinations, that is, we can
represent 256 distinct numeric values.

The range considered to be 0 − 255.

Any number larger than 255 can not be represented using 8 bits.

Similarly, 16 bits allows a range of 0-65535, and so on.

Dr. Odelu Vanga (BITS-Pilani Hyderabad) CS F111 January 17, 2020 15 / 29

 Fixed Precision and Overflow

Example (Consider 8 bit number)

There are 28 = 256 possible combinations, that is, we can
represent 256 distinct numeric values.

The range considered to be 0 − 255.

Any number larger than 255 can not be represented using 8 bits.

Similarly, 16 bits allows a range of 0-65535, and so on.

200 + 200 is 400 - out of range of 8 bit number. overflow occur

Dr. Odelu Vanga (BITS-Pilani Hyderabad) CS F111 January 17, 2020 15 / 29

 Negative Binary Numbers

When a fixed precision binary number is used to hold only

positive values, it is said to be unsigned.
Range is 0 to 2n − 1, where n - number of bits used

Dr. Odelu Vanga (BITS-Pilani Hyderabad) CS F111 January 17, 2020 16 / 29

 Negative Binary Numbers

When a fixed precision binary number is used to hold only

positive values, it is said to be unsigned.
Range is 0 to 2n − 1, where n - number of bits used
It is also possible to represent signed (negative as well as
positive) numbers in binary.
Range is −(2n−1 ) to (2n−1 − 1), where n - number of bits
used

Dr. Odelu Vanga (BITS-Pilani Hyderabad) CS F111 January 17, 2020 16 / 29

 Negative Binary Numbers

When a fixed precision binary number is used to hold only

positive values, it is said to be unsigned.
Range is 0 to 2n − 1, where n - number of bits used
It is also possible to represent signed (negative as well as
positive) numbers in binary.
Range is −(2n−1 ) to (2n−1 − 1), where n - number of bits
used
Range of 8-bit unsigned integer - 0 to 255
signed integer −128 to 127.

Dr. Odelu Vanga (BITS-Pilani Hyderabad) CS F111 January 17, 2020 16 / 29

 Negative Binary Numbers

When a fixed precision binary number is used to hold only

positive values, it is said to be unsigned.
Range is 0 to 2n − 1, where n - number of bits used
It is also possible to represent signed (negative as well as
positive) numbers in binary.
Range is −(2n−1 ) to (2n−1 − 1), where n - number of bits
used
Range of 8-bit unsigned integer - 0 to 255
signed integer −128 to 127.
How do we handle negative numbers ?

Dr. Odelu Vanga (BITS-Pilani Hyderabad) CS F111 January 17, 2020 16 / 29

 Negative Binary Numbers

When a fixed precision binary number is used to hold only

positive values, it is said to be unsigned.
Range is 0 to 2n − 1, where n - number of bits used
It is also possible to represent signed (negative as well as
positive) numbers in binary.
Range is −(2n−1 ) to (2n−1 − 1), where n - number of bits
used
Range of 8-bit unsigned integer - 0 to 255
signed integer −128 to 127.
How do we handle negative numbers ?
You might be tempted to reply: Easy, just use a negative sign!.

Dr. Odelu Vanga (BITS-Pilani Hyderabad) CS F111 January 17, 2020 16 / 29

 Negative Binary Numbers

When a fixed precision binary number is used to hold only

positive values, it is said to be unsigned.
Range is 0 to 2n − 1, where n - number of bits used
It is also possible to represent signed (negative as well as
positive) numbers in binary.
Range is −(2n−1 ) to (2n−1 − 1), where n - number of bits
used
Range of 8-bit unsigned integer - 0 to 255
signed integer −128 to 127.
How do we handle negative numbers ?
You might be tempted to reply: Easy, just use a negative sign!.
But this won’t work;

Dr. Odelu Vanga (BITS-Pilani Hyderabad) CS F111 January 17, 2020 16 / 29

 Negative Binary Numbers

When a fixed precision binary number is used to hold only

positive values, it is said to be unsigned.
Range is 0 to 2n − 1, where n - number of bits used
It is also possible to represent signed (negative as well as
positive) numbers in binary.
Range is −(2n−1 ) to (2n−1 − 1), where n - number of bits
used
Range of 8-bit unsigned integer - 0 to 255
signed integer −128 to 127.
How do we handle negative numbers ?
You might be tempted to reply: Easy, just use a negative sign!.
But this won’t work;
because everything must be represented as bits.
Dr. Odelu Vanga (BITS-Pilani Hyderabad) CS F111 January 17, 2020 16 / 29
 Signed Magnitude
Sign and Magnitude:
The leftmost bit represents the sign

0 for positive and 1 for negative.

The remaining bits represent the magnitude.

Dr. Odelu Vanga (BITS-Pilani Hyderabad) CS F111 January 17, 2020 17 / 29

 Signed Magnitude
Sign and Magnitude:
The leftmost bit represents the sign

0 for positive and 1 for negative.

The remaining bits represent the magnitude.

Dr. Odelu Vanga (BITS-Pilani Hyderabad) CS F111 January 17, 2020 17 / 29

 Sign and Magnitude
Decimal Binary S&M Remark
0 0000 1000 -0 (-8)
1 0001 1001 -1
2 0010 1010 -2
3 0011 1011 -3
4 0100 1100 -4
5 0101 1101 -5
6 0110 1110 -6
7 0111 1111 -7

Dr. Odelu Vanga (BITS-Pilani Hyderabad) CS F111 January 17, 2020 18 / 29

 Sign and Magnitude
Decimal Binary S&M Remark
0 0000 1000 -0 (-8)
1 0001 1001 -1
2 0010 1010 -2
3 0011 1011 -3
4 0100 1100 -4
5 0101 1101 -5
6 0110 1110 -6
7 0111 1111 -7

Example (Sign-Magnitude)
we represent 6 as 0110 and −1 as 1001.

Dr. Odelu Vanga (BITS-Pilani Hyderabad) CS F111 January 17, 2020 18 / 29

 Sign and Magnitude
Decimal Binary S&M Remark
0 0000 1000 -0 (-8)
1 0001 1001 -1
2 0010 1010 -2
3 0011 1011 -3
4 0100 1100 -4
5 0101 1101 -5
6 0110 1110 -6
7 0111 1111 -7

Example (Sign-Magnitude)
we represent 6 as 0110 and −1 as 1001.
But, we can see the following:
6 + (−1) = 5
But, 0110 + 1001 = 1111, that is, −7

Dr. Odelu Vanga (BITS-Pilani Hyderabad) CS F111 January 17, 2020 18 / 29

 Sign and Magnitude
Decimal Binary S&M Remark
0 0000 1000 -0 (-8)
1 0001 1001 -1
2 0010 1010 -2
3 0011 1011 -3
4 0100 1100 -4
5 0101 1101 -5
6 0110 1110 -6
7 0111 1111 -7

Example (Sign-Magnitude)
we represent 6 as 0110 and −1 as 1001.
But, we can see the following:
6 + (−1) = 5
But, 0110 + 1001 = 1111, that is, −7
So, addition is not straightforward if the signs of the two numbers are
different.
Dr. Odelu Vanga (BITS-Pilani Hyderabad) CS F111 January 17, 2020 18 / 29
 One’s complement
Flipping the bits

Decimal Binary 1’s complement Remark

0 0000 1111 -0 (-8)
1 0001 1110 -1
2 0010 1101 -2
3 0011 1100 -3
4 0100 1011 -4
5 0101 1010 -5
6 0110 1001 -6
7 0111 1000 -7

Dr. Odelu Vanga (BITS-Pilani Hyderabad) CS F111 January 17, 2020 19 / 29

 One’s complement
Flipping the bits

Decimal Binary 1’s complement Remark

0 0000 1111 -0 (-8)
1 0001 1110 -1
2 0010 1101 -2
3 0011 1100 -3
4 0100 1011 -4
5 0101 1010 -5
6 0110 1001 -6
7 0111 1000 -7

Example
For example, one’s complement of 0110(6) is 1001(−6).
6 + (−6) = 0
But, 0110 + 1001 = 1111 is equivalent to (−8)
Dr. Odelu Vanga (BITS-Pilani Hyderabad) CS F111 January 17, 2020 19 / 29
 Two’s complement

2s complement representation - widely used in microprocessors.

Represents sign and magnitude

Dr. Odelu Vanga (BITS-Pilani Hyderabad) CS F111 January 17, 2020 20 / 29

 Two’s complement

2s complement representation - widely used in microprocessors.

Represents sign and magnitude

Dr. Odelu Vanga (BITS-Pilani Hyderabad) CS F111 January 17, 2020 20 / 29

 Two’s complement

Converting positive numbers to two’s complement

Same as converting to binary
Converting negative numbers to two’s complement

Dr. Odelu Vanga (BITS-Pilani Hyderabad) CS F111 January 17, 2020 21 / 29

 Two’s complement

Converting positive numbers to two’s complement

Same as converting to binary
Converting negative numbers to two’s complement

Dr. Odelu Vanga (BITS-Pilani Hyderabad) CS F111 January 17, 2020 22 / 29

 Two’s complement

Converting positive numbers to two’s complement

Same as converting to binary
Converting negative numbers to two’s complement

Dr. Odelu Vanga (BITS-Pilani Hyderabad) CS F111 January 17, 2020 23 / 29

 Two’s complement

Converting positive numbers to two’s complement

Same as converting to binary
Converting negative numbers to two’s complement

Dr. Odelu Vanga (BITS-Pilani Hyderabad) CS F111 January 17, 2020 24 / 29

 Two’s complement

Dr. Odelu Vanga (BITS-Pilani Hyderabad) CS F111 January 17, 2020 25 / 29

 Two’s complement

We can see,
4 + (−4) = 0
0100 + 1100 = 0000

Dr. Odelu Vanga (BITS-Pilani Hyderabad) CS F111 January 17, 2020 25 / 29

 Two’s complement
2s complement notation makes it possible to
add and subtract signed numbers

Dr. Odelu Vanga (BITS-Pilani Hyderabad) CS F111 January 17, 2020 26 / 29

 Two’s complement
2s complement notation makes it possible to
add and subtract signed numbers

Dr. Odelu Vanga (BITS-Pilani Hyderabad) CS F111 January 17, 2020 27 / 29

 Sign and Magnitude

Dr. Odelu Vanga (BITS-Pilani Hyderabad) CS F111 January 17, 2020 28 / 29

 .

Next class..
Floating point data representation
Hexadecimal and Octal Number System

Thank You

Dr. Odelu Vanga (BITS-Pilani Hyderabad) CS F111 January 17, 2020 29 / 29