Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Cordillera Administrative Region
Division of Tabuk City
TABUK CITY NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

METHODS OF PHILOSOPHIZING
MODULE IN INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF
THE HUMAN PERSON
Quarter1 - Week2

JOEIMMY B. GAYUDAN
JINKY FLOYD C. APIL
FARALYN M. GANNISI
BENNY S. BULAAY
Subject Teachers
JG 0950 385 7228, JA 0936 192 3564, FG 0965 254 9369, BB 0945 246 3868

Name of Student
Barangay
Cluster
Mobile Number
 Philosophizing is a process of determining the truth or drawing a
conclusion from a statement. It has an aim to enable us to orient ourselves in
thought and action, enabling us to get a clearer understanding of big issues.
In this module, applies the methods of philosophy in determining truth
and evaluating opinions. The perspectives on truth are discussed and
relevant examples are given which show how they can be used to determine
truth. Distinguishing fact from opinion and identifying fallacies and biases in
analysing claims and arguments are also discussed with examples.
Learning Objectives:
PPT11/12-Ic- 2.1 Distinguish opinion from truth.

PPT 11/12-Id-2.3 Realize that the method of philosophy lead to wisdom

and truth.

PPT11/12-Ie-2.4 Evaluate truth from opinions in different situations.

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 Analyse each statement and determine which one states fact or opinion.
Write Truth if the statement indicates truth and Write Opinion if the statement
is false. Write your answer on the BLANK provided before each number. If
you got a perfect score, skip this module. If you got 99% and below, proceed
with this module.
__________1. It takes me 15 minutes to walk from my boarding house to
Tabuk City National High School.

__________2. Having a boarding house near Tabuk City National High

School is better because we do not have to spend much for transportation.

__________3. Pedro ate the last piece of chocolate cake.

__________4. Pedro is a selfish person because he ate the last piece of

chocolate cake and did not share it with me.
__________5. Roses are the nicest smelling flower.

__________6. The first day of school is scary.

__________7. In mathematics, 5*5/5=5.

__________8. In History, Manuel L. Quezon was the second President of the

Philippines.

__________9. In basketball, a free throw is worth one point.

__________10. The speed of land-dwelling creatures can be measured.

__________11. In a medical mask, when the blue color is facing it means

that you are sick, and you do not want to spread the germs around.

__________12. Sunday is the best day of the week.

__________13. Vatican is the smallest State in terms of territory.

__________14. Lawyers are rich.

__________15. Christmas is everyone’s favorite holiday.

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What is Truth and Knowledge?

Truth – lies at the heart of any inquiry. It is fact that that has been verified.
• Are the things that are true
• Is the quality or state of being true
• Is a statement or idea that is true or accepted as true.
✓ Example, if someone is giving their real age.
Knowledge – is simple data that comes from the outside that pass to our
senses. It must be truthful to gain validity and acceptance.
• Is the clear awareness and understanding of something.
• It is a product of questions that allow for clear answers provided by
facts.
✓ Example, “ I know that fish live in water” because fish do live
in water.
Facts – are prepositions which are obseved to be real or truthful.
• Something that truly exists or happens.
✓ Example, swimming is a water sport.
Claims – these are statements that are not evidently or immediately known to
be true. It require furher examination to establish whether it is true or false.
• A statement saying that something is true when some people may
say it is not true.
✓ Example, Philosohy is the best subject.

How do we know if something is true?

A belief or statement is TRUE if:
Perspective on Example Explanation
truth
1. It is based on - I am a -You can easily verify the truthfulness of
facts Filipino. the statement by looking for official
documents that prove that you are a
Filipino.
2. It can be - The color - This statement can be justified using sense
justified or of the sky of sight. If you want to verify the truthfulness
proven using is blue. of the statement you look up the sky and see
one’s senses. if the color is blue.
3. It is proven - I know - You can prove the truthfulness of the
through an how to play statement by doing the action or simply by
action basketball. playing basketball.
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4. It can be - I - You can say that the statement is truth if it
applied in real understand is subjected to test to prove their validity.
life (tested and the lesson.
Example: the best mean to determine
verified)
whether the statement is true is to take a
test and get a good score.

Give at least five (5) statements where the perspective on truth can be applied
effectively.
✓ Example, Tabuk city is a safe community.
1.___________________________________________________________
2.___________________________________________________________
3.___________________________________________________________
4.___________________________________________________________
5.___________________________________________________________

Distinguish Opinion from Truth

Let us look at the following statements and determine which one states fact
or opinion.
1. It takes me 30 minutes to walk from home to school.
2. Living near the school is better because we do not have to spend much for
transportation.
3. My sister ate the piece of pizza pie.
4. My sister is a selfish person because she ate the last piece of pizza pie
and did not share it with me.
5. The policeman firmly pushed the suspect to his knees and placed him in
handcuffs.
6. The aggressive manner by which policeman arrested the suspect is an
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example of brutality that characterizes our police force.

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Rearrange the statements by identifying the similar statements.

1. It takes me 30 minutes to walk 2. Living near the school is better

from home to school.
3. My sister ate the piece of pizza
pie.
5. The policeman firmly pushed
the suspect to his knees and
placed him in handcuffs.
because we don’t have to spend much
for transportation.
4. My sister is a selfish person because
he ate the last piece of pizza pie and did
not share it with me.
6. The aggressive manner by which the
policeman arrested the suspect is an
example of brutality that characterizes
our police force.

Which column has statements that are more factual? If you

answered the first column, then you are correct. Analysing closely the
statements in that column using the philosophical tools we learned, we can
confidently say that they fit into the category of facts since they contain ideas
or information that are easily verifiable.
For example:
In statement number one. verifying the number of minutes, it takes for
one to walk from home to school is possible.
The second and third statements speak of actions that can be verified
by recalling an experience or providing evidences such as eyewitness
accounts.
2. Living near the school is better because we do not have to spend much
for transportation.

4. My sister is a selfish person because he ate the last piece of pizza pie
and did not share it with me.
6. The aggressive manner by which the policeman arrested the suspect is
an example of brutality that characterizes our police force.

The second column, on the other hand, has statement that could be
considered opinions. these statements go beyond providing facts.

• They also provide conclusion or perspective regarding certain

situations. Some of the statements even advance a belief about
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certain thing or person.

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 • Opinions are also the bases for making arguments and convincing
people that a certain claim is a fact.
A conclusion is a judgment based on certain facts. These facts that form the
bases of a conclusion may not be disputed but the conclusion itself could still
be contested or questioned.
Beliefs Are statements that express convictions that are not easily and
clearly explained by facts.
✓ Example. If a person states “I believe that God put me on this earth
to spread His message of love”, we will find it difficult to prove his
or her statements as truthful if we rely merely on facts. To judge
the truthfulness of belief, we must also consider things such as a
person’s experiences and views.
Explanations are statements that assume the claim to be true and provide
reasons why the statement is true.
✓ Example. Statement 4 asks the readers to simply accept the fact
that “the sister is selfish. It provides details or explanation to
support the idea “my sister is selfish”. Thus, we should also be
aware when statements go beyond the facts and provide additional
ideas and information.
Arguments are series of statements that provide reasons to convince the
reader or listener that a claim or opinion is truthful.

• Arguments are made with assumption that the truth of the claim or
opinion is still to be determined.
• You often encounter arguments in a formal debate, where participants
explain two sides of a proposition, and judgment regarding the
truthfulness of the proposition is made after hearing the arguments of
both sides.
• Arguments are given great importance since these are used to convey
ideas that influence the thinking, actions, and behavior of people. It
can lead people to either right or wrong decision or action. Thus, we
need to be very careful when listen to arguments since not all
arguments are truthful. In addition, not all arguments have the same
merit because some are better presented and substantiated than
others. It is also possible that claims and arguments are given by
persons who have ill intention and wish to twist or manipulate facts to
suit their own purposes. As we analyze what is presented to us, we
must always keep in mind the standards of critical thinking.
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COMPARISON CHART
BASIS FOR FACT OPINION
COMPARISON
MEANING Refers to something Refers to a judgment or belief
that can be verified or about something
proved to be true.
BASED ON Observation, Assumption or personal view
investigation, research
VERIFICATION Possible Not possible
REPRESENTS Something really Perception about something
happened
CHANGE Universal Defers from person to person
WORDS Shown with unbiased Expressed with biased words
words
DEBATABLE No Yes
INFLUENCE Fact has the power to Opinion does not have the
influence others. power to influence others.

Arguments often take the form of statements that are either claims of
facts or are phrased in such a way that they seem reasonable. However, a
few arguments may be based on faulty reasoning. These kinds of arguments
are called fallacies.
Example of fallacies:
Fallacy Characteristics Example
Ad Attacking the person “Because you smell bad, I do
hominem presenting the argument not trust this soap you are
instead of the argument trying to sell.”
itself.
Appeal to Using the threat of force or “If this peace agreement will
force an undesirable event to not be signed by the
advance an argument government, then we will have
no recourse but to go to war.”
Appeal to Using emotions such as pity “All these charges are
emotion or sympathy baseless; this is just plain
harassment – can’t you see
how this is affecting my
family.”
Appeal to The idea is presented as “Everybody who has a
popular acceptable because a lot of Facebook page has a lot of
people accept it friends; therefore, I should
make a Facebook page.”
Appeal to The idea is acceptable “Marriage should be between
tradition because it has been true for a man and a woman. It has
a long time been that way for hundreds of
years; it should remain so
today and in the future.”
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Begging Assuming the things or idea “I have the right to free
the to be proven is true; also speech; therefore, you cannot
question known as “circular stop me from talking.”
argument”
Cause-and- Assuming a “cause-and- “Every day the sun comes up
effect effect” relationship between right after the rooster crows;
unrelated events. therefore, the rooster causes
the sun to come up.”
Fallacy of Assuming that what is true “These cases of robbery in
composition of a part is true for the whole this district have a den
convinced me that the city has
become a den of thieves and
criminals.”
Fallacy of Assuming that what is true “You come from a family of
division for the whole is true for its doctors and intellectuals!
parts Surely you can do better in
this course!”

When looking at an opinion, be aware of bias or the personal views of the

person presenting it.

Biases are not necessarily errors in reasoning but refer to tendencies or

influences which affect the views of people.

Bias cannot be avoided in any discussion or debate. What is important is that

the people engaging in the discussion are aware of their personal biases and
have an open but critical attitude toward other views which conflict with their
own.

The most common biases are enumerated below.

Bias Characteristics
Correspon Tendency to judge a
dence bias person’s personality by his
or or her actions, without
attribution regard for external factors
effect or influences
Confirmati Tendency to look for and
on bias readily accept information
which fits one’s own
beliefs or views and to
reject ideas or views that
go against it
Framing Focusing on a certain
aspect of a problem while
ignoring other aspect
Examples
“These soldiers who fought in the
war are all bloodthirsty
murderers!”
“How can I accept his view that
there is no God? I am a
Christian!”
“Preliminary evidence has still
not pointed out the actual cause
of the plane crash, but
investigators are currently
focusing on possibility of pilot
errors.”
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Hindsight The tendency to see past “Magellan’s assault on Mactan
events as predictable, or Island was a foolhardy venture,
to ascribe a pattern to made by an overconfident,
historical events careless man who
underestimated the valor of the
native Filipinos.”
Conflict of A person or group is “As the daughter of the accused,
interest connected to or has a I believe the right to express my
vested interest in the opinion on the issue of his
issue being discussed alleged corrupt practices.”
Cultural Analyzing an event or “I do not agree with this Western
bias issue based on one’s practice of placing aged parents
cultural standards in retirement homes. We
Filipinos take care of our family
members.”

Activity 1
Give at least 8 examples of statement that are facts.
1.___________________________________________________________
2.___________________________________________________________
3.___________________________________________________________
4.___________________________________________________________
5.___________________________________________________________
6.___________________________________________________________
7.___________________________________________________________
8.___________________________________________________________
Give at least 7 examples of statement that are opinions.
9.___________________________________________________________
10.__________________________________________________________
11.__________________________________________________________
12.__________________________________________________________
13.__________________________________________________________
14.__________________________________________________________
15.__________________________________________________________
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Assessment 1
Write one fact and one opinion for each topic.
✓ Example: Tabuk City National High School
Fact: Tabuk City National High School is a public school.
Opinion: Tabuk City National High School is the best school in the city.
1. Philippines
Fact: ______________________________________________________
Opinion: _____________________________________________________
2. Kalinga Province
Fact: _______________________________________________________
Opinion: _____________________________________________________
3. Tattoo
Fact: ______________________________________________________
Opinion: _____________________________________________________
4. The Sleeping beauty mountain in Tinglayan
Fact: ______________________________________________________
Opinion: _____________________________________________________
5. Front liners
Fact: ______________________________________________________
Opinion: _____________________________________________________
6. Igorots
Fact: ______________________________________________________
Opinion: _____________________________________________________
7. Tabuk City
Fact: ______________________________________________________
Opinion: _____________________________________________________
8. Covid19
Fact: ______________________________________________________
Opinion: _____________________________________________________
9. Religion
Fact: ______________________________________________________
Opinion: _____________________________________________________
10. Apo Whang-od
Fact: ______________________________________________________
Opinion: _____________________________________________________
11. White Carabao
Fact: ______________________________________________________
Opinion: _____________________________________________________
12. Matagoan Festival
Fact: ______________________________________________________
Opinion: _____________________________________________________
13. Animals
Fact: ______________________________________________________
Opinion: _____________________________________________________
14. Continents
Fact: ______________________________________________________
Opinion: _____________________________________________________
15. Sports
Fact: ______________________________________________________
Opinion: _____________________________________________________
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Activity 2
Fill in the concept map below by giving at least three perspective of truth.
Give your own example for each perspective.

A belief or Statement is
TRUE if …

Examples

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Assessment 2
Identify the following. Write your answers on the space before each number.
__________________1. It is a kind of fallacy that uses emotions such as pity
or sympathy just to win an argument.
__________________2. It is a common bias in any discussion or debate
where a person or group of persons is connected to or has a vested interest
in the issue being discussed.
__________________3. Which fallacy uses threat of force or an undesirable
event to advance an argument?
__________________4. It is a kind of bias which a person focuses on a
certain aspect of a problem while ignoring the other aspects.
__________________5. Which tendencies or influences affects the views of
people?
__________________6. Which arguments are based on faulty reasoning?
__________________7. It is a series of statements that provide reasons to
convince a person that a claim or opinion is truthful.
__________________8. It is a statement that assume a claim is true and
provide reasons to support them.
__________________9. Which statements express convictions that are not
easily explained by facts?
__________________10. It is a judgment based on certain facts.
__________________11. It comprises statements that provide views on
certain matters.
__________________12. Which statement needs to be examined to
determine whether they are true or false.
__________________13. It is a statement which are observed to be real or
truthful.
__________________14. It is clear awareness and understanding of
something.
__________________15. It is the tendency to see past events as predictable,
or to ascribe a pattern aspect.
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Activity 3
Find and circle all the words that are hidden in the grid. The words may be
hidden in any direction.
X V P Y Q J S A K S J C M BELIEF
R N E X P L A N A T I O N BELIEVE
K B S R H B O C F R F N E CLAIMS
V A V E I W M T E U O C U DOUBT
CONCLUSION
B R W F L F T A I T E L T EXPLANATION
Z B A E O O I W L H V U M FACT
F C D R S P R A E F E S S TRUTH
T G O E O H I W B U I I V KNOWLEDGE
E Q U N P R C N X L L O D OPINION
PHILOSOPHY
G Y B C H A P X I L E N D
VERIFIABLE
G H T E Y S Z Z O O B B D PHRASES
A P C S Y E W W Z R N Y J REFERENCES
C L A I M S R M T E Y Q B TRUTHFUL

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Assessment 3
Reflect on your own experience.
1. What are the things that you consider real, true, and unchanging in your
life?

2. Have you ever experienced a situation where what you believe is true
turned out to be untrue? How did this experience affect you?

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Fill up the crossword puzzle below.
1 2
3

7 8 9

10

11

12

13

14

ACROSS
3. These are arguments based on faulty reasoning.
4. Statements that express convictions that are not easily explained by facts.
7. Statements which are observed to be real or truthful.
9. Statements that provide views on a certain matter.
10. The clear awareness and understanding of something.
11. Attacking the person presenting the argument instead of the argument
itself.
12. Judgment based on certain facts.
13. Analyzing an event or issue based on one’s cultural standards.
14. These are tendencies or influences that affect the views of people.

DOWN

1. The tendency to see past events a predictable, or to ascribe a pattern to

historical events.
2. Statements that assume a claim is true and provide reasons to support
them.
5. Focusing on a certain aspect of a problem while ignoring other aspects.
6. Using threat of force or an undesirable event to advance an argument.
8. A series of statements that provide reasons to convince a person that a
claim or opinion is truthful.
12. Statement which need to be examined to determine whether they are true
or false.
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Instructions:
1. Cut an article from a newspaper, magazine or download from the
internet.
2. Attach the article at the back of your answer sheet.
3. Identify the facts and opinions presented in the article, then determine
how you will verify the facts and opinions stated.
Write your answer in the table provided.
Facts How will you verify?

Opinions
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Read and carefully understand each item. Encircle the letter that corresponds
to your answer.
1. Which of the following sentences is an opinion?
A. Tabuk City is the best city in the Country
B. Tabuk City is the only city in the Province of Kalinga
C. Tabuk City is the rice granary of the Cordillera
D. Tabuk City yearly celebrates Matagoan festival
2. Which of the following states fact?
A. Baguio city the best city in the country
B. Kalinga people are the most hospitable in Cordillera region
C. Rodrigo Roa Duterte is the 1st Mindanaoan president of the
Philippines
D. My sister is the most beautiful girl in our Barangay because she was
crowned the Mutya ng barangay 2020.

For number 3 – 5. Evaluate opinions.

Applying the process of determining the truthfulness of opinions, evaluate

the following and determine whether they are:
True
False
Can be true or false
Neither true nor false
3. can doubt the existence of everything in this world even my own
existence as the doubter.
A. True
B. False
C. Can be true or false
D. Neither true nor false
4. Pedro claims that nothing is permanent in this world. Hence, there is
something permanent and that is nothing. Since nothing is permanent,
change is inevitable.
A. True
B. False
C. Can be true or false
D. Neither true nor false
5. The sun did not shine today.
A. True
B. False
C. Can be true or false
D. Neither true nor false
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6. Which of the following statement is an example of opinion?
A. My brother is handsome because he has many girlfriends.
B. It takes me five minutes to eat my breakfast.
C. Philosophy is my favorite subject.
D. None of the above
7. Which of the following statement is an example of fact?
A. Philosophy is the best subject because the teacher is handsome.
B. My brother is handsome because he has many girlfriends
C. It takes me five minutes to eat my breakfast.
D. None of the above
8. In philosophy, what is an argument?
A. A factual disagreement between people
B. Any verbal attempt to persuade
C. Giving reason for a belief
D. A shouting match
9. What fallacy is it when an argument attacks the person rather than the
person’s belief?
A. Ad hominem B. Appeal to popular
C. Appeal to emotion D. Begging the question
10. Which of the following statement requires more thought to determine
their truthfulness?
A. All bachelors are unmarried
B. People who run move their bodies
C. All doctors that specialize on eyes are doctors
D. Some doctors who specialized on eyes are rich
11. Determine which of the following is an opinion about love in action:
A. “He embraces me every time he arrives home”
B. “He always brings her red roses everyday”
C. “He loves him like he sips a hot chocolate”
D. None of the above
12. Which of the following statements may be considered as fact/s?
1. You cannot sneeze when your eyes are open, eyeballs may pop out
2. Thunder and lightning come together but lightning is faster
3. Candy is sweeter than chocolate
4. The sun rises in the east

A. 1,2 and 3 B. 2,3 and 4 C. 1, 2 and 4 D. 2 and 3 only

13. Which of the following is an opinion?
A. Bangus, which is the national fish of the Philippines, can be raised
in either brackish or fresh water
B. The temperature in Baguio City could drop below ten °C during its
worst coldest season
C. Presidents Donald Trump and Rodrigo Duterte are the smartest
presidents of all time
D. Mindanao is the “food basket” of the Philippines
14. These are statements which are observed to be real or truthful.
A. Belief B. claims C. Fact D. Opinion
15. These are arguments based on faulty reasoning
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A. Biases B. Fallacies C. Opinions D. Truthful

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Cut an article from a newspaper/ magazine or download from internet and
print. Analyze the article, underline and list down any biases and fallacies
stated then identify what kind of bias and fallacy. Attach your article at the
back of the module.
Write your answers in the table provided.

FALLACIES KIND OF FALLACY

BIASES KIND OF BIAS

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