Prof M.

Rashid Khan
 MDCAT Unit: MOTION and FORCE
Displacement
Change in position vector/ shortest distance from initial to final position. For a body moving along semi circular path
d or 𝐝 of radius r from A to B as shown in Fig.
d
For a body moving along curved path d=πr
from A to B having respectively position 𝐝 =2r 𝐝
A B
vectors 𝐫𝟏 and 𝐫𝟐 d π
= >1
𝐝 2
𝐝 = ∆𝐫 = 𝐫𝟐 − 𝐫𝟏 (SI unit m)
In case a body moving along closed path
d≠0 but 𝐝=0
Magnitude d of displacement , is called distance. For a body moving along circular path of
Prof M. Rashid Khan

radius r from A to A as shown in Fig.

If body moves along straight path d= 𝐝
d
=1 d=2πr
𝐝 A
If body moves along a curve path d > 𝐝 𝐝=0
d
>1
𝐝 Displacement of moving body can be zero
but distance can never be zero.
𝐝 ≯d
 Velocity
Rate of changing/ covering displacement. Vector quantity directed along change in displacement. v. or
∆𝐝 𝐝𝟐 − 𝐝𝟏
𝐯= = ( SI unit − m𝑠 −1 )
∆t t 2 − t1
Uniform Velocity Variable Velocity Average Velocity Instantaneous Velocity
Rate of displacement is uniform Rate of displacement non-uniform Ratio of total displacement to Limiting rate of changing
d(m) 0 2 4 6 d(m) 0 2 6 12 total time taken. displacement. Or
(s) 0 1 2 3 (s) 0 1 2 3 𝐝tot ∆d
<𝐯>= vin = lim
t tot ∆t→0 ∆t
d d Ratio of total distance to
d d slope of
12 the total time taken, is ∆𝐝
6 10 tangent = 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝛉 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
4
called average speed <v>. ∆𝐭→𝟎 ∆𝐭
8 Or on d-t gp
2 𝛉
𝛉 6 dtot
O 1 2 3t O t 4 <v>= = vin
2 t tot For ball thrown upward d-t gp
d-t graph is incline line t O t
∆d O 1 2 3 Slope of the line
Slope of d-t graph = tanθ= = v
∆t b/w two = 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝛉 =
dtot ∙
v
d-t graph is curve of any shape points on d-t gp
t tot ∙ ∙
v-t graph is 4 =< v >
straight line ∥ 2 v-t depending upon situation of
to t-axis. motion.
t
1 2 3
area b/w v-t graph & t-axis
=area of rectangle = ℓ × 𝐛 = v t=d In case of uniform velocity, < 𝐯 >= 𝐯𝐢𝐧 = 𝐯𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦
Q. A body moves from A to B with speed 40 km 𝐡−𝟏 Q. A body moves from A to B with speed 40 km 𝐡−𝟏
and then return to A again with speed 60 km 𝐡−𝟏 . on straight line and then from B to C with speed 60
What is its average velocity? What its average speed? km 𝐡−𝟏 through same distance on same line. What is
its average velocity? What its average speed?
𝐝tot 𝐝 + (−𝐝)
<𝐯>= = =0 2v1 v2
t tot t AB + t BA < v >=
v1 + v2
dtot d+d 2(40)(60)
<v>= = < v >= = 48 km 𝐡−𝟏
t tot t AB + t BA 40 + 60
2d 2v1 v2 Q. v-t graph of motion of a car is shown in Fig.
< v >= =
d d v1 + v2
+
v1 v2

v((m𝑠 =1 )
2v1 v2
< v >= 20
v1 + v2
10
2(40)(60)
< v >= = 48 km 𝐡−𝟏 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 t(s)
40 + 60
What is distance covered by the car?
d = area b/w v-t gp and t-axis= area of trapezium
1
= (sum of ∥ sides)(distance of ∥ sides)
2
1
= 2 (140 + 80)(20)=2200 m
Prof M. Rashid Khan
 Acceleration
Rate of changing velocity . Vector quantity directed along change in velocity. a or
∆𝐯 𝐯𝟐 − 𝐯𝟏
𝐚= = ( SI unit − m𝑠 −2 )
∆t t 2 − t1
Uniform Acceleration Variable Acceleration Average Acceleration Instant Acceleration
Rate of changing velocity is Rate of changing velocity is Ratio of total change in velocity Limiting rate of changing
uniform. non-uniform to total time taken. velocity. Or
v(m𝑠 −1 ) 0 2 4 6 v(m𝑠 −1 ) 0 2 6 12 ∆𝐕tot ∆v
<𝐚>= ain = lim
(s) 0 1 2 3 (s) 0 1 2 3 t tot ∆t→0 ∆t
v v
v v slope of
12 Slope of the line ∆vtot
6 ∆𝐯
10 b/w two = 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝛉 = tangent = 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝛉 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
4 ∆t tot ∆𝐭→𝟎 ∆𝐭
8 points on d-t gp on v-t gp
2 =< 𝑎 >
𝛉 6
t

Prof M. Rashid Khan

O 1 2 3 t O 4 = vin
2
v-t graph is incline line t t
∆v O 1 2 3 In case of uniform acceleration 𝐚, < 𝐚 >= 𝐚𝐢𝐧 = 𝐚
Slope of v-t graph = tanθ= = a
∆t
a v-t graph is curve of any shape
a-t graph is 4 depending upon situation of
straight line ∥ 2 a-t motion.
to t-axis. t
1 2 3

For a ball thrown upward v-t gp

Q. v-t graphs A and B represent uniformly accelerated
Q. Is the acceleration ‘a’ in the graph shown in Fig.
motion of two bodies A and B as shown in Fig,
increasing or decreasing?
What is relation between their accelerations?
v v

t t
O O
aA tanθA tan30o 1/ 3 1
= = = =
aB tanθB tan60o 3 3 Q. At which point acceleration ‘a’ in the graph shown
in Fig. is maximum?
aB = 3 aA

Prof M. Rashid Khan

A

O t
 Equation Of Uniformly Motion
S= v t
Q. A 100 m long train travelling with speed 45 km 𝐡−𝟏 crosses a bridge of 50 m span. How long it takes to cross
the bridge?
S ltrain + lbridge 100 m + 50 m 150 m
t= = = × 3600 s = × 3600 s = 12 s
v 45000m/3600s 45000 m 45000 m

Equations Of Uniformly Accelerated Motion

Prof M. Rashid Khan

For Bodies moving with uniform acceleration ‘a’ For objects falling freely For objects moving upward freely
𝐯𝐢 + 𝐯𝐟 a∥ 𝐯𝐢 a↑↓ 𝐯𝐢
𝐒= ×𝐭
𝟐 a=g a=-g
𝐯𝐟 = 𝐯𝐢 + 𝐚𝐭
𝟏 𝐯𝐟 = 𝐯𝐢 + 𝐠𝐭 𝐯𝐟 = 𝐯𝐢 − 𝐠𝐭
S = 𝐯𝐢 𝐭 + 𝟐 𝐚𝐭 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
S = 𝐯𝐢 𝐭 + 𝟐 𝐠𝐭 𝟐 = 𝟐 𝐠𝐭 𝟐 S = 𝐯𝐢 𝐭 − 𝟐 𝐠𝐭 𝟐
2aS = 𝐯𝐟𝟐 − 𝐯𝐢𝟐
2gS = 𝐯𝐟𝟐 − 𝐯𝐢𝟐 - 2 g S = 𝐯𝐟𝟐 − 𝐯𝐢𝟐
a = + ve, if a ∥ 𝐯𝐢
a = - ve, if a ↑↓ 𝐯𝐢
Q. A boy throw a ball straight up and he receives it Q. A stone is dropped from a tower. What is
after 4 s. What height attained by the ball? distance travelled by the stone in 3rd second of its
motion?
𝟏 𝟏
S = 𝟐 𝐠𝐭 𝟐 = 𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎 × 𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎 𝐦 𝟏 𝟏
S = 𝟐 𝐠 𝒕𝟐𝟑 − 𝒕𝟐𝟐 = 𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟑𝟐 − 𝟐𝟐 = 25 m
 Newton’s Laws Of Motion
Fundamental Published in book Principia adequate at low speed

Firs Law Of Motion second Law Of Motion Third Law Of Motion

Every action has always reaction equal
Velocity of body ever remain constant in Net force on body produces an in magnitude but opposite in direction.
absence of force on it. Or acceleration in it along its direction that is Or FEA = −FAE
v = constant if F = 0 proportional to net force and is inversely
proportional to mass of body. Or v1 v2
m1 m2
F
a∝ F12 F21
m m1 m2
F
a= F12
It provide definition of force and inertia m m1 m F21
2
Force: ⟹ F = ma (SI unit kg m 𝑠 −2 = N)
Provide concept of action-reaction pair.
It is an agent which changes or try to This law provide measurement of force.
Action: Force exerted by an agency on
change uniform velocity of the body.
environment.
Inertia: This law is also known as law of acceleration. Reaction: Responding force of
Not only incapability of body to change
environment on agency.
its uniform velocity by itself but also
opposes the force which try to do so. Action-reaction pair being equal in
magnitude and opposite in direction
Mass of body is direct measure of inertia can never balance each other as they
This law is also known as law of inertia. act on two separate bodies in
Prof M. Rashid Khan interaction.
 Frame Of Reference
System of coordinate axis required to describe a vector completely. Mechanically, a frame of reference is of two types
Inertial Frame Of Reference Non-inertial Frame Of Reference
A frame of reference in which an object obey law of inertia. A frame of reference in which an object do not obey law of
inertia.
v=0
a =0 v1 v2
a
v v v
a =0

A frame of reference either at rest or moving with uniform Accelerated frame of reference serve as non-inertial frame.
velocity (a=0) serve as inertial frame.
Earth is orbiting around the sun and as well as spinning around its own axis. Due to such complicated
motion earth is accelerated and practically is non inertial frame. But acceleration of the Earth is too small to
be ignored (𝒂 ≈ 𝟎) and cannot affect any usual dynamical problem on surface of Earth. Thus Earth being
practically non inertial frame behave as inertial frame.
Prof M. Rashid Khan
 Linear Momentum Impulse
Quantity of linear motion Product of impulsive force and short interval of time, is called
A vector directed along linear velocity v Impulse. It is a vector directed along force and is denoted as I.
Measured by P = m v Or
SI unit is kg m s −1 = Ns I = F× ∆𝑡
S I unit is Ns.
According to Newton’s second law of motion, rate of From Newton’s second law of motion
changing momentum of a body is equal to force I = F× ∆t = ∆P
applied. Or
∆P Impulse is equal to change in momentum
=F
∆t
P-t graph is incline line as shown.
Prof M. Rashid Khan

In case of constant force F, F-t graph is straight line parallel to

P t-axis as shown.
F
F-t

O t
t
∆P Area b/w F-t gp and t-axis = area of rectangle
Slope of P-t graph = tanθ = =F
∆t =L×b
= F ×t = I or ∆P
Q. A car travelling at very high speed is bought at rest
by applying sudden breaks. Which quantity about car
given below is zero.
Impulse momentum force acceleration

Q. The graph shows the variation of force acting on a

body of mass 4 kg. if the body was at rest initially, what
would be its velocity at the instant 4 s?
F(N)

4
2

O 1 2 3 4 T(s)

I = ∆P = Area under F-t gp

1
mvf − mvi = 2 b h
1
4× vf − 0 = 2 (4)(4)
vf = 2 ms −1

Prof M. Rashid Khan

 Conservation Of Linear Momentum
Total linear momentum of an isolated system of interaction bodies remain conserve.
∕ /
𝐦𝟏 𝐯𝟏 + 𝐦𝟐 𝐯𝟐 = 𝐦𝟏 𝐯𝟏 + 𝐦𝟐 𝐯𝟐 if 𝐅𝐞𝐱 = 𝟎
m1 = M m2 = m Launch

v = 40 MN
v1 v2 v1 =0 v 2 =0 V=0 mass
20% v
m1 m2 M a1 1
/

m
∕

t
F12 F21 𝐯𝟏 𝐯𝟐

F=
Fuel-Liquid + Solid O&H 80 %
∕ /
𝐯𝟏 /
𝐯𝟐 ∕
v2 =v m1 m2
v1 =V

𝐅𝐠 ≈ 𝟎
m2 a 2 v2
m1 ∕ /
∕ / MV= − 𝐦𝟏 𝐯𝟏 + 𝐦𝟐 𝐯𝟐
𝐦𝟏 𝐯𝟏 + 𝐦𝟐 𝐯𝟐 = 𝐦𝟏 𝐯𝟏 + 𝐦𝟐 𝐯𝟐
∕ / v3
0 = −m1 v1 + m2 v2

F=
v1 v2 ∕ / ∕

m
v1 m2

t
m2 𝐦𝟏 𝐯𝟏 + 𝐦𝟐 𝐯𝟐 = − 𝐦𝟏 𝐯𝟏 + 𝐦𝟐 𝐯𝟐
m1 =

v = 40 MN
/
v2 m1

v=4000 s −1
M 0 + m 0 = −MV + mv
F12 F21
m1 m2 0 = −MV + mv P2 m
∕ ∕
𝐯𝟏 𝐦 K. E = = 10000 kg s−1
𝐯𝟏 V= 𝐯 2m t
𝐌 1
m2 K. E ∝ 𝐅𝐠 ≈ 𝟎, so rocket moves according
m1 m
∕ / to law of conservation of
𝐦𝟏 𝐯𝟏 − 𝐦𝟐 𝐯𝟐 = −𝐦𝟏 𝐯𝟏 + 𝐦𝟐 𝐯𝟐 K. E1 m2 momentum.
=
K. E2 m1 𝐦
𝐯 ⟹𝐚=
𝐦/𝐭
𝐯
Prof M. Rashid Khan F = Ma= 𝐭 𝐌
 Velocities of 𝐦𝟏 and 𝐦𝟐 after their elastic
Collision collision are respectively
Interaction of bodies when they strike each other, is called collision. / m1 − m2 2m2
v1 = v + v
Collisions are of two types. m1 + m2 1 m1 + m2 2
Elastic Collision Inelastic Collision / m1 − m2 2m1
Collision in which conservation of K.E Collision in which conservation of K.E does 2 v = − v + v
m1 + m2 2 m1 + m2 1
holds. not hold.
Prof M. Rashid Khan

v1 v2 1 1 1 1 Cases Of Elastic Collision In One Dimension

2 2 /2 /2
m1 m2 m v + m v ≠ m v + m2 v 2
2 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 Case(i): When 𝐦𝟏 = 𝐦𝟐
But 𝐦𝟏 𝐦𝟐
∕
1 1 1 1 𝐯𝟏 =v2
∕ ∕ 2 2 /2 /2
𝐯𝟏 𝐯𝟐 ( m1 v1 + m2 v2 ) > ( m1 v1 + m2 v2 ) ∕
𝐯𝟐 =v1
2 2 2 2 𝐦𝟏 𝐦𝟐
m1 m2
However, in inelastic collision law of Case(ii): When 𝐦𝟏 ≪ 𝐦𝟐 𝐚𝐧𝐝 v2 = 0
conservation of K.E does not hold but 𝐦𝟐
∕
1 1 1 /2 1 /2 conservation of total energy holds good. 𝐯𝟏 =−v 1 𝐦𝟏
m1 v12 + m2 v22 = m1 v1 + m2 v2 1 ∕
2 2 2 2 1 1 /2 1 /2
m1 v12 + m2 v22 = m1 v1 + m2 v2 +sound + heat +.. 𝐯𝟐 = 0
2 2 2 2 𝐦𝟐
𝐦𝟏
But this is an ideal case, because no Case(iii): When 𝐦𝟏 ≫ 𝐦𝟐 𝐚𝐧𝐝 v2 = 0
collision could be perfectly elastic In case of elastic collision
practically. Practically, fraction of K.E / / 𝐦𝟏
v1 − v2 = −(v1 −v2 ) ∕
before collision is lost as Sound, Heat, Velocity of approach is equal and opposite 𝐯 𝟏 = v1 𝐦𝟐
∕
Work done in deformation, etc during to velocity of separation. 𝐯𝟐 = 2 v1
impact. 𝐦𝟏
𝐦𝟐
 Projectile Motion Prof M. Rashid Khan
Two dimensional motion of a body under influence of gravity, as shown in Fig

vfy = vi sinθ − gt
𝚽 increases Y At highest point v, P and K.E are minimum, given as
vfy = 0
from lower to vfx = vix = vi cosθ v = vix = vi cosθ
highest point. P = Pix = Pi cosθ
K. E = KEix = KEi cos 2 θ
viy = vi sinθ

𝛉 decreases vfx = vix = vi cosθ

from lower to Q. A ball is thrown with velocity 10 m𝒔−𝟏 .
ay = g
highest point. What is its velocity at highest point.
What is its momentum and K.E at
Angle between X highest point if its mass is 1 kg.
v and g O v = v cosθ
ix i
decreases all Trajectory of projectile is parabolic for short range and elliptic for long range.
along projectile
motion. Ignoring Air drag 𝐅𝐱 = 𝟎
𝐅𝐱 =m𝐚𝐱
At highest point
0 = m𝐚𝐱 𝐅𝐲 =mg
v⊥𝐠 P⊥𝐠
But m≠ 𝟎 𝐅𝐲 =m𝐚𝐲
⟹ 𝐚𝐱 = 0 mg = m𝐚𝐲
△𝐯𝐱
=0 ⟹ 𝐚𝐲 = g = uniform
∆𝐭
△ 𝐯𝐱 = 0 Vertical part of projectile motion is uniformly accelerated
𝐯𝐱 = 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦 vertically downward at every instant.
Horizontal part of projectile motion is uniform Vertical component of velocity changes at constant rate
 vi2 sin2 θ (1) For R = R max θ=45o
Maximu height = h =
2g R max
2vi sinθ h= tan45o
4
Time of fflight = t = (2)
g R max
h=
Range = R = vi cosθ × t 4
vi2 (3)
= sin (2θ) From Eq. (1)
g
vi2 sin2 θ = 2gh …………. (4)
For R = R max θ=45o
From Eq. (2)
vi2 gt
R max = vi sinθ =
g 2
gt
vi2 sin2 θ = ( )2 … … … . . (5)
For pair of angles of projection whose sum is 𝟗𝟎𝒐 , the ranges are equal 2
Dividing Eq.(1) by Eq.(3) Comparing Eq.(4) & Eq.(5)
h vi2 sin2 θ g g2t2
= × 2 2gh =
R 2g vi sin (2θ) 4
h 1 8h = g t 2
= tanθ
R 4
8h
R t=
h = tanθ g
4 Prof M. Rashid Khan