lo SaLe Fando ci'HCoit aprby

OummaHY wW
W

(1 Opnational Amplifio Rin

w- be
tVee p olle chH supply veltge Prope -u fud back s Vye an

appied
VwT R
V
Ao
ofen loOP un
VI Acts khe Arskho)
nekko)
( Vs, 2 0 invein
Vet
In Tdeal Cas Ao! = ,Rin Vo R Vs
V Ao ( VwT -Vr 6uw in Ponge Acts ike ne Tnvnhin frelihia)
( , 2 s VS
VbC Vgli VNT Vs V R R 2 k4 ane

R3 +R4
('1 Clo LooP and (-u) fredba ce 74tem
cii T
voHag VWz 2 Vr Peihd hen also V Vo
not valid.
(+ 2
AtR4
Standard Non Tnvenhng An-el bion Hente
Vo Vs R
R Vo AstE4

Standand Tavex in ArsLibhen #Schmitt Txigon CiHcut tue fudbot

WR Vo -R
Vin
V w- Vm6inwt
0 Amg

Aot= +penil4
tca tue fekad
Rin Vsa

VN1 H V OA
 Vo A V K 1 whan Veu
V 4Ka
roctal InteraBou (ues
Prachcal Capotital # u T}al ef
Rt V Vut Vorren Husho Hhun

6oitally it fenerady O 59ua w ahchakich jig

wavrton C adw o,
uien Veut Vsad W
R
eun

b alle) Jew
ContlusionsM V ViT

Vwet TON 0nd Tre duly cyle Avg value Outpub

Vor Te avoid Hed d U
+ue ToNTpFF >50 Asyimobial
5 wave Pole-Zte diaran pre th cal G.
4 50 /
ToN To
T) low pas hkh
ON TeF Symndu'ul Wok

sAntu
Trana f Characteushty Veu w
T) R
R, ( TR C¢»
N
Vin
VLT VuT
H fxactical diforenhotb Cincuit
When
Voov0 wR
Mur7|Vr Vea +Ut G Rin
-oV
ii VT7 T Voavy R 6e have aHPF
Gilten Fox Jwt Anowing Hlw type draw
W0 and See H

an d decide LPE, 6Pf on Hef Apply it Ony

pendenkij w

RC Ao
tin 6anduidh fre dut/uiky gain frequtnty Hequeny whtn ad bo h CKt
wAith gain i 9 (fruntfe)
ww- WH
Rf hom
Vo HIF
Banduidh (Ta fim+ Dd Ytem it ugrnks) Acds ay bun- peM fhlt
T Sece nd endn)
rousibA
endu 6t pet
bos icaldy hnd 3d8 dou tr . uen .
A Tatunbitnally W< dy Fit
ttae it neh adleat te
Rc Rict
 Nn
Non inean am PAtioHs
om mon
Mode Regehen radio (CMA
TH fot

OLogpadhmit R 9 Ci ntui
wW 9:ffotnial V
Vin
Vo Vn[ e Areli h
V NT-V
VT ToevU Sat cumod V Ay Vwr -Yr) AV V VNT +V
0f io de ane

tmguratne deyen ded) Prothall V,A V, +AV

Boh havt sig
dur invoniny t i neisc
, () Anhleganhvic Arelthen V AAV?/1 + AcV
W AsVs
Teal
CmRRCMRA H A hn Vo AVa
Ac
Tf wgOnt mape a MulhP Cincif
ideal Arli hn CMRR e

-nV
V W-
R
Subtrat en GHCit Basically Diffenraiad Aliee
-FLn-ov
-in V Tnh a nV
V
Tiea Vo
W
Anhl Hen
A R
TI a Thi
invds
i 9 An
Tnuah, EV,V2)
Are
Vo V P
Fpn Caltlais A V -V
A V4 V2 0
2 J A
V
 of Op-Anp
) ) *J C Poro mety

*V= -Y2 V 2
b
Hence Rin t
aMe ttMDinal Curents aih rounded

V Ac 72 t Input
Qnd

and Hy rt VHY mall and votY

In close o each ohen,

Same way Can Cal ulak. Ac.
T tt Tnpud 6iay Te+e
CMRR P Ac =o 2 t Cwvtur 2

Condihon / , ,h,p Tnbut osd Cuwwet (Tios) = 1e, Te,

Slew Tade shen Dp avl tunn ji ve

Tnput offse voLlage (Vios) Tnput offse voltage i Ha
di'netly Calla it wkih iseing
dtmay voLlage appAia

in terminals h nuJli by small burd ve agt

whtnt Au = thosK
Cxis io Protkcally
A1 dt
And i velleye wkich tai'st+
galn Vn at VwT &VT boh groundud called Ourpu

Au =1 d etauh offst vollagi

Tnpuk offse vokay drift Vio,

meay Aul>1 AT
m/C
(OiyonaonAn londikon Tnpud offset (wwnt dritt =
Tios nA/
SAt w 7
ete di'shu kon OCCw)
Po wUH
6upedy rege hon rakio rsk R)
Skew Hade also dotity igho treen ty
igh
Gan t tant d PRR Vios div/,l
aihet di, op hion
Tdeal Valut= Pown Surply AVc
fectof Bia Curttnt
JaknHue Kechfrw T t Idal wavtto m
W
#Bre cision
R
w-
Vo xenerll Ackur diode/
Achv diedesurr diode
surn diodt
0 Non- inverting recision echhir
TETs1
6,

(N fsd
Bosicaly t t y cut -in
+Vsad vejla in uV

T Ts NA
Voted
VoT8,R4 (trrn dut h Bi urftd Rin =

Co mper a ion w
R V
-
Vin

ifRoe RliR¢ VNI

Rcor
T /
Vo02 Isiay Comptrsad Tf diede 0utnabioen
a n d , Hen -ue

SurpoM Te2 ar mear oflod alyo b PTv is ih Hte PeMhen is clieped

But
hen wt
Y, hen
R (s,- Fa,) Rcone Rf 1R
Tnvvting PHecision Half- wave Mechfi
#Effeet of Taput offst veltose w
K

W ww qVsal
w R Aot-
R
Hot
Kin Voue -Vsa
6oically Vio,
Vns V
Bu when ftudhok dut h He PTV of D,= o
, Cutin velle U
VC Vi
8
Vov Thud offhd vellase
Vo
Thad) wy inveiy eision cehiig
 #Concert- of kull wa v
Short Cixct tut ON diode
-u kal wi
Use n inhin Tnviny in Poralled Replace all diod in Hit by shopt Ciuil
Cwv1 end tn o n dnethon
T foshvt Palfi ill pechby
R. dutes Hijh =) FB KVL shodd ne 4
PTv from tu wavt e ch fin Noj
#Modfitd prtcision ful! wave ethio RB violaded
W
R
W
w-

VinaSinvt R
w-

2 Diode detailed Anayais ynanit ais ane )= Voty

Open Cincuit Tot of diode itt)
oc
OPen al! H drody Tn N/w Cors la at d oPtrainy Cuwvme tx Pa Hcula
And YA Vk foM al oi ode
AL diode art ad Samm natrial
Vi, R
Hhin diode havin Lang VAK wil
Va -Vk Cauk in voJ laye
On (alealas
Her in do d, ajain
ene diode

Sup po 0n iede 2 0n Breskdeun

voas
Tht nenmaniun ha s
ud in Vvel laju So it wtu on hrt >

Izin
Thne Cen Loy in
nksorA whn oten

ePeNin diody KCL violedy in Had Cac aeply A AV

SC tt (Small oliNebion
Ztntr dicde

Bion HUis lan c

Con a .
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W

Aim i h
aR V, CoN

T it vory hn n Hyulati on Tf i Vary hn

hn
do nt bad nylaion
(defaut ume R Con ent) De fault Assune
 Lloit-6 Clo mpor Cistuit
It adds dc A vaue in Aapplied ac
i hout he Shape of it
Signa
chongin
tlippe
itut Half vvt Hechhit

abso tt=p lipPPOA

Vin pu Vm
Clampt
Vn
Valut Cinuil

No shope chanpe Vn d vakue

adde
Class ihicakion of (lompns
-u
+uClom Po Ciuit Cla me c i e i t
+ut dt value adde -ut dt value added

differen ce o aluty 1 Samn

ra ta f
of tt lom p Vn -Vm)
2Vn

afto ch npig(Vn +) (-Vn +Va

Vm
(lom f Ci Cwt ae aso callt ftaf dbedlor
an d Ht- i00uT on
0)tut Llompex Ciet
Cast-3 T t 37
4

0
+ Capacioi Vt) =

Vi VmSinwt
Vo
discharged inilall Vo

}RL at to isde ON

Nou
Aev
V

Chonging imt Cony lant f Capation 0XC

3/4
Capaci e wi chorgt iN halaneouuly. -Vm
Vo0
chog
Vo
Vn Caue-4 3Tt T
4
Vn

V
VnSinot
Steady sJatt
Traosit stbtt
At Hs m KVL
Cay-
+Vm + V d
Uiode 0FF (ideal)
it V - Vn Vi ST is
duwiaion, Vi : -Ve
aginy Ame Conaland RC 5' - ue Bud ny ai ve
T)
And Vadar's V
And Jaen
le T
V-Vk -ue
CoPatilon winet (Htvemse ia»)
ckarge. & V4)
So Hmt Con lan dis changig
aaun Von y kyh
Capa tih wi ot dithange in shod Sn
Cay-1 Hme
otT4 Shl
Capatio would
Capau om wil i value
7 T
V V
 Vo V+Ve
V= o V= Y
VoVi +Vn 81/4 3/
Yi : Vn , V, = 2Va T
T >t
V
Vi Vn
ourpud i Plifted Vm)
No Capaciln will di'schae, whtn

di'odt Co m) towand i a ,hu to at

Vk + Vn Catlea alwan 2Vn

Vm voae Oulpud
VA(Anad gf diede) Muyt
Stendy sat
ich wi niUn hav hecat
volaye of Sup Py is Vm S dio d wowl Cabt- ot
off fon aluways. Jiodt - F6, C
wow kave Han-V T Rx oxc
V
in ty clh
A aive Capaci chayyH
may ude
ON diodt

(2) Nepaive Clampe Gwcuit Cat-2 t Th

2

Ve Vm
Ve tt) oX Vi Vm
- V +Vi -V,
Vi Vm &in we A High Vo
Vp V- V
V
Diod Revge biastd
V =o
By KV Vi-V

V ViVm
No Capacibn i ne disthanye c aua
Tim Cona lant R Hg >>T
 And it distbast diode Capa io i
dischaged iniially
eduty ud PoMi Co Posilive Half ct

bcca inpud May vaut Vn N, 5C

3 it netdy Vn
ode F8 R C o

Now fa al way
Vo Vm
V V; -Vn Conh lant of
Timt Capotih
Vi: Vn Vo Capatiow charged +Vm at

Vi: V Vm V -2V

Pea dete cow When diode iide

V, Vm
0 fE, inad
and
diode Mtvewe ias td
2
R
me x ( = o)
Vo Capatihn isc oginy
Vo
NoNou Capacibn volas e wil Vm
t7
Peak duerhx Can deet H Mayymum vaue dio de
T chanyt whtn th B0sain
Inp ynal. bu wich i not POKLA CapociM av
AVi t always Jtu nax
atttn Vint Vn
PH
NHC t Vn
Vo Ve
V - Vm V
Vn feak vaut i dee ded

t
2 Peak detecto wih Pra t ical diode (in Al
Tntinite R M
and Vi
Diode Cuin vol ay t 0-v
wi Vc Vm 0
Ki o Vi Vc
Vm

Vi Vo Diod OFF Now

wi
nvn ON Vp
iode ON rtabt mLa Yi bec as

Vo 7 iode 0ff, DPe ci cittd Vi ax Vm dishyimt ana an of

Capacibn dis chayed

Vm ini iall

0-V 3T/4
Vo Vm- o7 V
Hmt His vol Jage idttc+td
Tis

3) fea debtrlo whtn liodt i ideal

Vm-t

t and Rt envelepe deteeto

Tdeal

+
() o t <
% 07V C
ON, Replard K
Ctnilialydij tkanyed)
(whtnVin) :7 V)
V V- 0-7 i Peruod
() 0<t<V.
A
V%) VVin 0-7
Chrsis hmt Diode Capocien hads

lanslod chouis ih T Re ox
2
V Vi-0-7
inad chas
 at t V Vm Vi

V V Vm T/
ak / Vo oh ve

Ve Vn Vn

Vi HA Vm
t
o Vi-Vn
itHk Vn
dn V
gts -u a T T V
Jiode Htvense biased 0ff opt hu Vi V
Diod again Comu tonwand fiamd
Ve Ya Vo an Timt C chang

it aga Cang Vn
0g an a S4
at And when tath
Nou Capacie wowd wsharye br it Stants diy chasgiis ad ST ecau
4
imt tonalat (T AC) Vi <V ad ST
4
And siychangins hon y
ahd V Vi- V RB, idayi
V
YoneThc Slard
And Same ype wavetoHm Hpeats
if R= High hen
Htn T T
Cae1
We Hiy DS8 - S CoMuncahion
net disbst
& Capocih wi
0uu wowd stHAed oV. a tnveore dedecon.

studrdi Cayt cho ose 0 ddteien

V on V,
Cat-2 if s Hih ht vaue
Ve Hedu tth wighy 2 Vm alho &t=mene lm
HiU
Voltage Doublou Cin cut TF Tak 0utpu

doule Mayimum valut 0f vol layt VAB =4-Vm

T lae frem CD ht Vc 3m
foui live off cr; ( (r
Tlnl
Vi Vmsinwt , DN
Td

Ahd Ondy G Chanyt

Studied And i
+ue clampu half
whech PLaA dekcho ny aivt
Vi+ Vm 0ff
t Vm
Hi
)Vm sinwt
Vm V,no)

-)2 Vma valy And Nou

C Chang o 4Vm sloily
Hente oulp Sha wn
VnSinot. Vn
Second +ue alf Cyd

)Vm VM Da icwtt, off

D2 OPen

2Vm 3 ON, 5C
Vol lagt Tripl and &uadxurln Ty halyall C argyo +2Vm. apy k vt
Capath as choned at ttr

tig ,u a ill ged it)

Founh Jh - uthalf
ue cyd
+V Vi
0Ptn, 0ff
Vi VmsinA
Shored, 0N

A C Cr C4 chor 0+2 Vm
Thaks Why
Vco 3 Vm Vollayt trirltn
VAA 4 Vn Vol Las duad yueln
 The CiHCt Shown n bet whad
ind dtal
deyi bes a
(0) bude ecifior no ving iron Vmdt Voue
v: (b og Modularon
is indun nal
(C) reunCy diy ci min adon
( Vol laye doulle 0.Cvol{mdtn Heady Avs vaue
+LE half Cyc
t
Diade i e T di
Tus Capai n tarsu

Vm To Vm S-C DStn3 14E

Shown att bu
T Capaca Fo thay o+
iod Rvesbiost
nty odive half iede beto m 0C Steady
dio de t away R vbse
owi tind 0+ Hat
V O

Vn Sttad s) att not ot tranid

No This CapacH on ao chars Vn Stead Slas

palariby Aftn 3T Gincuit

lo Sin w 4 1
2 V

-Vo-Vn -

Vn

Vn KVL V -2 Vm
Vollay goubln inut
or 150 TN vsfnd-
Headio

1-2 4 V
 Hnd Value Vod Jage

4+3 Sin {
Vo
idead

give clampt whih shift

Thi
yative diucchion b
signa
mex n mum value
Vi

wowd b skiHtd doon r7

Ti
Thi
Vo

-6

0wru woWd wt a Vau of-3

3 Bi-pola nction Transis to
H Symbolic HtpHeentation VsE 0 7v
Bo h
In nn, when
n CmiHen F.B

Be<=
Ves=oV(d4)
Meprobtnd emitter tei
1
Arrp w w sili con
n emite
2 iHethon of ro i hn
Currtnt when 4ro mitHn
T Pp.
Juntion (Te)i fonuand
bianed
Pn tra miha Pn P tranMybn
 Operaing mode of 6JT AC and :C analsis ot B:7:T
Enito Junthon (JeE)| Region frepedy analysis Wo OPen CiMCUi caro citory.
FB RB Ative Ar-elificn A:C anadysis longt
Cvery lanj Capacio Shart-tinwitd

FB FB Sauralien ON 3wikh
CFully ON) +Vec
RB RB Cut- off OFF switeh
RB FB
C Rc tt or Coplin1 (apa ti
n veve Ative AHtnvaan
Commen Ban dc wttnt Ce
Jain ()= T wW

Te P
Tdal value

Cpm mon emiten

( Vae, t o

Cuwv1tnd yain (8) - T enl vnle

Ce
Ci Her BYPas arot iby
w

Com mo colle con Curred Jain (Y) Te

T6
Te T + s Hsion 04 Tro i s hs4
froce dune tound

nt u teHand biasd
Yd
HeH cleanly Je

Tf J FB, Saturahon Htyien

ifJoff (Athve wegion
AcHve Sadurakion npn tranyi, bn
yion delout) M-1 Assumi Secktra Ackve ion (Je off
AcHve Kegion Sakurakhon gion CAPrhy KVL in Ba tmitter cincait and calculafe g
thve Hgion
Tet , +(e)
OVee = 07V
keve Saurakion cuwvt
lUecon Juntkon Hegion hd
(2)
why

ce 2 V
ii Appy kvi in Collecon h tnilten tihcuit and Caleulal Veg
Vce depends 0n Gnit en Jc R:8 achve tegion
VeE -Vs
y if -ue hon FB
 M-2 Ass uming 6akuration SEion MoSFET
Jeple Hion ty
Care- Re #0 Sow e and droin.
physi cal tho nnu
The i
APy KV. in bone tiHcuit and Caleulate Ia
-No
necehiy of Profe voltase
APAy kVL in
Collethrnb tmitter calulake
calulal I
1t salurakion Hion asumed

(Cesat 0.2V

5
N-Channd D-Mosfd P-chonn -Hre
g min TCSat)
in Satura~io n
MOSfET btho vej an orliti
in
w do
ioin rade mosfET
Whtn of F
rangt Bi ivtnake min.
Sabu rahion gion
1nnl <) hn Saurahion Hyion ohern
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aciu

Cu-2 Re #o
Tk(Vas -Vagr ra F-
(4 MOSFET BIASIN whene K o Cox
2
w Vgs =
V=- ue

S i , laytn
s&VrHp
nhon
denh
(No -chan ndl 9hen
oraleVony hth Drain drottemishi
- Hal hy I0 Vs VTH No u

Tdeally
Vos f, drain uvend

Enhancement m mo5FET - There is no physica chon nel Slapnhy ince as ing Vny-d
VS
behre n dran ond souCe.

To Trduce onne ton Heyion

D
hsV arrlird
os,Vy
nIps
no physica
dunnt
Hsmos fET
N-chann -chonnd f-t
 Con du chon
( 5 Current Mimo ixcait fox Hi
wOH Cm(Te
Pararndon of Boh MDS fET are Vns Sam

Diodt ononeeted lroMish voae alk Same Boh mo3FET sho vld
GUeth Junthon 80 H held
C an d Saburaion
idenhical in
Hyion

Wilda CMC Yee-VsE

R
Vee/ Hiyh R erde, hip a rea o silion
n Tef
TETe nchCy Cant o avpid Ha'y U wi dan (mM

Ncc

)Baxic Cuvie nt Miww CiHCit -

6oh Tranise ar ma tched
Yec +
VcB Te
Touk
Vee
Sakur ahien Cwven

R fboh tranis
Same keas t
+ B Tout Tet Now VBe VB¬^
VBE
T mVT

Vcc
(ii) MesfET CMG
VrAnTer
Toud

Tyef-n,Vas -Va,7 M
Jou
6y KV
Tad Kn,Ves-VT,] VBEVsr,Je Re

Re
Te lout
 6 Oscillatoys (7 Thiner
r HUrdt S tnmulaj

o w fre ty 0stildabon mudhvibraktn

Mono sral
sit TC 55 men
RC Pho 06tiWaboy
Sinustida! Uin 0P- Arr
i TT
0scillahn Dainj JFE T
Stabl

ein 6ridgt 0sciWahon

H i g h fruncy Ducillabon
t
LC 0ci Uadon
CLaofs when tri1 Co my hn tny chany
Colpitt Ny V
uasi Shte
Handl ey by raMitnd

Cryshl palu widh

t/RC
Fox R)= fon S haintd Os cill ationg
2Nt Vee 0 t Vec)e
rain of feedhok Pah 3
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V
foM dny givn pud Tn[) = o J w
0stiatpn
Ke(P)= ain fn Ss Jaind
9cilaOM tP1RG

L 08 tilaton High 20 KHg o few MM2

Hmen a As habl MulHvibraton
( TC 555
of Steaby shase
Arpihn MaRing Outrut ToN0-693 (Ra f%)
2Ne ToF F . 693 (F8) G
Vuh
T Calcaba w Toff
 To mabe
wav ToNToeF
r i w
fan Bud
i vol s e Ve ))

had Athally d

Diode 0N
ouri
lon ad
Chary iry

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ual

Saweeh wau tonm

To nentr dt

Appky wvu Stunce iytead ct A 2 s

t
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dvekanging me
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