Ozone Layer

What is OZONE?
➢ A molecule containing three atoms of oxygen
➢ Ozone plays a vital role in the atmosphere. It SHIELDS the entire earth
form much of the UV radiation that comes from the sun.
 WHERE OS OZONE FOUND
IN THE ATMOSPHERE?
Ozone is mainly found in two regions of the Earth’s
10 to 50 km atmosphere.

0 to 10 km
Most ozone (about (90%) resides that begins
between 6 and 10 miles above the earths surface
and extends up to about 30 miles

This region of the atmosphere is called the

stratosphere. The ozone in this region is commonly
known as the ozone layer.

The ozone layer is mainly found in the lower portion

of the stratosphere
 WHERE OS OZONE FOUND
IN THE ATMOSPHERE?
The earth's atmosphere is divided into several
10 to 50 km layers, and each layer plays an important role. The
first region extending about 10km upwards from the
0 to 10 km earth's surface is called the troposphere.

Many human activities like mountain climbing, gas

balloons and smaller aircrafts operate within this
region.
The next layer, extending about 10-50 km is called
the stratosphere where the ozone layer (lower
portion) found, though the thickness varies
seasonally and geographically.

The ozone layer refers to a region of Earth's

stratosphere that absorbs most of the Sun's UV
radiation
 Charles Fabry Henri Buisson

➢ The ozone layer was discovered in 1913 by the French physicists

Charles Fabry and Henri Buisson
ULTRA VIOLET RADIATION

UV rays penetrate the Earth's

atmosphere at 3 slightly different
wavelengths called UV-A, UV-B, and
UV-C rays
WHY IS THE OZONE LAYER IMPORTANT TO
LIFE ON EARTH?
❑ The absorption of ultraviolet radiation by
ozone creates a source of heat.
❑ Ozone thus plays a key role in the
temperature structure of the Earth's
atmosphere.
❑ Without the filtering action of the
ozone layer, more of the Sun's UV
radiation would penetrate the
atmosphere and would reach the
Earth's surface.
❑ The harmful effects of excessive
exposure to UV radiation .It causes
harmful effect to crop, forest growth
and human health
❑ Therefore, the ozone layer protects
life on Earth from the harmful effects
of solar radiation on a daily basis
Ozone Hole

2 3 4
1970 1972 1979 2006

2018
Ozone
• O3
• a gas composed of three atoms of oxygen
• bluish gas that is harmful to breathe
• Nearly 90% of the Earth's ozone is in the stratosphere and is referred
to as the ozone layer
• Ozone absorbs a band of ultraviolet radiation called UVB
13
Ozone-Depleting Substance(s) (ODS):

• CFCs,
• HCFCs,
• halons,
• methyl bromide,
• carbon tetrachloride, and
• methyl chloroform.

OZONE DEPLETION 14
Various sources
Effects of OLD
-- Skin Cancer (melanoma and nonmelanoma)
-- Premature aging of the skin and other skin
problems
-- Cataracts and other eye damage
-- Immune system suppression

OZONE DEPLETION 16
 What can we do?

• Have your car and home air conditioner units and

refrigerator checked for leaks. When possible, repair
leaky air conditioning units before refilling them.
• Contact local authorities to properly dispose of
refrigeration or air conditioning equipment.

OZONE DEPLETION 17
What can we do?

• Protect yourself against sunburn. Minimize sun

exposure during midday hours (10 am to 4 pm). Wear
sunglasses, a hat with a wide brim, and protective
clothing with a tight weave. Use a broad spectrum
sunscreen with a sun protection factor (SPF) of at least
15 and 30 is better.
Problems in the ozone
layer
Damage to the ozone layer can cause
the following for humans:
❑Skin cancer
❑Cataracts
❑Suppression of the
❑ immune system
❑Premature aging of the skin
Effects on the Environment
❑Global Warming
❑Climate change
❑Crop and forests damage
❑Infections and skin diseases
❑ on animals
❑Less fish harvest
Problems in the Ozone Layer
 Ozone Depletion
- Ozone depletion, gradual thinning of Earth's ozone layer in the upper
atmosphere caused by the release of chemical compounds containing
gaseous chlorine or bromine from industry and other human activities. The
thinning is most pronounced in the polar regions, especially over Antarctica.
 Ozone Layer Depletion
Causes: Increased UV radiation
• Skin Diseases
• Eye Cataracts
• Immunodeficiency Disorders
• UV rays also affect plant growth
 OZONE DEPLETING
SUBSTANCES AND THEIR
USES
What are ozone depleting substances?
➢ Ozone depleting substances are chemicals that destroy the
earth’s protective ozone layer. They include:
• chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
• halon
• carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)
• methyl chloroform (CH3CCl3)
• hydrobromofluorocarbons (HBFCs)
• hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs)
• methyl bromide (CH3Br)
• bromochloromethane (CH2BrCl)

➢ Production and import of these chemicals is controlled by the Montreal Protocol on

Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (the Montreal Protocol). There are other ozone
depleting substances, but their ozone depleting effects are very small, so they are not
controlled by the Montreal Protocol.
What is ozone depleting potential?

❖Ozone depleting potential is a measure of how much damage a chemical

can cause to the ozone layer compared with a similar mass of
trichlorofluoromethane (CFC-11). CFC-11, with an ozone depleting
potential of 1.0, is used as the base figure for measuring ozone depleting
potential.

❖The higher the number, the more damage a chemical can cause to the
ozone layer. Bromotrifluoromethane (halon-1301) has an ozone depleting
potential of 10.0.

❖Carbon dioxide (CO2), a naturally occurring greenhouse gas, has an

ozone depleting potential of 0.
What did we use ozone depleting substances for?

➢ The main uses of ozone depleting substances include:

• CFCs and HCFCs in refrigerators and air conditioners

• HCFCs and halons in fire extinguishers

• CFCs and HCFCs in foam

• CFCs and HCFCs as aerosol propellants

• Methyl bromide for fumigation of soil, structures and goods to be

imported or exported.
Why do we still use some ozone depleting substances?

❖ Some ozone depleting substances with a high ozone depleting

potential are still used in quarantine and safety applications as no
suitable alternative exists.

❖ Methyl bromide is extremely effective as a quarantine fumigant.

❖ The immediate fire suppression qualities of halon are needed in

confined spaces such as on airplanes and in submarines.

❖ Research is continuing to find suitable replacements.

Thank You for Listening!!!
 Non-ozone depleting substances (ODS) do not deplete the
earth’s protective ozone layer. Products that normally contain
ozone depleting substances should be replaced with
functionally similar products that contain non-ozone depleting
substances.
 Alternatives must have similar positive properties but without the
production of Cl(Chlorine) radicals or any other radicals that can
cause it.
• The advantages of these alternatives: reduced production of Cl
• These alternatives should have: low boiling points, non-toxic, non-
flammable and don’t acts as greenhouse gases.
Hydrocarbons such as propane and 2- methyl propane as refrigerant coolants: no halogens.
• Although their use would reduce ozone depletion, both hydrocarbons are flammable and are
greenhouse gases.
• Many of the natural fuels sources we use are hydrocarbons.
• Compounds like methane, butane and hexane are all hydrocarbons.
Fluorocarbons are nontoxic nor flammable and are stable to
UV reactions, although they are greenhouse gases. It has a
Stronger C-F bond.
• It is used in some fire extinguisher.
• Fluorocarbon paint.
• Aerosols
Hydrochlorofluorocarbons(HCFCs) are more stable than cfcs, but they are only temporary
solution since C-CL bond is still present, it contains fewer halogen free radicals released and
also green house gas.
• Despite their potential to replace CFCs, hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCS) have relatively
little impact on atmospheric chlorine loading. The principal member of this group of
substances, chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC-22), has been used as a refrigerant fluid since
1946 ; Its low boiling point makes it suitable for low-temperature duties and some air
conditioning.
Hydrofluorocarbons(HFCs) are the best alternative because there is no
chlorine atom present. It has a stronger C-F bond.
Any of several organic composed of hydrogen ,fluorine, and carbon. HFCs are
produced synthetically and are used primarily as refrigerants. They became
widely used for this purpose beginning in the late 1980s, with the introduction
of the Montreal Protocol, which phased out the use of chemicals such
as halons and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) that contribute to the depletion of
earth’s ozone layer. However, while HFCs have an ozone depletion potential of
zero, they are potent greenhouse gases, and thus their manufacture and use
became increasingly regulated in the 21st century.
 Montreal Protocol
Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer
(September 16, 1987)

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY

What is the 1987 Montreal Protocol?

• First agreement to recognize the significant threat of the ODS to the ozone layer
• It is a landmark agreement that has successfully reduced the global production,
consumption, and emissions of ozone-depleting substances (ODSs).
• The protocol provided a mechanism to reduce and phase-out the global production
and consumption of ODSs.
• CFCs are substituted by fluorinated compounds such as HFCs which is similar to CFCs
but does not contain chlorine and does not deplete stratospheric ozone. These are
used as cooling agents in air conditioning plants and refrigerator, propellants in
aerosol cans, solvents and foaming agents in manufacturing foam products.
ODS-Ozone-Depleting Substances
CFC-Chlorofluorocarbons
HFC-Hydrofluorocarbons
Amendments to the Montreal Protocol

• The London Amendment (1990)- requires the complete phaseout of CFCs,

halons, and carbon tetrachloride by 2000 in developed countries and 2010 in
developing countries. Methyl chloroform was also added to the controlled ODSs
by the protocol.
• The Copenhagen Amendment (1992)- it incorporates the phaseout of
hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFC) in developed countries and methyl bromide
was also capped at 1991 levels
• Montreal Amendment (1997)-HCFCs are to be phaseout in developing countries
and also methyl bromide in both the developed and developing countries.
• Beijing Amendment (1999)-Tightened controls on the production and trade of
HCFCs. Also Bromochloromethane was added to the controlled substances
which are targeted to be phaseout.
• The Kigali Amendment (2016)-Extended controls to phase down the production
and consumption of HFCs
Multilateral Fund
• The Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of the Montreal
Protocol was established in 1991.
• The Fund's objective is to provide financial and technical assistance
to developing country parties to the Montreal Protocol whose
annual per capita consumption and production of ODS is less than
0.3 kg to comply with the control measures of the Protocol as
established in 1991.
• are implemented by four international agencies - UN Environment
Program (UNEP) , UN Development Program (UNDP), UN Industrial
Development Organization (UNIDO) and the World Bank - as well as
bilateral agencies of non-Article 5 countries.
Success of the Montreal Protocol

According to UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres:

• Under the Protocol, the nations of the world have phased out nearly 99 per cent
of close to 100 ODSs and prevented adverse impacts on agriculture, animals,
forests, marine life, natural ecosystems and materials.
• efforts to protect ozone layer save millions of people from skin cancer and
cataracts each year.
• Protocol helps combat poverty, address climate change and protect the food
chain.
• The treaty also creates new business opportunities and it will save the global
economy over USD 2 trillion by 2050
• The Protocol has averted more than 135 billion tons of carbon dioxide (CO2)
equivalent emissions.
IRREGULARITIES IN
MONTEREAL PROTOCOL
OZONE LAYER
 Thirty Years After
Montreal Pact, Solving
the Ozone Problem
Remains Elusive
Did the Montreal Protocol fix
the ozone hole?
So far so good
 Alarm bells are ringing about
dozens of other short-lived ozone-
destroying chlorine compounds
accumulating in the atmosphere.
 “The signature of ozone
recovery is not quite there
yet,” says one expert.
 Protecting the ozone layer
“presents a much greater
industrial and political challenge
than previously thought,” says one
researcher.
Reporter: Yvonne Gualon, BSCE 3
Group 1
❖Increase in the earth’s average atmospheric temperature that causes
corresponding changes in climate.
❖Increase of the Earth’s ❖Long-term changes in
average surface the climate.
temperature due to a
build-up of greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere.
Increase in greenhouse gases
❖Concentration of greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere is
highly increasing by human
activities.

1. Burning
fossil fuels.
Increase in greenhouse gases
2. Deforestation
❖ Plants and trees play an
important role in regulating
the climate because they
absorb carbon dioxide from
the air and release oxygen
back into it.

❖ Forests and bushland act as

carbon sinks and are a
valuable means of keeping
global warming to 1.5°C.
Increase in greenhouse gases
3. Agriculture and Farming
❖ Some fertilizers that farmers use also release nitrous oxide,
which is another greenhouse gas.
❖The “greenhouse effect” is the warming that happens
when certain gases in the Earth’s atmosphere trap heat.
These gases let in light but keep heat from escaping.
Temperature difference between different
parts of the atmosphere
❖Troposphere
temperatures (the
lowest 8 kilometers
of the Earth’s
atmosphere)
collected since 1979
also indicated
warming.
Temperature difference between different
parts of the atmosphere
❖Cooling effect in
higher parts of
the atmosphere:
stratospheric
temperatures
have been
decreasing.
NOT Globally uniform warming
❖Warming parts:
-North America
-Eurasia
❖Cooling parts:
-southeastern US
Increasing temperature extremes
❖Regions that have temperatures (1-3 degrees Celsius)
warmer than the average:
-United States
-Most of Europe
❖Regions that have temperatures (1-3 degrees Celsius)
cooler than the average:
-Australia
Increasing temperature extremes
Sea level rising
❖Rising at an average rate of 1-2 mm/year over the past
100 years.
 Effects of Global Warming
• Increase in average temperature and temperature extreme

• The melting of the ice caps in the polar region

• Sea levels and ocean acidification

• The economic consequences

• Increased probabilty and intensity of drought and heat waves

• Extreme weather events

• Plants and animals

• Spread of diseases
INCREASE IN AVERAGE TEMPERATURE AND
TEMPERATURE EXTREME
• One of the most immediate and obvious effects of global
warming is the increase in temperatures around the world.

• The average global temperature has increased by about 1.4

degrees Fahrenheit (0.8 degrees Celsius) over the past 100
years, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA).

• 2010-2019 was the hottest decade ever recorded. 2015 was

the hottest year on record (NOAA).

• Scientists from the United Kingdom Met Office determined

that 2019 was one of the top-three hottest years on record.
THE MELTING OF THE ICE CAPS IN THE POLAR REGION

• Glacier National Park, USA 1932

• Glacier National Park, USA 1988

THE MELTING OF THE ICE CAPS IN THE POLAR REGION

• Peru, 1980

• Peru, 2002
THE MELTING OF THE ICE CAPS IN THE POLAR REGION

• Kilimanjaro, 1970

• Kilimanjaro, 2000
THE MELTING OF THE ICE CAPS IN THE POLAR REGION

• Nepal, 1978

• Nepal, 2004
THE MELTING OF THE ICE CAPS IN THE POLAR REGION

Even more obvious from

space, these pictures of the
North Polar cap from NASA
show a melting of 25% in
25 years.
THE MELTING OF THE ICE CAPS IN THE POLAR REGION
• One of the primary manifestations of climate change so far is melt.

• Ice is melting worldwide, especially at the Earth’s poles. This includes mountain glaciers, ice
sheets covering West Antarctica and Greenland, and Arctic sea ice.

• North America, Europe and Asia have all seen a trend toward less snow cover between 1960
and 2019.

• According to the National Snow and Ice Data Center, there is now 10% less permafrost, or
permanently frozen ground, in the Northern Hemisphere than there was in the early 1900s.

• Only 25 glaciers bigger than 25 acres are now found in Montana's Glacier National Park, where
about 150 glaciers were once found, according to the U.S. Geological Survey.

• According to a 2019 study in the journal Nature Geoscience, there is 99% likelihood that this
rapid retreat is due to human-caused climate change.
SEA LEVELS AND OCEAN ACIDIFICATION
• Increased ocean temperatures are melting glaciers
and ice caps all over the world.

• Melted ice increases the volume of water in our

oceans.

• In 2014, the World Meteorological Organization

reported that sea-level rise accelerated 0.12 inches (3
millimeters) per year on average worldwide. This is
around double the average annual rise of 0.07 in. (1.6
mm) in the 20th century.

• Warmer temperatures also result in the expansion of

the water's mass, which causes sea levels to rise,
threatening low-lying islands and coastal cities.
SEA LEVELS AND OCEAN ACIDIFICATION
• The oceans have absorbed most of extra heat and
carbon dioxide (CO2) so far – more than the air –
making the seas both warmer and more acidic and
dissolving more shells of sea creatures.

• Warming waters are bleaching coral reefs and driving

stronger storms.

• Rising ocean acidity threatens shellfish, including the

tiny crustaceans without which marine food chains
would collapse.
THE ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES
• When the temperature rises, the ice melts and
the sea level will rise. The increase in sea level
will make it possible for floods to happen in
areas where there are seas. Houses and
buildings will be destroyed and large amount of
money will be needed to build them back.

• According to a 700-page report written by

former World Bank chief economist Nicholas
Stern, hundreds of millions of people could
suffer from hunger, water shortages and
coastal flooding as the Earth gets warmer.
THE ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES
• This could cause us lots of money since we
have to spend more money on food and
water, and more money to build land areas
for people to live in.

• If temperatures rise by 3 degrees Celsius,

rising sea levels and flooding could displace
200 million people.
INCREASED PROBABILTY AND INTENSITY OF DROUGHT AND
HEAT WAVES
• A heat wave is a prolonged period of
excessively hot weather, which may be
accompanied by high humidity

• The temperatures that people from a

hotter climate consider normal can be
termed a heat wave in a cooler area.
INCREASED PROBABILTY AND INTENSITY OF DROUGHT AND
HEAT WAVES
• 35 to 40 degree Celsius might be usual to us,
but it might be unusual to the Eskimos since
they are used to the temperature below
0degree Celsius. That is what they will call
heatwaves.

• Some areas of Earth will become wetter due

to global warming, other areas will suffer
serious droughts and heat waves.

• Increasingly severe and frequent heat waves

may lead to death and illness, especially
among the elderly.
INCREASED PROBABILTY AND INTENSITY OF DROUGHT AND
HEAT WAVES
• With merely dry lands in the area, it is
almost impossible for the people living in
that area to grow crops to support their
living. This will cause food shortage and
even famine.

• Reduced rainfall and increasingly severe

droughts may lead to water shortages.
EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS

• Increasingly severe extreme weather events like

bushfires, storms, floods, cyclones and coastal
erosion, will see increased damage to homes, as
well as more costly insurance premiums.

• Hurricanes or typhoons will become more

intense due to climate change because they get
their energy from the temperature difference
between the warm tropical ocean and the cold
upper atmosphere.
EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS

• Lightning is another weather feature that is

being affected.

• Researchers found a 12 percent increase

in lightning activity for every 1.8 degree F (1
degree C) of warming in the atmosphere.

• 50% increase in the number of lightning strikes

within the United States is expected by 2100 if
global temperatures continue to rise.
PLANTS AND ANIMALS
• The effects of global warming on the Earth's
ecosystems are expected to be profound and
widespread.

• Many species of plants and animals are already

moving their range northward or to higher
altitudes as a result of warming temperatures,
according to a report from the National Academy
of Sciences.

• Many animals may not be able to compete in the

new climate regime and may go extinct.
PLANTS AND ANIMALS
• Migratory birds and insects are now arriving in
their summer feeding and nesting grounds several
days or weeks earlier than they did in the 20th
century, according to the EPA.

• Disappearance of up to one-half of Earth's plants

and one-third of animals from their current range
by 2080, according to a 2013 report in the journal
Nature Climate Change.
SPREAD OF DISEASES
• Higher temperatures increased the disease
transmission rates by mosquito vectors.

• Three mosquito‐borne diseases: malaria, dengue

fever, and the Japanese encephalitis.

• Billions of people get infected with those diseases

and millions of people die every year.
SPREAD OF DISEASES
• The impacts of global warming include warming
temperatures, changes in precipitation, increases in the
frequency or intensity of some extreme weather events,
and rising sea levels.

• These impacts threaten our health by affecting the food

we eat, the water we drink, the air we breathe, and the
weather we experience.

• People suffering from heart problems are more vulnerable

to increased temperatures, especially those living in
already warm areas, as their cardiovascular system must
work harder to keep their body cool.

• Hot temperatures increase the ozone concentration,

which can damage people's lung tissue and cause
complications for asthma patients and those with lung
diseases.
As a conclusion, the causes and the effects of global warming is inter-
connected with each other.

TEMPERATURE The sea water The ice caps

RISES becomes hotter melts

Drought and Coastal floods

Sea level rises
heat waves and flash floods

Food and water Damage

shortage, famine, buildings and Big loss
diseases, and death homes
 WHAT SHALL WE DO?
By using energy wisely, we could help reduce the demand for fossil fuel, which in
turn could reduce the global warming. We can do the following:

• Reduce, Reuse, Recycle • Use the “Off” switch • Walk or bike instead
of driving

• Change a light bulb • Plant a tree

We can help prevent any more damage to the earths
atmosphere by reducing our carbon emissions by
walking and cycling to work and school; using less
electricity and heat; performing reduce, reuse and
recycle; and protecting forests to reduce the amount
of carbon dioxide and other gasses trapping heat on
the planet. Whether you believe global warming is
naturally the truth remains that there are many ways
to combat global warming, and they all begin with you.
We all must take responsibility for our actions (or
inaction) and learn to live sustainably, for our children,
our future and our world.
Ozone Layer
a. History (AGALOOS, MILLE ALFRED L.)
b. Ozone Depletion (BARTOLOME, JIGS ALDEN ACE P.)
c. Problems in the Ozone layer (AGACER, BELISARIO II V.) (ANTONIO, REYMUS U.)
d. Different Ozone depleting Substances and their uses (AQUINO, JAYRON JOHN P.)
e. Alternative to ozone depleting substances (BADUANG, JAMES B.0
f. Montreal Protocol (DULNUAN, ANGELA JOY H.)
g. Irregularities in Montreal Protocol (DUPILAS, ALMIRA MAE L.)
h. Global Warming (GUALON, YVONNE LORE S.)
i. Implications of Global Warming (LIZARDO, CHARIZA MAE B.)