Proceedings of the ASME Symposium on Elevated Temperature Application of Materials for
Fossil, Nuclear, and Petrochemical Industries
March 25-27, 2014
CREEP DEFORMATION, RUPTURE STRENGTH, AND RUPTURE DUCTILITY OF
GRADES T/P92 STEELS
Kazuhiro Kimura
National Institute for Materials Science
Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
Kota Sawada
National Institute for Materials Science
Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
ABSTRACT
Creep and creep rupture strength property of Grades T/P92
steels are investigated. Assessment of creep rupture strength is
examined by region splitting analysis method with the use of
three type time-temperature parameters (TTP) of Larson-Miller,
Orr-Sherby-Dorn, and Manson-Succop parameters. According
to the evaluated creep rupture strength, the current allowable
stress of Grades T/P92 steels is reviewed. Remarkable drop in
creep rupture ductility of the steels is recognized in the low-
stress and long-term regime where the ratio of stress to 0.2%
offset yield stress is 50% and below, and it is discussed in
consideration of change in creep deformation property.
INTRODUCTION
Creep strength enhanced ferritic (CSEF) steels have been
developed in the past few decades and been widely used as high
temperature structural components, such as headers, main and
hot reheat steam pipes, and boiler tube of ultra supercritical
(USC) power plant and heat recovery steam generator (HRSG)
of combined cycle power plant. Energy efficiency of such
modern thermal power plants has been improved by increasing
steam condition achieved by the introduction of CSEF steels,
and it has been contributed to save fossil energy resources and
to reduce an emission of carbon dioxide gas. Reasonably
accurate assessment of material property during long-term
service at the elevated temperature is fundamental requirement
in order to ensure the safety and reliability of power plant, since
degradation of materials is promoted with increase in
temperature.
However, overestimation of long-term creep rupture
strength due to an unexpected drop in creep rupture strength of
CSEF steels was recognized [1-3], and a region splitting
analysis method was proposed in order to improve the accuracy
of evaluation and prediction of long-term creep rupture life of
CSEF steels [4]. In the application of the region splitting
1 Published with permission.
ETAM2014-1026
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Hideaki Kushima
National Institute for Materials Science
Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
analysis method, creep rupture test data is divided into high-
and low-stress regimes with a boundary condition of 50% of
0.2% offset yield stress at the temperature, hereinafter referred
to as HALF YIELD, and the two dataset are analyzed by
standard time-temperature parameter method independently.
The other approaches of multi region analysis [5] and a
rationalization method [6] have also been proposed to improve
accuracy of evaluation and prediction of long-term creep
strength of CSEF steels. A common importance of these new
methods is that creep deformation mechanism and controlling
factor of creep strength is not constant throughout a range of
stress from short-term to long-term. Remarkable drop of not
only creep rupture strength, but also creep rupture ductility was
recognized on CSEF steels in the long-term [7], and stress
dependence of ductility drop in the long-term was found to be a
similar to that of creep strength drop [8]. Grades T/P92 steels
are of great interest material since creep rupture strength of
those is the highest among the CSEF steels regulated in the
current codes, and its remarkable drop in creep rupture ductility
in the long-term.
In the previous study on the long-term creep strength
assessment on CSEF steels by means of a region splitting
analysis method, creep rupture strength data was analyzed by a
Larson-Miller parameter with a quadratic function of logarithm
stress. In the present study, influence of type of time-
temperature parameter on the accuracy and validity of creep
rupture strength assessment was investigated and remarkable
drop in creep rupture ductility in the long-term was discussed
from a viewpoint of creep deformation property.
NOMENCLATURE
T temperature (°C)
 stress (MPa)
t．
R time to rupture (h)
εm minimum creep rate (h-1)
C, B constants
 TABLE 1
Chemical composition (mass%) of the steels studied.

Code C Si Mn P S Ni Cr Mo W V Ti Al B N Nb Zr
ASME 0.07 0.30 8.50 0.30 1.50 0.15 0.001 0.030 0.04
≤ 0.50 ≤ 0.020 ≤ 0.010 ≤ 0.40 ≤ 0.01 ≤ 0.02 ≤ 0.01
CC2179-8 -0.13 -0.60 -9.50 -0.60 -2.00 -0.25 -0.006 -0.070 -0.09
T92 (MJT) 0.098 0.29 0.42 0.007 0.0013 0.13 9.50 0.36 1.74 0.19 0.003 0.009 0.002 0.0462 0.062 < 0.001

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P92 (MJP) 0.110 0.10 0.41 0.012 0.0037 0.17 9.26 0.42 1.67 0.16 0.003 0.01 0.002 0.0462 0.057 < 0.001

TABLE 2
Product form, dimension and heat treatment condition of the steels studied.

Code Product form Dimension, mm Normalizing Tempering

T92 (MJT) Tube 57.0 OD, 10.2 t 1100°C / 12min. AC 780°C / 60min AC
P92 (MJP) Pipe 315.0 OD, 38.0 t 1070°C / 120min. AC 780°C / 120min AC
OD: outside diameter, t: thickness, AC: air cooling

EXPERIMENTS
Creep and creep rupture data of ASME Grades T/P92 steels
over a range of temperatures from 550 to 750°C reported in
NIMS Creep Data Sheet, No.48A [9] was used in the present
study. Three additional creep rupture data including two long-
term creep rupture data over 100,000 hours obtained after the
publication of Creep Data Sheet, No.48A [9] were also included
in the present study. Chemical composition and heat treatment
condition of the steels are shown in Tables 1 and 2 [9].
The following three type time-temperature parameters [10-
12] were used for creep rupture data analysis.
Larson-Miller PLM = T (log tR + C) (1) [10]
Orr-Sherby-Dorn POSD = log tR –Q/(2.3T) (2) [11]
Manson-Succop PMS = log tR + BT (3) [12]
A Manson-Haferd parameter was not used in this study, since
its availability of data analysis on this type of steel was inferior
to the above three parameters [13].
Boundary condition of high- and low-stress regimes for
region splitting analysis was determined as 50% of 0.2% offset
yield stress at the temperatures for each heat [9]. Tensile tests
were conducted under a constant nominal strain rate of 5 x 10-5
s-1 up to about 2% of total strain in order to evaluate both 0%
and 0.2% offset yield stress, and it was increased to 1.25 x 10-3
s-1, in order to evaluate tensile strength.
Regression analysis of creep rupture strength was
conducted on creep rupture data in the high- and low-stress
regimes independently. Third and second order functions of
logarithm stress were employed for regression analysis of high-
and low-stress regimes, respectively, according to the results of
previous investigation [13].
RESULTS
Tensile Strength Property
Temperature dependence of tensile strength, 0.2% offset
yield stress, and rupture ductility are shown in Fig. 1 (a) and
(b). Tensile strength and 0.2% offset yield stress decrease
gradually with increasing temperature up to 500°C, and these
values decreases rather steeply with increasing temperature
above 500°C. Rupture ductility slightly decreases with increase
in temperature up to 400°C, and it changes to an increase with
increasing temperature above 400°C.
Temperature dependences of 0% offset yield stress, 0.2%
offset yield stress, and 50% of 0.2% offset yield stress are
shown in Fig. 2. A magnitude of error of 0% offset yield stress
was estimated to be less than ±10MPa. Good correspondence
between 50% of 0.2% offset yield stress and 0% offset yield
stress is recognized. This observation indicates that 50% of
0.2% offset yield stress that is a boundary condition between
high- and low-stress regimes, is regarded to be a proportional
limit stress of the steels over a range of temperatures from 550
to 700°C.
Creep Rupture Life Analysis
Regression analysis of creep rupture data of the steels in the
high- and low-stress regimes was conducted by three type
Time-Temperature parameters of Larson-Miller [10], Orr-
Sherby-Dorn [11], and Manson-Succop [12]. Third and second
order regression formula was selected for high- and low-stress
regimes, respectively, according to the results of previous study
[13]. The average values of standard error and coefficient of
determination obtained for P92 (MJP) and T92 (MJT) steels are
shown in Fig. 3. Among the three type parameters investigated,
accuracy of regression analysis with Larson-Miller parameter is

2 Published with permission.

considered to be the best, since standard error was the smallest
and coefficient of determination was the largest in both stress
regimes.
Creep rupture life curves in the high-stress regime of P92
and T92 steels predicted by the three Time-Temperature
parameters are shown in Fig. 4. Within the range of creep
rupture data used for regression analysis, creep rupture lives
predicted by the three parameters are almost the same each
other and the difference is small. However, large differences in
Fig.1 Temperature dependence of tensile
strength, 0.2% offset yield stress, and rupture
ductility of the steels.
3 Published with permission.
the extrapolated creep rupture lives are observed in the long-
term beyond the longest creep rupture life data at each
temperatures. In the long-term beyond the longest creep rupture
data, creep rupture life predicted by Manson-Succop parameter
was longer than those predicted by the other parameters, and
Orr-Sherby-Dorn parameter predicted the shortest creep rupture
life.
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Fig.2 Temperature dependence of 0% offset yield
stress, 0.2% offset yield stress, and 50% of 0.2%
offset yield stress of the steels.
Fig.3 Comparison of standard error and
coefficient of determination obtained by creep
rupture data analysis by three Time-Temperature
parameters with third and second order regression
formula for high- and low-stress regimes,
respectively. The magnitude of the values is an
average of P92 (MJP) and T92 (MJT).
 In order to examine the relevance of creep rupture life
prediction and extrapolation in the long-term for the three
Time-Temperature parameters, creep rupture life curves in the
low-stress regime of P92 and T92 steels predicted by the three
Time-Temperature parameters are shown in Fig. 5. Similar to
the high-stress regime, within the range of creep rupture data
used for regression analysis, predicted creep rupture life is
almost the same each other. However, large variety of
extrapolated creep rupture life is observed in the long-term
beyond the longest creep rupture data used for regression
analysis. The creep rupture life extrapolated by Orr-Sherby-
Dorn parameter indicates turn back at the stresses below the
lowest stress condition of the analyzed creep rupture data. The
creep rupture life predicted by Manson-Succop parameter was
longer than those of the other parameters in the long-term,
similar to high-stress regime. Predicted creep rupture life in the
Fig.4 Comparison of creep rupture life curves in
the high-stress regime of P92 and T92 steels
predicted by the three Time-Temperature parameters.
4 Published with permission.
long-term beyond the longest creep rupture data by
extrapolating with Larson-Miller parameter was the
intermediate among three Time-Temperature parameters
investigated. According to the accuracy of regression analysis
shown in Fig. 3 and relevance of creep rupture life
extrapolation shown in Figs. 4 and 5, Larson-Miller parameter
is considered to be the best Time-Temperature parameter for
Grade 92 steels among the three parameters investigated.
Creep rupture lives of P92 (MJP) and T92 (MJT) steels
analyzed by means of region splitting method with Larson-
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Miller parameter, and third and second order regression formula
for high- and low-stress regimes, respectively, are shown in
Fig. 6. The creep rupture data of both steels are precisely
described by the predicted creep rupture life curves obtained by
the selected condition of regression analysis.
Fig.5 Comparison of creep rupture life curves in
the low-stress regime of P92 and T92 steels predicted
by the three Time-Temperature parameters.
 In order to review the latest data of CSEF steels, creep test
data and knowledge on those materials have been collected and
assessment was conducted in Japan and the results were
reported in 2010 [14]. Creep rupture strength of Grades P/F92
and T92 steels were evaluated by means of region splitting
method with Larson-Miller parameter and shown in Fig. 7 [14].
Evaluated creep rupture life curves of Grades P/F92 and T92
steels are shown in Fig. 8. In the low-stress regime, creep
rupture strength of T92 steel is slightly lower than that of P/F92
steels, in contrast to that in the high-stress regime. Allowable

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stress value of T92 is slightly higher than that of P92 in Code
Case 2179-7 [15], and that is about 10% higher than the
evaluated value shown in Fig. 7. However, allowable stress of
T92 was integrated to the value of P92 in Code Case 2179-8
[16], and the difference with the evaluated value was reduced to
less than 4%.

Fig.7 Evaluated creep rupture strength of Grades

92 steels [14].

Fig.6 Predicted creep rupture lives of P92 (MJP)

and T92 (MJT) steels by means of region splitting
method with Larson-Miller parameter of third and
second order regression formula for high- and low- Fig.8 Comparison of the evaluated creep rupture
stress regimes, respectively. lives of Grades P/F92 and T92 [14].

5 Published with permission.

Creep Rupture Ductility
In the long-term, remarkable drop of not only creep rupture
strength but also creep rupture ductility was recognized as
important problem of the CSEF steels [7, 8]. Reduction of area
of the crept specimen is plotted against time to rupture and
shown in Fig. 9. Good rupture ductility is observed in the short-
term, however a part of the specimens indicate remarkable drop
in reduction of area with increase in creep exposure time
beyond about 1,000 hours. Reduction of area of some
specimens decreases to almost zero per cent after several tenth

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thousands hours of creep exposure. As a result of remarkable
drop of a part of specimens, wide variation of creep rupture
ductility is observed in the long-term.
The same reduction of area data shown in Fig. 9 is plotted
against a ratio of stress to 0.2% offset yield stress, hereinafter
referred as yield ratio, and shown in Fig. 10. Remarkable drop
in creep rupture ductility with decrease in yield ratio is clearly
observed at 0.5 of yield ratio and below, independent of
Fig.9 Changes in reduction of area with increase
temperature. Since half yield is considered to be a macroscopic
in time to rupture of P92 (MJP) and T92 (MJT) steels.
elastic limit which corresponds to proportional limit where
successive plastic deformation of polycrystalline materials
initiates [17], stress dependence of minimum creep rate and
creep rupture life changes at half yield. Remarkable drop of
creep rupture ductility in the long-term should be also derived
from the change in stress condition from high-stress regime
exceeding elastic limit to low-stress regime below it. Shift of
stress condition from plastic regime in the short-term to elastic
regime in the long-term is considered to be a dominant factor of
significant drop in creep rupture ductility.
Appearance of the P92 (MJP) specimen creep ruptured
after 100,184.9 hours at 700°C and 25MPa is shown in Fig. 11.
Slightly higher reduction of area value of 13.4% than the
specimen creep ruptured after shorter rupture life under higher
stress was obtained. Recovery of creep rupture ductility in the
long-term after showing a remarkable drop is observed in some
materials and, therefore, ductility drop is considered to be
caused by microstructural change during creep exposure at the
elevated temperatures [8]. However, the reduction of area of the
specimen shown in Fig. 11 is derived from severe oxidation Fig.10 Relation between reduction of area and
during long-term creep exposure for about 100,000 hours at ratio of stress to 0.2% offset yield stress of P92 (MJP)
700°C, and creep rupture ductility of the steel under this creep and T92 (MJT) steels.
test condition is considered to be still poor. By considering a
creep exposure time of 100,000 hours at 700°C, it is difficult to
expect for recovery of creep rupture ductility within the
practical operation life of the high temperature components of
CSEF steels in power plant.

Creep Deformation Property

Creep rate versus time curves at 650°C and several stress
condition of the P92 (MJP) and T92 (MJT) steels are shown in
Fig. 12. Creep deformation consists of transient and
accelerating creep stages with a minimum creep rate and no
obvious wide stage of steady state creep is recognized in a
logarithmic time scale for both steels. With decrease in stress, Fig.11 Appearance of the P92 (MJP) specimen
time to rupture increases in accordance with decrease in creep ruptured after 100,184.9 hours at 700°C and
minimum creep rate. 25MPa.

6 Published with permission.

 The same creep rate data at 650°C of the steels shown in
Fig. 12 is plotted against creep strain and shown in Fig. 13. As
mentioned on Fig. 12, creep deformation mainly consists of
transient and accelerating creep stages. In contrast to creep rate
versus time curves, stress dependence of creep deformation is
recognized on creep rate versus creep strain curves and a
magnitude of creep strain at the onset of accelerating creep
stage decreases with decrease in stress. Transient creep stage
shifts to the accelerating creep stage at relatively higher creep
strain in the higher stress condition, in contrast to the lower
stress condition. It is considered that decrease in creep strain at
the onset of accelerating creep stage with decrease in stress is
associated with transition of stress from high-stress to low-
stress regimes. The bottom line seems to be that accelerating
Fig.12 Creep rate vs. time curves at 650°C of the
P92 (MJP) and T92 (MJT) steels.
7 Published with permission.
creep stage is clearly observed even in the low stress condition
where creep rupture ductility is extremely low and reduction of
area is almost zero per cent.
Regression analysis of minimum creep rate of the steels
was conducted in the same manner as that for time to rupture
by means of region splitting method with Larson-Miller
parameter of third and second orders regression formula for
high- and low-stress regimes, respectively. Predicted minimum
creep rate of P92 (MJP) and T92 (MJT) steels are shown in Fig.
14. The minimum creep rate of both steels is precisely
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described by the predicted minimum creep rate curves obtained
by the selected condition of regression analysis, and inflection
of stress versus minimum creep rate curve is also precisely
described.
Fig.13 Creep rate vs. creep strain curves at 650°C
of the P92 (MJP) and T92 (MJT) steels.
 caused by change in creep deformation behavior from high-
stress regime where plastic deformation takes place easily to
low-stress regime where creep deformation is concentrated in
the tiny area at the vicinity of prior austenite grain boundary.
The higher stability of tempered martensitic microstructure
retards expansion of recovered area towards grain interior and,
therefore, creep rupture ductility is reduced. This should be a
cause of trade-off relation between creep rupture strength and
creep rupture ductility. Creep deformation and creep rupture
strength property of the steel is essentially different in high- and

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low-stress regimes, therefore, assessment and prediction of
long-term creep strength property should be investigated only
in the low-stress regime lower than 50% of 0.2% offset yield
stress.

Fig.14 Stress vs. minimum creep rate curves

predicted by means of region splitting method with
Larson-Miller parameter for the P92 (MJP) and T92
(MJT) steels.

The Monkman-Grant plots of the steels are shown in Fig.

15. Inflection is clearly observed on both stress versus time to
rupture (Fig. 6) and stress versus minimum creep rate curves
(Fig. 14), however, good linear relationship is observed
between time to rupture and minimum creep rate in both
logarithmic scales for both steels over a wide range of about
five orders of magnitude. Although remarkable drop in creep
rupture ductility is recognized in the low-stress regime below
half yield, good linear relationship is observed on the
Monkman-Grant plot over the wide range. Change in stress
dependence of time to rupture which derives inflection of stress
versus time to rupture curve is consistent with stress
dependence of minimum creep rate. Remarkable drop of creep
rupture ductility in the low-stress regime does not influence on Fig.15 Monkman-Grant plots of the P92 (MJP) and
linear relationship of Monkman-Grant plot. Consequently, T92 (MJT) steels.
remarkable drop in creep rupture ductility is considered to be

8 Published with permission.

CONCLUSIONS
Regression analysis method of creep rupture strength was
investigated and creep strength property was analyzed on
ASME Grades T/P92 steels. A Larson-Miller parameter was
selected as the best Time-Temperature parameter for both high-
and low-stress regimes, and third and second orders of
regression formula were recommended as the best one for high-
and low-stress regimes, respectively. The creep rupture strength
property of the steels evaluated by the selected condition was
demonstrated. Not only creep rupture strength, but also
remarkable drop in creep rupture ductility and stress
dependence of minimum creep rate were explained in
consideration of 50% of 0.2% offset yield stress. Good linear
relationship of Monkman-Grant plot was confirmed, regardless
of inflection of stress versus time to rupture and minimum
creep rate curves and remarkable drop in creep rupture ductility.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The creep tests were performed as a part of NRIM/NIMS
Creep Data Sheet project. The authors are grateful to all the
members participated in the NRIM/NIMS Creep Data Sheet
project for their sincere efforts.
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