∞

X ( z )= ∑ x [ n ] z−n
n=−∞

Where, z=r e is a complex exponential

jΩ

z=r e j Ω =r cos Ω+ jsin Ω

Magnitude |z|=r & angle ∠ z=Ω

This can be represented by a z-plane

Find the z-transform of a finite sequence given below
x [ n ] ={ 5 ,3 ,−2 , 0 , 4 ,−3 }

Sol: From formula of ZT

∞
X ( z )= ∑ x [ n ] z−n
n=−∞

x [n ] is finite sequence from n=−2 to n=−3

3
∴ X ( z) = ∑ x [n ] z
−n

n=−2

X ( z )=x [−2 ] z 2+ x [ −1 ] z 1+ x [ 0 ] z 0 + x [ 1 ] z−1+ x [ 2 ] z−2 + x [ 3 ] z−3

X ( z )=5 z 2+ 3 z 1−2 z 0+ 0 z−1+ 4 z−2 +3 z−3

X ( z )=5 z 2+ 3 z 1−2+ 4 z−2 +3 z−3

Ex:
x [ n ] ={ 1 ,0 , 3 , 4 ,−1 }

X ( z )=1+3 z−2 +4 z −3 −z−4

CLASS 2:
Prob1: Find the z-transform of the sequence x [ n ] =an u[n]
Sol: Formula for ZT
∞
X ( z )= ∑ x [ n ] z−n
n=−∞

∞
X ( z )= ∑ an u [ n ] z−n
n=−∞

We know that

u [ n ] = 1 n≥ 0
{ 0 n< 0
−1 ∞
X ( z )= ∑ an ( 0 ) z−n +∑ a n( 1) z−n
n=−∞ n=0

∞
n
X ( z )=∑ ( a z−1)
n=0

∞
1
∑ ( a )k = 1−a for∨a∨¿ 1
k=0

1
X ( z )= −1
for∨a z−1∨¿ 1
1−a z

Using the formula

1
a< −1
¿ z ∨¿ ¿

a< ¿ z ∨¿

¿ z∨¿ a

1
X ( z )= for∨z∨¿ a
1−a z−1

1
X ( z )= for∨z∨¿ a
1−a /z
 z
X ( z )= for∨z∨¿ a
z−a

Region of Convergence:
“The range of values of variable |z|for which the z-transform converges is
called the region of convergence.”
∞
i. e , ∑ ¿ x [ n ] z−n∨¿< ∞ ¿
n =−∞

Hence for the previous problem which we saw

z
X ( z )= ROC |z|>a
z−a

Region of convergence can be drawn on z-plane as

|z|=r=a

ROC

Re{z}
a

Since |z|>a , ROC is outside the circle of radius a

Poles and Zeros:-

 b0 +b 1 z−1 +…+b M z−M
If X ( z )=
a0 +a1 z−1+ …+a N z−N
is some function.

Then, Pole is the root of the Denominator polynomial.

Zero is the root of the Numerator polynomial.
Prob 2:
Determine the z-transform of the signal x [ n ] =−α n u [ −n−1 ]depict the ROC &
location of poles and zeros.

Sol:
Formula of ZT:
∞
X ( z )= ∑ x [ n ] z −n
n−∞

∞
X ( z )= ∑ −α n u [ −n−1 ] z−n
n−∞

Where

u[-n-1]
1

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

u [ −n−1 ] = 1 n<0
0n≥0{
−1 ∞
X ( z )=− ∑ α n ( 1 ) z−n−∑ α n (0) z−n
n=−∞ n=0

−1
X ( z )=− ∑ α n z−n
n=−∞
 1
X ( z )=− ∑ α −n z n
n=∞

∞
X ( z )=−∑ α −n z n
n =1

∞
X ( z )=−∑ (α ¿¿−1 z )n ¿
n =1

Replace ‘n’ as ‘-n’

∞
a
∑ ( a )k = 1−a for∨a∨¿ 1
k =1

−α −1 z −1
X ( z )= −1
for∨α z∨¿1
1−α z

−z /α 1
X ( z )= for∨z∨¿ −1
1−z /α α

−z
X ( z )= for |z|<α
α −z

z
X ( z )= for |z|<α
z−α

Pole: z = α
Zero: z = 0

Im{z}

ROC

Re{z}
α
Prob 3:
1 n
Determine z-transform of x [ n ] =−u [ −n−1 ] + ()
2
u [ n] depict ROC and the location
of Poles and Zeros in z-plane.
Sol: Formula for ZT
∞
X ( z )= ∑ x [ n ] z−n
n=−∞

∞
1 n
X ( z )= ∑
n=−∞
{−u [−n−1 ] + () }2
u [ n ] z−n

∞ ∞
1 n
X ( z )= ∑ −u [ −n−1 ] z
n=−∞
−n
+¿ ∑
n=−∞
()
2
u [ n ] z−n ¿

∞
1 n −n
−1
X ( z )=−
n=−∞
∑ z−n +¿ ∑
n=0
()
2
z ¿

1 ∞
1 −1 n
X ( z )=− ∑ z n+ ¿ ∑
n=∞ n=0
( ) 2
z ¿

z z
X ( z )= +
z−1 1
z−
2

1
z <1 z >
2

3
X ( z )=
(
z 2 z−
2
1 )
ROC <|z|<1
1 2
( z−1 ) z−
2 ( )
1
Poles: z=1 ,
2

3
Zeros: z=0 ,
4
 Im{z}

ROC

3/4 Re{z}
1/2 1

|z|<1

|12 z |<1
−1

1
|z|<
2

z
a n u [ n ] ZT , ROC |z|>a
↔ z−a

Right sided problem

z
−a n u [ −n−1 ] ZT , ROC|z|< a
↔ z−a

Left sided problem

3
1 n (
z 2 z−
2 )
1
−u [ −n−1 ] + ()
2
u [ n ] ZT
↔ 1
ROC <|z|<1
2
( )
( z−1 ) z−
2

Properties of ROC
Property 1: The ROC does not contain any poles.
Property 2: ROC for finite duration signal include the entire z-plane except
z=0 or |z|=∞ or both

Note: For x [ n ] =cδ [ n ] ROC has entire z-plane.

Property 3: If x[n] is a Right-Sided sequence (i.e. x [ n ] =0 for n¿ 0) Then for X ( z )
, ROC is of the form |z|>r maxor ∞ >|z|>r max .
ROC is outside the circle.
Property 4: If x[n] is a Left-Sided sequence (i.e. x [ n ] =0 for n≥ 0) Then for X ( z ),
ROC is of the form |z|<r minor 0<|z|< r min .
ROC is inside the circle.
Property 5: If x[n] is a two-sided sequence. Then for X ( z ), ROC is of the form
r min <|z|<r max . (where r min ∧r max are two poles)

ROC is an angular ring in the z-plane.

x [ n ] ={ 1 ,2 , 3 , 4 } ZT X ( z ) =z 1+2+3 z−1 +4 z−2

↔

X ( z) is not valid (infinite) if |z|=0∨∞

z
a n u [ n ] ZT ROC |z|>a
↔ z−a

z
−a n u [ −n−1 ] ZT ROC| z|< a
↔ z−a

z z
−a n u [ −n−1 ] + bn u [ n ] ZT + ROC b<|z|<a
↔ z−a z−b

Properties of the z-transform

1. Linearity

If x 1 [ n ] ↔z X 1 ( z ) with ROC R1

& x 2 [ n ] ↔z X 2 ( z ) with ROC R2

Then a x 1 [ n ] +bx 2 [ n ] ↔z a X 1 ( z )+ bX 2 ( z ) with ROC R1 ∩ R2

Proof: From the definition of z-transform

∞
ZT { x [ n ] } =X (z )= ∑ x [ n ] z −n
n=−∞

∞
ZT {a x 1 [ n ] +bx 2 [ n ] } = ∑ {a x 1 [ n ] + bx 2 [ n ] } z−n
n=−∞

∞ ∞
¿ ∑ a x1 [ n ] z −n+ ∑ bx 2 [ n ] z−n
n=−∞ n =−∞

∞ ∞
−n
¿a ∑ x1 [ n ] z + b ∑ x 2 [ n ] z−n
n=−∞ n=−∞

¿ a X 1 ( z )+ b X 2 (z)

a x 1 [ n ] +bx 2 [ n ] z a X 1 ( z )+ b X 2 (z)
↔

with ROC R1 ∩ R2

2. Time Reversal

If x [ n ] ↔z X ( z ) with ROC R

Then x [−n ] ↔z X ( 1z ) with ROC R1

Proof: Let us consider the definition of z-transform
 ∞
ZT {x [ n ] }=X ( z)= ∑ x [ n ] z−n
n =−∞

∞
ZT { x [ −n ] } = ∑ x [ −n ] z −n
n=−∞

Replace n by –n in the expression we get

−∞
¿ ∑ x [ n ] zn
n=∞

∞
−n
¿ ∑ x [ n ] ( z−1 )
n=−∞

¿ X ( z −1)

x [−n ] z X
↔
( 1z )
1
with ROC R
3. Time Shift

If x [ n ] ↔z X ( z ) with ROC R
−n
Then x [ n−n 0 ] ↔z z X ( z ) with ROC R, except possibly
0

¿ z∨¿ 0∨¿ z∨¿ ∞

Proof: Let us consider the definition of z-transform

∞
ZT {x [ n ] }=X ( z )= ∑ x [ n ] z−n
n=−∞

∞
ZT {x [ n−n 0 ] }= ∑ x [ n−n0 ] z−n
n=−∞

Replace n−n0 by min the expression we get n=m+ n0

The Limits n=−∞ becomes m=−∞ and n=∞becomes m=∞
−∞
¿ ∑ x [ m ] z−(m +n ) 0

m=∞

∞
¿ ∑ x [ m ] z−m z−n 0

m=−∞

∞
−n0
¿z ∑ x [ m ] z−m
m=−∞

¿ z−n X ( z )
0

x [ n−n 0 ] z z−n X ( z )0

with ROC R, except possibly ¿ z∨¿ 0∨¿ z∨¿ ∞

4. Multiplication by Exponential Sequence

Let α be a complex number

If x [ n ] ↔z X ( z ) with ROC R
 n
Then α x [ n ] ↔z X ( αz ) with ROC¿ α ∨R
Proof: Let us consider the definition of z-transform
∞
ZT {x [ n ] }=X ( z )= ∑ x [ n ] z−n
n=−∞

∞
ZT {α n x [ n ] }= ∑ {α n x [ n ] }z−n
n=−∞

∞
¿ ∑ x [ n ] α n z−n
n=−∞

∞
−n
¿ ∑ x [ n ] ( α −1 z )
n=−∞

¿X ( αz )
α n x [ n] z X
↔
( αz ) with ROC ¿ α ∨R

5. Differentiation in z-domain

If x [ n ] ↔z X ( z ) with ROC R
d
Then nx [ n ] ↔z −z dz X ( z ) with ROC R

Proof: Let us consider the definition of z-transform

∞
X ( z )= ∑ x [ n ] z−n
n=−∞

Differentiating w.r.t ‘z’ on both sides we get

∞
d d
dz
X ( z )=
dz (∑
n=−∞
x [ n ] z−n )
∞
d d
X ( z )= ∑ x [ n ] ( z−n )
dz n=−∞ dz
 ∞
d
X ( z )= ∑ x [ n ] (−n z−n−1 )
dz n=−∞

∞
d
X ( z )=− ∑ x [ n ] n z−n z−1
dz n=−∞

∞
d
X ( z )=−z−1 ∑ { n x [ n ] } z −n
dz n=−∞

∞
d
−z X ( z )= ∑ { n x [ n ] } z−n
dz n=−∞

d
−z X ( z )=ZT {n x [ n ] }
dz

d
nx [ n ] z −z X( z)
↔ dz

6. Convolution

If x [ n ] ↔z X ( z ) with ROC R x

& y [ n ] ↔z Y ( z ) with ROC Ry

Then x [ n ]∗y [ n ] ↔z X ( z ) Y ( z ) with ROC R x ∩ R y

Proof: Let us consider the LHS

∞
ZT { x [ n ]∗y [ n ] } = ∑ { x [ n ]∗y [n ] } z −n
n=−∞

∞ ∞
¿ ∑ ∑ {
n=−∞ k=−∞
}
x [ k ] y [n−k ] z −n

∞ ∞
¿ ∑ x[k ] ∑ y [n−k ] z−n
k=−∞ n=−∞

−k
We know from time shift property that: y [ n−k ] ↔z z Y (z )
 ∞
¿ ∑ x [ k ] z−k Y ( z)
k=−∞

¿ X ( z )Y (z)

Hence,
x [ n ]∗y [ n ] z X ( z ) Y ( z )
↔

Common z-transform Formulas

x [n] X ( z) ROC
δ [n] 1 All z-plane
z
u[n] |z|>1
z−1
z
a n u [n] |z|>a
z−a
z
−a n u [−n−1] |z|<a
z−a
2
z −cos Ω0 z
cos ⁡(Ω0 n)u [n] 2 |z|>1
z −2cos Ω 0 z +1
sin Ω0 z
sin ⁡(Ω0 n)u[n] |z|>1
z2 −2cos Ω0 z +1
z 2−rcos Ω 0 z
rcos ⁡(Ω0 n)u[n] |z|>r
z2 −2rcos Ω 0 z +1
rsin Ω0 z
rsin ⁡( Ω0 n) u[ n] |z|>r
z2 −2rcos Ω0 z +1
Find the transform X ( z) and sketch the pole-zero plots, with ROC for each of
the following sequence
1 n −1 n
1. x [n ]= () 2
u [ n]+
3
u[n]( )
Sol:
x [ n ] =x1 [ n ] + x 2 [n ]

X ( z )=X 1 ( z )+ X 2 (z)

ROC R1 ∩ R2

z |z|>a
a n u [n]
z−a

1 n z
()
2
u [n ] z
↔
z−
1
2

1
With ROC |z|> 2

−1 n z
( )
3
u [n ] z
↔
z+
1
3

1
With ROC |z|> 3
z z
X ( z )= +
1 1
z− z+
2 3

1
With ROC |z|> 2

1
X ( z )=
(
z 2 z−
6 )
( z− 12 )( z+ 13 )
0∧1
Zeros: z=
12
 1
∧1
Poles: z=
2
3

Im{z}

Re{z}
-1/3 0 1/12 1/2

1 n 1 n
2. x [ n ] = ()3
u [ n]+
2 ()
u[−n−1]

Sol:
x [ n ] =x1 [ n ] + x 2 [n ]

X ( z )=X 1 ( z )+ X 2 (z)

ROC R1 ∩ R2

1 n z
()
3
u [ n] z
↔
z−
1
3

1
With ROC |z|> 3

n z |z|<a
−a u [−n−1]
z−a

1 n z
()
2
u [−n−1 ] z −
↔
z−
1
2
 1
With ROC |z|< 2
z z
X ( z )= −
1 1
z− z−
3 2

1 1
With ROC 3
<| z|<
2

−1
X ( z )=
(z
6 )

( z− 13 )( z− 12 )
1
∧1
Zeros: z=0 Poles: z=
3
2

Im{z}

ROC

Re{z}
0 1/3 1/2

1 n 1 n
3. x [ n ] =() 2
u [ n]+
3 ()
u[−n−1]

Sol:
 1 n z
()
2
u [n ] z
↔
z−
1
2

1
With ROC |z|> 2

n z |z|<a
−a u [−n−1]
z−a

1 n z
()
3
u [−n−1 ] z −
↔
z−
1
3

1
With ROC |z|< 3
z z
X ( z )= −
1 1
z− z−
3 2

1 1
With ROC |z|> 2 ∧|z|< 3

There is no intersection between two ROCs. It means there is no common

ROC. Hence given signal x [ n ]will not have X ( z ).

Using properties of z-transform compute X ( z)of the following:

1. x [ n ] =n sin ( nπ2 ) u[−n ]

Sol:
sin Ω 0 z
sin ⁡(Ω0 n)u[n] 2 |z|>1
z −2cos Ω 0 z +1

π
z sin
nπ 2
sin( )
2
u[n] z
↔ 2 π
z −2 cos z +1
2
sin ( nπ2 )u [ n ] z z z+1
↔
2

ROC |z|>1
Property differentiation in z-domain
d
nx [ n ] z −z X( z)
↔ dz

n sin ( nπ2 )u [ n ] z −z dzd ( z z+ 1 )

↔
2

ROC |z|>1
du dv
−u v
d u dx dx
dx v
=() v 2

d z ( z 2+ 1 ) 1−z( 2 z )
( )
dz z 2 +1
=
( z 2+ 1 )
2

d z 1− z2
( )=
dz z 2 +1 ( z 2+ 1 )2

nπ 1−z 2
n sin ( )
2
u [ n ] z −z 2 2
↔ ( z +1 )

ROC |z|>1

To find reflection, replace n by –n on the Left Hand Side

To find the z-transform of reflection we use time-reversal property

x [−n ] z X
↔
( 1z )
 1
With ROC R

We get,
−nπ 1−(1/ z)2
−n sin ( )
2
u [−n ] z −(1 /z )
↔ (( 1/z )2+ 1 )
2

2
−nπ (z ¿¿ 2−1)/ z
−n sin ( )
2
u [−n ] z −(1 /z )
↔
2
( 1+ z 2 ) / z 4
¿

−n sin ( −nπ2 )u [−n ] z −z ( z(¿¿1+2−1)

↔ z)
¿ 2 2

2
nπ z(1−z )
n sin ( )
2
u [ −n ] z
↔ ( 1+ z 2 )
2

ROC |z|>1

1 n
2. x [ n ] =( n−4 ) () 4
u( n−4)

Sol:
1 n ( ) z
() 4
un z
↔
z−
1
4

1
With ROC |z|> 4

1 n d z
n ()
4
u ( n ) z −z
↔ dz
( )
z−
1
4

1
1 n
n ( ) u ( n ) z −z
( z− ) 1−z ( 1 )
4
2
4 ↔
( z− 14 )
 −1
n
1 4
n()
4
u ( n ) z −z
↔ 1 2
z−
4 ( )
1
n z
1 4
n()
4
u ( n) z
↔ 1 2
z−
4 ( )
Time Shift Property
x [ n−n 0 ] z z−n X ( z )
0

With ROC R, except possibly ¿ z∨¿ 0∨¿ z∨¿ ∞

To make time shift replace n by n−4 in RHS of above equation.
To find z-transform we multiply z−4 on LHS
1
n−4 z
( n−4 ) ( 14 ) u ( n−4 ) z z−4
↔
4
1 2

( )
z−
4

1 −3
n −4 z
( n−4 ) ( 14 ) ( 14 ) u ( n−4 ) z
↔
4
1 2
z−( )
4

1 5 −3
1 n 4
z ()
( n−4 )
4 ()
u ( n−4 ) z
↔ 1 2
z−
4 ( )
1 n 1 n
3. x [n ]=
2 ()u [ n ]∗
3 ()
u [n ]

Here we use Convolution property.

x [ n ]∗y [ n ] =X ( z ) Y ( z )

With ROC Rx ∩ R y
 1 n ( ) z
()
2
un z
↔
z−
1
2

1
With ROC |z|> 2

1 n ( ) z
()
3
un z
↔
z−
1
3

1
With ROC |z|> 3

Then
1 n ( ) 1 n ( ) z z
()
2
u n∗
3 ()
un z
↔
z−
1
z−
1
2 3

1
With ROC |z|> 2

1 n ( ) 1 n ( ) z2
()
2
u n∗
3 ()
un z
↔
( z− 12 )( z− 13 )
1
With ROC |z|> 2

Prob: Using properties of z-transform compute X ( z)of the following:

4. x [ n ] =a cos Ω ( n−2 ) u [n−2]
n
0

Sol: We know the formula-

z 2−cos Ω0 z
cos ⁡(Ω0 n)u [n] |z|>1
z2 −2cos Ω 0 z +1

Hence we get
z 2−cos Ω0 z
cos Ω0 n u [ n ] z 2
↔ z −2 cos Ω z +1
0
 With ROC |z|>1
Next step: we perform shift, we replace n by n−2 in LHS
To find z-transform of shifted signal we multiply z−2to RHS
−2 z 2−cos Ω0 z
cos Ω 0 (n−2)u [ n−2 ] z z 2
↔ z −2cos Ω0 z +1

With ROC |z|>1

Last step: multiply by a n on LHS

z
To find its z-transform we replace z→
a on RHS

n −2 ( z /a)2−cos Ω0 ( z /a)
a cos Ω 0 (n−2)u [ n−2 ] z ( z /a)
↔ ( z /a)2 −2cos Ω 0 ( z /a)+ 1

With ROC |z|>a (1)

Simplifying above equation we get,
n z 2−acos Ω0 z
−2
a cos Ω0 (n−2) u [ n−2 ] z ( z /a) 2 2
↔ z −2 acos Ω0 z +a

With ROC |z|>a

5. x [n ] =n ( n+1 ) a u[n]
n

Sol: The given question itself we can simplify as follows:

n ( n+1 ) an u [ n ] =n n a n u [ n ] +n an u[n]

Now this question can be considered as two parts ( n n a n u [ n ] ) & n a n u [n]

First step: consider the formula
z
anu [ n] z
↔ z−a
 With ROC |z|>a
Second step: use differentiation in z-domain property (multiply n to LHS)
d z
n a n u [ n ] z −z
↔
( )
dz z−a

Simplifying we get z-transform for one of the terms,

( z−a ) 1−z ( 1 )
n a n u [ n ] z −z
↔ ( z−a )2

−a
n a n u [ n ] z −z
↔ ( z−a )2

az
n anu [ n] z 2
↔ ( z−a )

With ROC |z|>a

Third step: We need another term withn2. Hence multiply another n to LHS.
We get,
d az
n n a n u [ n ] z −z
↔ (
dz ( z−a )2 )
( z−a )2 ( a )−az 2 ( z −a )
n n a n u [ n ] z −z 4
↔ ( z−a )

{ ( z −a ) a−2az }
n n a n u [ n ] z −z
↔ ( z−a )3

n { za−a2−2 az }
n n a u [ n ] z −z
↔ ( z−a )3

−a2−az
n n a n u [ n ] z −z
↔ ( z−a )3

n a 2 z−a z 2
n n a u [ n] z 3
↔ ( z−a )

With ROC |z|>a

Fourth step: Combining the two terms using Linearity property,
a2 z−a z 2 az
n n a n u [ n ] +n an u [ n ] z 3
+
↔ ( z−a ) ( z−a )2

Hence we get the final result as,

a 2 z−a z 2 az
n(n+1)a n u [ n ] z 3
+
↔ ( z−a ) ( z−a )2

With ROC |z|>a