MODULE TEMPLATE

1. Title of the Module: Bone, Muscle, and Joint Injuries

2. Overview/Introduction: Bones are strong, hard, dense, tissues that come in many different sizes and shapes. More than 200
bones make up the skeleton, creating the framework for the body. Muscles are soft tissues that can contract and relax. Most
muscles are skeletal muscles, which are attached to bones by tendons and move the body when they receive signals from the
brain. A joint is formed where two or more bones are held together by ligaments that allow movement. Bones, muscles, and
joints have many jobs
3. Learning Outcome/Objective
a. Identify the different Bone, Muscle, and Joint injuries and how-to management them
b. Discuss guidelines of Splinting
c. Perform different Splinting Techniques

4. Learning Content/Topic

Bones are strong, hard, dense, tissues that come in many different sizes and shapes. More than 200 bones make up the skeleton,
creating the framework for the body. Muscles are soft tissues that can contract and relax. Most muscles are skeletal muscles, which are
attached to bones by tendons and move the body when they receive signals from the brain. A joint is formed where two or more bones
are held together by ligaments that allow movement. Bones, muscles, and joints have many jobs:
 Supporting the body
 Protecting internal organs
 Allowing movement
 Storing minerals
 Producing blood cells
 Producing heat through movement

There are four basic types of bone, muscle, and joint injuries:
A. Sprain: Occurs when a ligament is stretched, torn, or damaged. Ligaments connect bones together at the joints. Sprains most
commonly affect the ankle, knee, wrist, and finger joints.
B. Strain: Occurs when a tendon or muscle is stretched, torn, or damaged. Tendons connect muscles to bones. Strains are often
caused by overworking a muscle (e.g., by lifting an overly heavy object or by repetitively performing the same action). They
usually involve the muscles in the neck, back, thigh, or the back of the lower leg.
C. Dislocation: Occurs when the bones that meet at a joint move out of their normal position. This type of injury is usually caused
by a violent force that tears the ligaments, allowing the bones to move out of place.
D. Fracture: A complete break, chip, or crack in a bone. Fractures can be open (if the end of the broken bone breaks through the
skin) or closed (the broken bone does not break through the skin). Open fractures are also called "compound fractures."
Muscle Cramps
A muscle cramp is a painful condition that can be caused by heavy exercise or staying in the same position for too long. You can
usually stop the pain by stretching and massaging the area with the cramp, resting, or changing position.

I. Common Causes Bone, muscle, and joint injuries can occur in many ways. The causes include the following:
 Falls
 Awkward or sudden movements
 Direct blows to the body
 Repetitive actions or forces, such as jogging
II. Prevention
The following tips help prevent bone, muscle, and joint injuries:
 Always wear seat belts and shoulder restraints when in a vehicle, and ensure that all passengers do the same.
 Secure younger children in approved and properly installed child restraint systems (e.g., car seats and booster seats)
 Wear all safety equipment that is required or recommended (e.g., helmets, goggles, and pads).
 Put non-slip adhesive strips or a mat in the bathtub and shower stall.
 Stretch before exercising.
 Avoid over-exertion and take breaks often. Children should learn their limits and rest when they are too tired or
frustrated to continue safely.
Falls are the leading cause of injuries among the elderly. Reduce the risk with safety measures such as:
 Good lighting.
 Sturdy railings on staircases.
 Non-slip floors and rugs.
III. Signs and Symptoms
The signs and symptoms of bone, muscle, and joint injuries may include the following:
 Pain, deformity, swelling, or bruising
 Limited or no use of the injured body part
 A broken bone or bone fragments sticking out of the skin
 A sensation or sound of bones grating
 Possible muscle cramps
 The sound of a snap or a pop when the injury happened
IV. First Aid
The person may be anxious and in a lot of pain. In most
cases, the best thing that you can do is keep the person
comfortable and prevent further injury until the person
receives medical attention. To avoid damaging nerves,
blood vessels, and tissues, do not perform traction or any
other manipulation. When caring for an open fracture, your
first priority is to stop any bleeding. Provide care as you
would for any other open wound.

Splinting Guidelines

Splinting involves securing an injured bone or joint to keep it

from moving, which reduces the risk of further injury and
helps reduce pain. However, you should apply a splint only if
you must move a person to get medical help or if the EMS
response will be delayed.

Applying a Splint
No matter what type of splint you use, follow these steps:
1) Check the temperature and colour of the skin below
the injured area before and after splinting. The area
should be warm, indicating good circulation.
o If the area is cold before splinting, call EMS/9-1-
1 if you have not already done so.
 o If the area is warm before splinting and
cold afterwards, the splint may be too
tight. Loosen it gently, and reassess to
see if circulation has been restored.
2) When possible, splint the injured part in the
position in which it was found. Do not try to
straighten or move the body part.
3) Make sure the splint is long enough to extend
above and below the injured area:
o For bone injuries, immobilize the joint
above and below the site of the injury.
o For joint injuries, immobilize the bones
above and below the site of the injury.
o If you are not sure what is injured,
include both the bones and the joints
above and below the injured area in the
splint.
o Always pad a rigid or anatomical splint to
make the person more comfortable.
o Remove any jewelry (especially rings) that the person is wearing below the site of the injury, as swelling
is likely to occur.

5. Teaching and Learning Activities: Online posttest on the concept

6. Flexible Teaching Learning Modality adapted: Online classroom Via Zoom app.
7. Assessment Task: Video Presentation “Splinting Techniques”

8. References
 Comprehensive Course Guide for First Aid and CPR by © 2017 The Red Cross Society
 https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-rice-190446