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3as-English Resumes PDF
3as-English Resumes PDF
3as-English Resumes PDF
Condition Example: you had better work hard to pass your final exam.
You can take my car providing that you don’t damage it. Negative form:
(Main clause) (Subordinate clause) Had better not +stem (a verb without “to”).
The meaning: Example: you look tired, you had better not go to school
today.
I will lend you my car on condition that you don't damage it.
Result
𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑎𝑡
𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑎𝑡 Expressing results we use:
𝑎𝑠 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑠
Verb in Future + + verb in present simple
𝑠𝑜 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑠 𝑠𝑜 + 𝑎𝑑𝑗 + 𝑡𝑎𝑡
𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑓 𝑎 𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑛
𝑠𝑢𝑐 + + 𝑡𝑎𝑡
𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑒
These modals express: Prefix: it comes before the word and changes its meaning.
Example: The eating of GMF’s might harmful. If + Verb in present simple, Verb in present simple.
Example: This book is more interesting than that one. T 0 is used to describe a general or scientific truth.
A state verb: is a verb which describes a states (has not a If + Verb in present simple, verb in future (will + stem)
well defined beginning & the end)
Eg: If she works hard, she will go to university.
Examples: like, agree, believe, dislike, deserve, love, enjoy,
prefer, hate, dread, and mind. The situation in T 1 is possible to happen.
If + Verb in past perfect, would have + past participle Sentences contain two kind of word:
Eg: If I had read the question well, I would have taken the Content words: are necessary and contain the meaning.
best mark.
- Main verb (play, go, work…).
The situation in T 3 is a regret about an event that had - Nouns.
happened in the past - Adjectives (serious, nice…).
- Adverbs (carefully, quickly…).
Quantifiers - Demonstratives pronouns (this, that…).
𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑦 - Negative auxiliaries (wasn’t, couldn’t…).
- 𝑓𝑒𝑤 for countable nouns. - Yes, No (auxiliary) questions.
𝑚𝑢𝑐 - Wh questions.
- for uncountable nouns.
𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒
𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑡 𝑜𝑓 Structure (function) words: they make the sentences correct
- for countable & uncountable nouns(both).
𝑠𝑜𝑚𝑒 grammatically.
𝑠𝑢𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 Pronouns (I, he, they…).
= 𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑔 (It’s the right quantity). -
𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒
- Prepositions (on, the, at, to, under…).
𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑡 (It isn’t the right quantity). - Articles (a, an, the).
- Conjunctions (but, and, because…).
The excessive and the insufficient of something: - Auxiliary verbs (is, are, do, have, can…).
Superlatives: Unless
We compare one element to a group or a whole. Unless: expresses warning.
The + Adj + est. (Eg: Uranus is the biggest planet in the Unless + verb present, Future (will + stem).
solar system.)
(Will not = won’t)
Long adjectives: adjectives of two or more syllables
Example: Unless you revise your lessons, you won’t pass
The most + adj. (Eg: English is the most important your exam.
language in the world.)
The real meaning: If you don’t revise your lessons, you
- Inferiority: won’t pass your exam.
The least + adj. (Eg: the cat is the least dangerous animal.) Articles
Adjectives ⟼ Comparatives ⟼ Superlatives Indefinite articles:
Well/good ⟼ Better ⟼ The best
Bad ⟼ Worse ⟼ The worst a: is used before consonants (sound).
Far ⟼ Farther ⟼ The farthest
Many ⟼ More ⟼ The most an: is used before vowels (sound).
Much ⟼ More ⟼ The most
Little ⟼ Less ⟼ The least - We use it before countable nouns that are unknown:
Similarity & difference
Eg: a table, a car, a house.
Expressing Similarity:
- We use it before names of profession (jobs).
We use these expressions: like, the same as, such as, both,
similar to, too. Eg: a doctor, a painter.
Expressing difference: Eg: the homeless, the poor, the jobless, the rich.
We use these expressions: unlike, whereas, while, but, - We use it before an object that is the only one.
different from, in contrast to.
Eg: the moon, the earth, the pyramids.
Examples:
- When we talk about institutions.
- Unlike Algeria, U.S.A is a developed country.
- Algeria is different from U.S.A. Eg: the radio, the bank, the television.
- U.S.A is a developed country but (while, whereas)
- When we refer to a class of animals.
Algeria is not.
- U.S.A is a developed country in contrast to Algeria. Eg: the tiger is a dangerous animal.
We can express purpose using a number of conjunctional Examples: Although it rained a lot, we enjoyed our holiday.
phrases: to, so as to, in order to, so that, in order that.
𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓
- + A Noun phrase or a Gerund.
𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑒
- Subject + verb + 𝑠𝑜 𝑎𝑠 𝑡𝑜 + stem.
𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑜 Examples:
Stress 𝑐𝑦
𝑡𝑦
Definition: 𝑡𝑦
𝑝𝑦
Stress is an extra force used when pronouncing a e. Word ending in “ 𝑔𝑦 ” are all stressed on the 3rd
particular word or syllable. 𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙
𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
- A prefix is not stressed 𝑎𝑡𝑒
𝑒𝑛𝑡
- A suffix in not stressed
syllable from the end.
- ə schwa is never stressed
a. A word of one syllable has stress on the first letter. Eg: competence, identical, democracy.
Eg: under, over, always, never, after. Eg: trainee, engineer, Japanese.
- A verb has stress on the 2nd syllable. h. Word with the following suffixes are stressed on the
syllable before them.
Eg: correct, present. - Ish - Ive - Ian
- Ity - Ia - Ient
c. Most word of three syllables words: nouns, verbs, - Aty - Ial - Ious
adjectives, adverbs are stressed on 1st syllable.
Phonetics Examples:
- Passive voice is used when the focus is on the - A letter had been written by Rita.
action. It is not important or not known, however,
who or what is performing the action. Future perfect: Rita will have written a letter.
- Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than
active voice
- A letter will have been written by Rita.
Form of Passive:
Conditional simple: Rita would write a letter.
Subject (the Object in active) + finite form of to be + Past - A letter would be written by Rita.
Participle (3rd column of irregular verbs) + Object (the
Subject in active). Conditional perfect: Rita would have written a letter.
When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the - A letter would have been written by Rita.
following:
Pronouns
the object of the active sentence becomes the subject - I - Me
of the passive sentence - She - Her
the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past - He - His
participle) - It - It
the subject of the active sentence becomes the object - You - You
of the passive sentence (or is dropped) - We - Us
- They - Them
To Past perfect continuous: He said that he had been playing - “Wh” question:
football.
“Wh” question are reported with the question word.
Past Perfect: “I had played football”.
The verb has the form of normal statement.
To Past Perfect: He said that he had played football.
Note: we do not use: do, does, did in the reported.
Present perfect continuous: “I have been playing football.”
Eg: “Where are you going?”
To Past perfect continuous: He said that he had been playing
football. ⟼ I asked her where she was going.
- Auxiliary question (Yes/No): Apologize: subject + apologized for + verb + ing (gerund).
When we report an auxiliary question we use: If. Eg: “I am sorry for being late.”
The verb has the form of normal statement. Congratulation: subject + congratulated on + verb + ing.
Eg: “Do you like hamburgers?” Eg: “well done, you’ve passed your exam.”
Commands or request: Eg: Alice said: “No, I didn’t take it! I was there.”
Eg: “stop writing” ⟼ he told them to stop writing. Eg: “would you like to come to the cinema, Jane?”
“Please wait” ⟼ I asked her to wait. ⟼ They invited Jane to come to the cinema.
𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑
Offering: subject + offered + to + stem.
𝑜𝑢𝑔𝑡 𝑡𝑜
Advice: when we find in direct speech: 𝑎𝑑 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟
Eg: “Shall I carry your case, Pam?”
𝐼𝑓 𝐼 𝑤𝑒𝑟𝑒
𝑤𝑦 𝑑𝑜𝑛′ 𝑡 𝑦𝑜𝑢
⟼ He offered to carry Pam’s case.
The reported: are: subject + advised + to + stem.
Promising: subject + promised + to + stem.
Eg: “I wouldn’t buy that car if I were you.”
Eg: “I’ll be at home by eight.”
⟼ I advised him not to buy that car.
⟼ He promised to be at home by eight.
𝐿𝑒𝑡 ′ 𝑠
Suggestion: when we find in direct speech: 𝐻𝑜𝑤 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 Summary of commends statement
𝑊𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡
- Told + to + stem.
𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑏 + 𝑖𝑛𝑔 - Ordered + to + stem.
The reported: are: subject + suggested + 𝑜𝑟 - Asked + to + stem.
𝑡𝑜 + 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 - Advised + to + stem.
- Apologized for + verb + ing.
Eg: “Let’s go to the theatre.” - Congratulated on + verb + ing.
- Denied + verb + ing.
⟼ He suggested going to the theatre. - Suggested + verb + ing.
- Suggested + to + stem.
Agreement: subject + agreed + to + stem. - Agreed + to + stem.
- Invited + to + stem.
Eg: “Ok, I’ll give you a lift.” - Offered + to + stem.
- Promised + to + stem.
⟼ He agreed to give me a lift.
- Where: Place.
a) She is leaving to Paris.
b) Where is she leaving?