ENVIRONMENTAL FRIENDLY

PRESERVATION OF HIDES AND SKIN

PHYSICAL PRESERVATION
CHEMICAL PRESERVATION

GUIDED BY SUBMITTED BY
LOGANATHAN SIR TRYAMBAK KUMAR
BANJARE
18106026
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I wish to express my sincere thanks to Loganathan Sir, Faculty of Leather Science,
for providing me with all the necessary facilities for the research.

I am also grateful to Suman Banerjee Sir Head of Department, Leather Goods and
Accessories Design. I am extremely thankful and indebted to him for sharing
expertise, and sincere and valuable guidance and encouragement extended to me.

I take this opportunity to express gratitude to all of the Department faculty

members for their help and support. I also thank my parents for the unceasing
encouragement, support and attention. I am also grateful to my partner who
supported me through this venture.

I also place on record, my sense of gratitude to one and all, who directly or
indirectly, have lent their hand in this venture.
INTRODUCTION TO LEATHER INDUSTRY

Leather is among one of the most widely traded commodities internationally. The surge in
growth of demand for leather is driven by the fashion business, especially footwear. Along with
this, furniture and interior design manufacturing , also the automotive industry also increase the
demand of leather. The leather industry has made a place of prominence in the Indian economy
due to significant and meaningful export earnings and growth.

The Indian leather industry, manufactures for around 12.93% of the world’s total leather
production of hides/skins and handles a robust annual production of about 3 bn sq. ft. of leather.

It is among the top ten foreign exchange earners for the country. India has plenty of raw
materials with around to 20% of world’s cattle and buffalo and 11% of the world’s goat and
sheep population.

It is an employment intensive industry providing job to more than 4 million people, mostly
coming from the underprivileged sections of the society. Women employment is significant in
Leather products industry with about 30% share. The Leather industry in India has one of the
youngest workforces with 55% of the workforce below 35 years of age.

Export Highlights:

India’s leather industry has over the year grown dramatically, remodeling itself from a raw
material supplier to a value-added product exporter.

Total leather, leather accessories and finished leather products export from India stood at US$
5.07 billion in 2019–20.

During the time period of April 2019 to March 2020, the substantial markets for leather products
of India were US (17.22%), Germany (11.98%), UK (10.43%), Italy (6.33%), and France
(5.94%) Spain 5.01%, Netherlands 3.52%, U.A.E 3.35%, China 2.61%, Hong Kong 2.15%,
Belgium 2.21% and Poland 2.11%.
The total finished leather, accessories and leather products export during April–August 2020
stood at US$ 1.06 billion and for the month of August 2020 it was US$ 356.15 million.

During the time period of April–August 2019, exported products include leather footwear
component (US$ 115.19 million), garments of leather (US$ 190.07 million), finished leather
export (US$ 237.69 million), leather footwear (US$ 937.13 million) and leather goods (US$
584.37 million).

Council for Leather Exports

The Council for Leather Exports (CLE) is an autonomous non-profit organisation, which is
delegated with power of export promotion activities and the development of the Indian leather
industry. Almost 3,500 companies manufacturing/exporting leather and leather products are
members of the Council.

The major production centers for footwear, leather and leather products in India are located in
the States of Tamil Nadu – Chennai, Ambur, Ranipet, Vaniyambadi, Vellore, Pernambut, Trichy,
Dindigul and Erode; West Bengal – Kolkata; Uttar Pradesh – Kanpur, Agra, Noida, Saharanpur;
Maharashtra – Mumbai; Punjab – Jalandhar; Karnataka – Bengaluru; Telengana Hyderabad;
Haryana – Ambala, Gurgaon, Panchkula, Karnal and Faridabad; Delhi; Madhya Pradesh –
Dewas; Kerala – Kozhikode and Ernakulam / Cochin; Rajasthan; Jaipur; Jammu & Kashmir;
Srinagar.

ABSTRACT

Hides and Skins flayed from animals and are processed to create leathers. As leather contains
proteins as its main constitutent it is highly susceptible of bacterial infection. Therefore it is of
utmost importance to preserve hides and skins in slaughterhouses and tanneries.
Preservation using Sodium Chloride remains the most popular preservation technique due to its
ease of availability, cost effectiveness and the quality of the finished leather produced.
The use of Sodium Chloride, about 30-50 % (% w/w on raw weight) is applied for short term
preservation of hides and skins, increases the pollution load of tannery effluent, however, which
becomes highly contaminated with increased total dissolved solids (TDS) and chlorides.
To mitigate these problems, alternative preservation techniques which are either totally void
of SC or use only a small amount of SC will be quite useful and environmental friendly.
Low Sodium Chloride quantities using methods like n SC + EDTA, SC + silica gel, SC + sodium
meta-bisulphite and SC + boric acid.
While Sodium Chloride free methods include include inorganic preservatives (potassium
chloride, sodium sulfate, silicate and ozone), organic preservatives (natural and synthetic
preservatives) and other chemical antiseptics.
Also natural preservatives (paste plant formulations, essential oils, chlorophyll and bacteriocins),
polyethylene glycol, ozone and physical preservative methods containing electric current,
chilling and vacuum

KEYWORDS
1)Electric Current
2)Chilling
3)Vaccum
4)Sodium Chloride
5)EDITA
6)Silica Gel

INTRODUCTION
The objective of animal skin process is to convert spoilable raw hides and skins into helpful
finished product known as animal skin. however there's would like for brief term preservation of
hides and skins throughout transport or temporary storage of raw stock before tanning method,
the method is termed natural process.
The main objective of natural process is to preserve the raw skin/hide for a few time against the
microorganism attack. the applying or usage of common salt in
{curing|hardening|solidifying|solidification|set|natural method|natural action|action|activity}
process works on the principle of dehydration. Generally, the principle of dehydration of
skin/hide is utilized to bring the water content from hour to twenty fifth to regulate the
microorganism action, as their activities are better-known to be delayed in lower wetness
content.
Generally binary compound is applied on the flesh facet of the skin/hide as a
{curing|hardening|solidifying|solidification|set|natural method|natural action|action|activity}
technique that helps in transfer down the wetness content to the desired level by diffusion
process.
During additional processes , massive quantities of the salt that has been used for brief term
preservation are washed out from the preserved skins/hides. This bring about servere
environmental issues in conjunction with total dissolved solids (TDS) downside within the
effluent, for this downside there's no commercially and physically viable treatment technique
offered.
Mitigation measures such as Reverse Osmosis (RO) or Ultra Filtration (UF) could only be use to
separate salt from these waste streams and end up as salt sludge, which necessitates Secured
Land Fill (SLF) for disposal option. There are problems for SLF as it requires land area as well
as possible leaching due to highly soluble nature of Sodium chloride. Eco-benign alternatives
attempted so far, for salt-free based preservation methods have not provided successful
commercial viability as well.

PHYSICAL PRESERVATION OF HIDEA AND SKINS

1)ELECTRIC CURRENT
Inactivation of bacterium by electrical currents have received widespread acclaim and a focus as
a result of its high potency, low value and easy application.
This methodology isn't totally understood by folks round the world, it's assumed that the
completeness of the microorganism membrane and/or electrolyze molecules on the cell surface
could also be broken by the electrical currents
When the DC is applied to microorganism cells, it can't solely increase the energy of the
membrane, however additionally influence the membrane lipids orientation and cell viability.
what's additional, since the dip across it surpass zero.4e2 V approximately, the microorganism
cell membrane rotten. within the presence of chloride, oxygen, and whitener, quantity of
chemical oxidants area unit made within the condition that electrical phenomenon is applied to
liquid bacterium suspensions with immersed electrodes. And most of those chemical oxidants
area unit the reason behind the morbidity of applied DC.
2) CHILLING
Chilling is taken into account an alternate set methodology for SC-free short-run preservation of
hides and skins. however there's no vital studies during this field.
It is being investigated the cold activity of the 5 major skin-borne bacterium at completely
different temperatures and their collagenolytic activities. Bacillus sphaericus was found to be the
foremost cold-tolerant microorganism exhibiting growth even at a pair of C, whereas
Macrococcus caseolyticus exhibited tolerance at a pair of C . These 2 bacterium have to be
compelled to be controlled whereas coming up with a chilling methodology for the preservation
of skins and hides. there's no relationship between
collagenolytic activity at thirty seven C and therefore the cold activity, for example, Bacillus
firmus that exhibited the most activity at that temperature was found to be most cold-sensitive
microorganism. They all over that it's needed to use a biocide together with chilling at four C if
the storage period has got to be extended on the far side nine days
3) VACCUM
It is being investigated the influence of vacuum on hide storage time, structural changes and
therefore the properties of animal skin made from hide preserved employing a vacuum.
contemporary calf hide samples were place into a special vacuum packaging film, and keep at
four C during a white goods. The microorganisms act for all storage times (up to twenty one
days), however the action is weak and there's no discernible impact on the standard of hide. It
shows that building block bonds of hide don't seem to be broken with the slight decrease of the
hide shrinkage temperature . there's no structural modification which might influence the
standard of animal skin made from such hide. However, within the method of skin into wet blue,
the length of hide preservation underneath vacuum and temperature affects the amount of
scleroprotein proteins removed. when twenty one days of preservation within the processes of
liming, deliming, bating and pickling, the number of removed scleroprotein proteins was more
than that from salt-cured hide some one.5 times. For all this, the made animal skin boundmore
atomic number 24 compounds and had a better shrinkage temperature . Properties of the animal
skin made from vacuumed hide underneath industrial conditions meet the wants of shoe higher
animal skin. last, hide underneath vacuum and temperature (4 C) may be keep for twenty one
days, and it won’t scale back the standard of the animal skin made.

CHEMICAL PRESERVATIVE METHODS

1) Sodium Chloride+ EDTA
A powder biocide composition known as Liricure was developed by Russell et al. (1997) and
Russell (1998) in African nation to be applied to the preservation of hides and skins. This low SC
antiseptic delivery system could be a mixture of twenty fifth tetra-sodium ethene organic
compound tetra-acetic acid (EDTA), four-hundredth common SC and thirty fifth medium coarse
wood (pine), and may be directly applied to the flesh surface of hides and skins. a considerable
storage amount (6 weeks in field trials) was found to be doable by distributing this powder on the
damp flesh surface (approx. two hundred g per sheepskin or three kilo per bovine hide, for
instance, followed by folding flesh-to-flesh (“saddle-stacked”) to keep up shut contact with the
applied preservative composition. Finished leathers were factory-made from the sheepskins and
bovine hides once the storage amount of twelve months, and their physical properties were
rumored to be comparable that from SC cured system.

2) Sodium Chloride+ Silica Gel

A cleaner preservation technique mistreatment inert compound colloid has been planned
by Kanagaraj et al. (2000, 2001) over typical SC action technique. The used colloid is
ready by admixture atomic number 11 meta-silicate and acid at pH scale of five.5
andfollowed by spray drying. The counseled less-SC technique forpreservation uses five-
hitter colloid and five-hitter SC with or while not zero.1% PCMC (p-chlorometacresol).
during this system, colloid absorbs the wetness and SC diffuses inner the skin matrix that
adds to the dehydration and inhibits microorganism growth.

3) Sodium Chloride+ sodium meta-bisulphite

New preservation systems by mistreatment atomic number 11 meta-bisulphite (SMBS) were

developed by Kanagaraj et al. They according the salt-less (5% NaCl with zero.5% SMBS)
 and salt-free (1% SMBS only) action systems will offer effective preservation for raw goat
skins.

4) Sodium Chloride+ boric acid

Boric acid (BA) has antiseptic properties, tends to soak up wet from the clearance
between the fibers. the flexibility to soak up wet from the inner layer to the surface and
contribution to evaporation primarily helps to cut back the wet level of the skins.
It was found that the 2 optimized formulas, specifically five-hitter BA and a pair of BA +
five-hitter SC,
exhibited comparable preservative result to the standard four-hundredth SC preservation
system

PLANT BASED PRESERVATIVES

CONCLUSION
During animal skin process, massive quantities of the salt used for short-run preservation of
hides and skins, create serious environmental considerations likewise as total dissolved solids
(TDS) downside within the waste material, that there's no viable treatment methodology
offered. redress measures supported separation principle find yourself in salt sludge, that
necessitates Secured Land Fill (SLF) for disposal choice, that has some considerations thanks to
extremely soluble nature of common salt. Therefore, there's a pressing would like for
developing different ways for Salt free / Less salt short term preservation of hides and skins.
during this regard, it'd be useful to review and analyze the analysis and Development work on
salt free different preservation ways as according in literature.

REFERENCES
1)Recent progress in cleaner preservation of hides and skins
Jiacheng Wu a, b
, Li Zhao a, b
, Xiong Liu a, b
, Wuyong Chen a, b
, Haibin Gu a, b, *
2)https://www.ibef.org/exports/leather-industry-india.aspx
3) https://www.investindia.gov.in/sector/leather