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Thermal Comfort - Calculation of Heating Load
Thermal Comfort - Calculation of Heating Load
Thermal Comfort - Calculation of Heating Load
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
Radiant temperature
• Thermal radiation is the heat that radiates from a warm
Environmental Factors
Metabolic heat
• The more physical work we do, the more heat we produce.
The more heat we produce, the more heat needs to be lost
so we don’t overheat. The impact of metabolic rate on
thermal comfort is critical.
Personal Factors
-1 0C
30 0C
21 0C 21 0C
THERMAL COMFORT
• WHAT IS HEAT LOAD?
TRANSMISSION LOSSES
The transfer of heat is calculated using 'U Values' together with
the surface areas of the various structural components and the
temperature difference between the two sides of the structure
concerned.
Q n= UO x A (Tİ –TO)
OVERALL HEAT
TRANSFER COEFFİCİENT SURFACE AREAS
Q = UO x A (Tİ –TO)
INSIDE TEMPERATURE OUSIDE TEMPERATURE
Temperature difference
(∆T)
Q = UO x A (Tİ –TO)
Overall heat transfer coefficient
(UO value)
… is the unit amount of heat transmitted in a unit time (1 hour), through a unit
component of a building surface area (1m²), when difference between the temperatures
is 1° C.
INSIDE
OUTSIDE
Overall heat transfer coefficient Weight of unit volume of
(UO value) (W/m2 0C) a material (kg/m3)
1
Uo =
1 d1 d2 dn 1
+ + + ..... + +
i 1 2 n e
1 Natural Stones
1.1 Crystallized igneous and metamorphic stones(granite, basalt, marble) > 2800 3,5
1.2 Sedimentary stones (sand stone, travertine, conglomerate, etc.) 2600 2,3
1.3 Porous igneous stones < 1600
0,55
2 Soils( under the natural moisture conditions 1800 1,4
2.1 Sand, Sand gravel 2000 2,1
2.2 Clay, silt
3 Loose Fills (under the dry-air and covered conditions) 1800 0,7
3.1 Sand, gravel, fine gravel < 1000 0,19
3.2 Pumice gravel (TS 3234) < 600 0,13
3.3 Blast furnice slag < 1000 0,23
3.4 Clinker < 1200 0,22
3.5 Natural porous crushed stones < 1500 0,27
3.6 Expanded perlite aggregate(TS 3681) < 50 0,046
3.7 Expanded cork particulates < 100 0,058
3.8 Expanded polystyrene beads < 150 0,070
3.9 Saw dust, wood shavings < 200 0,081
3.10 Straw < 200 0,050
15 0,045
200 0,07
150 0,058
U VALUES FOR WINDOWS AND DOORS
DOUBLE GLAZED WINDOWS DOUBLE GLAZED WINDOWS WITH
(without coatings) LOW-E COATING
SINGLE
Overall Heat Transfer Coef.(U) GLAZED
(W/m2 0C) WINDOWS AIR GAP (mm) AIR GAP (mm)
6 9 12 16 6 9 12 16
WITHOUT SASH 5.7 3.3 3.0 2.9 2.7 2.6 2.1 1.8 1.6
WOODEN SASH
5.1 3.3 3.1 3.0 2.8 2.8 2.3 2.2 2.0
(oak, ashen / hard trees)
WOODEN SASH
4.9 3.1 2.9 2.8 2.6 2.6 2.2 2.0 1.8
(pine / soft trees)
PLASTIC SASH
5.2 3.4 3.2 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.4 2.3 2.1
(2 rooms)
PLASTIC SASH
5.0 3.2 3.0 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.2 2.1 1.9
(3 rooms)
ALUMINIUM SASH 5.9 4.0 3.9 3.7 3.6 3.6 3.1 3.0 2.8
ALUMINIUM SASH
5.2 3.4 3.2 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.4 2.3 2.1
(with isolation)
U Values Recommended for Different Regions According to TS 825
Q = UO x A (Tİ –TO)
The Surface Area (A)
The area of each type of building component, is simply measured. Where a window or
door is included on a wall, just measure area of the whole wall, and subtract the area
of the window/door.
Q = UO x A (Tİ –TO)
Temperature difference (∆T)
The temperature difference should not be thought of as just between the inside of a
property and the outside temperature; the differences between adjacent rooms should
also be considered.
OUTSIDE INSIDE
T o: 3 0 C T i: 21 0 C
∆T : 21-3=17 0 C
External Design Temperatures W: Windy Region
°C CITY °C CITY °C
CITY
Adapazarı -3 W Çorum -15 Manisa -3 W
Adana 0R Denizli -6 Maraş -9
Adıyaman -9 Diyarbakır -9 W Mardin -6
Afyon -12 W Edirne -9 Mersin +3
Ağrı -24 Elazığ -12 Muğla -3 W
Aksaray -15 Gaziantep -9 Muş -18
Amasya -12 Gemlik -3 W Nevşehir -15
Ankara -12 W Giresun -3 Niğde -15 W
Antakya 0W Gümüşhane -12 Ordu -3
Antalya +3 W Hakkari -24 Rize -3
Artvin -9 Isparta -9 Samsun -3 W
temperature is selected by means of a table Bitlis -15 Kayseri -15 Tunceli -18
Bolu -15 Kırklareli -9 W Urfa -6
according to the region. Burdur -9 Kırşehir -12 Uşak -9 W
Bursa -6 W Konya -12 Van -15
Çanakkale -3 W Kütahya -12 Yozgat -15
In this table, W determines windy regions. Çankırı -15 Malatya -12 Zonguldak -3 W
Indoor Air Design Temperatures
°C
RESIDENCES
Living room 22
Bedroom, Kitchen, WC 20
Bathroom 24
S SW W NW N NE E SE
SIDE
ZH% -5 -5 0 5 5 5 0 -5
Additions
Addition due to Heating period (ZD ) operation coefficient
D= Q0 / A top ( ti – td ) (W/m2/°C)
OPERATING
OPERATION TYPE PERIOD
0.1–0.29 0.3–0.6 0.7–1.4 > 1.5
If the room height is more than 4m, transmission heat loss is exceeded
%0,5 for every added 1m room height.
Additions
Addition due to building height (ZW) in multi - storey buildings
changes with the number of the floor
Building Height Factor
NUMBER OF STOREY
LOAD 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
%0 3.2.1 3.2.1 3.2.1 3.2.1 3.2.1 3.2.1 3.2.1 3.2.1 3.2.1 3.2.1 4.3.2.1 5.4.3.2.1
%5 4 4 5.4 5.4 5.4 6.5.4 6.5.4 6.5.4 6.5.4 6.5.4 7.6.5 8.7.6
13.12.1
%15 7 8 9 10 10 11.10 12.11.10 14.13.12
1
%20 11 12 13 14 15
Losses
Calculation the heat loss by conduction
Qc = Qo (1+%ZD+ZH+%ZW) kcal/h or W
Losses
Infiltration Loss
Qi = Σ (a x l) x R x H x Δt x ZE W
Losses
Infiltration Loss
a: air leakage per meter of crack length for window or door (m3/mh)
Qi = Σ (a x l) x R x H x Δt x ZE W
Air infiltration Coefficients of Doors and Windows (a) – m-m3/h
ZE: In the case of both exterior wall have window in the room or there is
corner window ZE is taken as 1.2
Qi = Σ (a x l) x R x H x Δt x ZE W
Losses
Calculating Total Heat Loss of the room
In order to calculate total heat losses for a room, the losses due to the
transmission and infiltration are summed.
QT = Qt+Qi
THERMAL COMFORT
• CALCULATING HEATING LOADS
• Calculation of heat transfer for building envelop (separately for each
building element) (transmission losses)
Qn = UO x A (Tİ –TO)
• Calculation of heat transfer through all surfaces of building envelop.
Qo= Q1+Q2+........+Qn
• Calculation of heat loss by conduction.
Qc = Qo (1+%ZD+%ZH+%ZW)
• Calculation of heat loss by infiltration.
Qi = Σ (a x l) x R x H x Δt x ZE
• Calculation of TOTAL HEAT LOSS of the building
QT = Qc+Qi
• Calculation of heat transfer for building envelop (separately for each building
element) (transmission losses)
Qn = UO x A (Tİ –TO)
• Calculation of heat transfer through all surfaces of building envelop.
Qo= Q1+Q2+........+Qn
• Calculation of heat loss by conduction.
Qc = Qo (1+%ZD+ % ZH+%ZW)
• Calculation of heat loss by infiltration.
Qi = Σ (a x l) x R x H x Δt x ZE