CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Adhesive is any that is capable of holding materials together in a functional manner by

surface attachment that resist separation. Adhesive as a general term includes cement, mucilage,

glue, and paste terms that one often used interchangeably for any organic material that forms an

adhesive bond.

Cassava a relatively unknown crap in the old world before the discovery of America is

fast assuming the status of the savior of the world, as it now grown throughout the tropical

world. Cassava is often considered a low quality raw material that can be processed to produce

dried cassava chips, cassava starch, ethanol, liquid sugar, sorbitol, monosodium glutamate and

modified cassava flour because this raw material contains low amounts of proteins, minerals, and

vitamins. In this research work various adhesive were produced from cassava which is a locally

available natural raw material. The cassava starch was chemically modified to obtain oxidized,

hydrolyzed and dextrinized from which the various adhesive were produced by incorporating

other chemicals.

Jackfruit sap can be alternative ingredients in producing glue. Jackfruit or the scientific

name Artocarpus Heterophylus is one of the most significant trees in tropical home gardens and

perhaps the most widespread and useful tree. It contains latex that is used for trapping birdlime

and insects, could be an essential ingredient in making adhesive. The latex found in jackfruit

contains bacteriolytic.

In this study the researcher seeks to know if the cassava and jackfruit sap is can be used

as an alternative in making and producing a glue.

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Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of cassava and jackfruit sap as an

alternative glue. Specifically, it sought to answer the following question.

1. On what object does the glue applicable?

2. How long does it take for the effect of the glue?

3. Is the cassava and jackfruit sap a good component in making a glue?

Hypothesis of the Study

1. It is effective to make a glue using the cassava and jackfruit sap and it can be possible to

apply it on different materials.

2. It is effective to produce a glue from jackfruit sap and cassava because it can last longer

compare to other glue products.

Significance of the Study

1. Students. For them to know the effectiveness of the jackfruit sap and cassava to make a

glue because instead of buying a glue you can make your own using the cassava and

jackfruit sap and it is more healthy to use.

2. Community. It is for them to know that cassava and jackfruit sap is can also be a glue in

a wood, cloth and etc. It also can be a substitute in doing glue it is much better than a glue

that have a chemical resulting harmful effects in our health. It is very affordable and it

can be recyclable.

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 3. Researchers. This experiment can help them to know that cassava and jackfruit sap as an

alternative for making a glue which they may use in their activities and in some future

purposes.

Scope and Limitation

This study aims to know if its effective to use cassava and jackfruit sap as an alternative

glue. The sap will be extracted from the fruit of jackfruit tree, and the cassava will be grated. The

ingredients use are found around the area of Bacoor. This research will mainly focus on time

observation measurement and comparative description to each materials used that the glue will

be applied.

Definition of Terms

1. Adhesive/Glue. It is a substance that is used to make things stick together.

2. Alternative. It is something that can be chosen instead of something else.

3. Cassava. It is a plant with thick roots and a healthy root crop.

4. Jackfruit. It is a versatile tropical fruit with a sweet flavor.

5. Raw Materials. It is a materials or substances used in the primary production

manufacturing of goods.

6. Sap. It is the fluid which circulates in the vascular system of a plant and it is sticky.

7. Starch. It is a substance that is found in a certain food.

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 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Foreign Literature and Study

Glue derived from sap is called "pitch glue." American Indians used pitch glue made

from materials found in nature to make tools and various waterproof items. Pitch glue differs

from conventional glue that is available in stores today because of its tar-like consistency and

high malleability. While different tribes had their own recipes for making pitch glue adding or

subtracting ingredients to make it more or less fibrous there’s not just one method that will

achieve effective results. (Kivi.R.2019)

Cassava is often considered as a low-quality raw material that can be processed to

produce dried cassava chips, cassava starch, ethanol, liquid sugar, sorbitol, monosodium

glutamate, and modified cassava flour because this raw material contains low amounts of

proteins, minerals, and vitamins (Hillocks and Thresh 2002). Among various types of starches,

cassava starch is advantageous because of its paste clarity, low gelatinization temperature, good

gel stability, and good fil m-forming properties. Films produced by cassava starch are more

flexible than those formed by other starches. The bond strength of SWA, which is a non-reactive

adhesive, is largely dependent on the interaction (weak secondary forces) with wood and

adhesive polymers. Therefore, SWA films may play a significant role in adhesion. Considering

this property, we used cassava starch as an alternative material for preparing SWAs.

(Thompson.R.2018)

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 Starch is one of the most abundant natural, renewal biodegradable polymers and it is

produced by many plants as source of energy. Starch is made up of two molecules: amylose and

amylopectin. Amylose consists of long helical chains, and amylopectin has a branched structure.

It is extracted from several sources as semi-crystalline granules with different shapes and

diameters. Starch is used and delivered most commonly as powder, in either bulk or bag form.

Depending on the industrial application, it is either dissolved cold as it is or cooked. The cassava

starch has special technological properties that allow its utilization in many industrial

applications. Among these properties are the absence of the typical “cereal flavor” of corn and

other cereal starches, its ability of higher swelling degree during cooking, and its lower pasting

temperature, if compared again with cereal starches. Its low protein and lipid contents must also

be valued contributing to its neutral flavor and white color. Cassava is also cultivated in almost

all parts of the country and it is quite cheap and readily available raw material for adhesive

production. In compounding adhesive toluene which is petroleum solvent and some mineral acid

are used. (Opara.I.J.2017)

Cassava starch that is readily available has been used to produce non-structural

adhesives. Certain conditions that could give optimum production had been specified using the

data obtained. The adhesives produced from starch of two varieties of cassava are fairly stable on

addition of a chemical stabilizer. The optimum temperature and stabilization material for the

production could be deduced from the graphs and the equations developed. Cassava starch

therefore could be good source of cheap and readily available adhesives, thus saving the

industries from spending foreign exchange on importation. (Okoromi.P. 2017)

A more versatile and relatively cheap method of bonding virtually all materials together

is by the use of adhesives. Among all the means of fastening, adhesive is the most suitable

5
method because no damage is done to the adherends (as in nailing) and stress is more uniformly

distributed. In this research work, various adhesives were produced from cassava which is a

locally available natural raw material. The cassava starch was chemically modified to obtain

oxidized, hydrolyzed and dexrinized from which the various adhesives were produced by

incorporating other chemicals such as plasticizers and tackifiers. Generally, these adhesives were

found have good bonding strength on wood, cardboard, paper and leather materials. However,

adhesives produced from hydrolyzed and oxidized starch showed exceptionally good adhesive

properties. (Ossi.C.D.2017)

A biodegradable, environmentally friendly starch-based wood adhesive with cassava

starch as a raw material and butyl acrylate (BA) as a co-monomer was synthesized. Results

revealed that this cassava starch-based wood adhesive (SWA) was more stable than corn starch-

based wood adhesive, and its bonding performance was close to that of commercial PVAc

emulsion, even after 90 days of storage. Further analysis found that the improved stability of the

adhesive could be attributed to its low minimum film forming temperature (MFFT) and glass

transition temperature (Tg) of cassava starch. Moreover, the amount of total volatile organic

compounds (TVOCs) emitted by the cassava starch-based wood adhesive were much lower than

the Chinese national standard control criteria. Therefore, cassava SWA might be a potential

alternative to traditional petrochemical-based wood adhesives. (Xu, Q., Wen, J., and Wang, Z.

2016).

Adhesives are substances that are able to make things adhere or stick together without

deformation or failure through a process called adhesion (Baumann and Conner, 2003).

Adhesives are categorized as either natural or synthetic. Natural adhesives include animal glues,

casein glues, natural gums and resins, sodium silicates and vegetable glues. Vegetables glues are

6
starch-based and are made from starches and dextrin (Kennedy, 1989). Starch has several

advantages as a raw material in the production of adhesives, including: renewability,

biodegradability, abundance, cheapness and stability in price (Agboola, et. al., 1990) and can

also be used to produce such diverse products as food, paper, textiles, beverages, confectionery,

pharmaceuticals, and building materials (FAO, 1983). Starch is produced from grain or root

crops such as sweet potatoes, maize, wheat, rice, yam or cassava. The advantages of cassava for

starch production over other grains or root crop includes: high purity level, excellent thickening

characteristics, a neutral (bland) taste, desirable textural characteristics, is relatively cheap and it

contains a high concentration of starch (dry-matter basis), (Masamba et. al., 2001). Cassava

starch has many remarkable characteristics, including high paste viscosity, high paste clarity and

high freeze-thaw stability which are advantageous to many industries. Cassava is a renewable, an

almost unlimited resource and one of the most abundant substances in nature. (Akpa.J.2013)

Local Literature and Study

Glue came into being when ancient tribes discovered that the bones, hides, skin, sinew,

and other connective tissues from animals could be processed to remove collagen, the protein in

these tissues (Mazur, 2013). The collagen was sticky and was useful for holding things together.

Milk solids, known as casein, and blood albumin can also be used as a basis for glue. Dried

serum from cows' blood yields albumin that coagulates (clumps together) when it is heated and

7
becomes insoluble in water. Also, in a study conducted by Forrest Wickman (2012), he found out

that horses are very efficient in making glue. This is due to the abundant collagen found in their

bones. Collagen is one of the key ingredient in most animal glues, as it can be made into a

gelatin that’s sticky when wet but hardens when it dries. The word collagen actually derives from

the Greek kolla, meaning glue, and the suffix -gen, meaning producer. As large, muscled

animals, horses contain lots of this glue producer. But most of the glue companies uses pigs and

cattle as the main component of their product. (Portillo.G.2019)

It has been postulated that latexes from certain trees and plants contain various

components like latex. Latex is a milky liquid found in many plants but is not the same as sap

(Myers, 2017). After such deliberation, the researcher decided to make use of jackfruit latex and

rubber tree latex to make an alternative sealant. This mixture of materials was selected due to the

unique properties possessed by the said materials. It has been scientifically proven that jackfruit

latex is a potential source of adhesive. Jackfruit trees are 30 to 70 ft. (9-21 m) tall, with

evergreen, alternate, glossy, somewhat leathery leaves to 9 in (22.5 cm) long, oval on mature

wood, sometimes oblong or deeply lobed on young shoots. All parts contain sticky white latex

(Morton, 1987). The heated latex is employed as household cement for mending chinaware and

earthenware, and to caulk boats and holes in bucket (Tacio, 2017). The chemical constituents of

the latex have been reported by Tanchico and Magpanlay. It is not a substitute for rubber but

contains 82.6 to 86.4% resins which may have value in varnishes (Morton, 1987). The latex

extracted from the plant is extremely sticky and therefore also used as an adhesive.

(Carpo.M.J.2019)

Jackfruit sap can be an alternative ingredient in producing glue. Jackfruit (Artocarpus

heterophyllus) is one of the most significant trees in tropical home gardens and perhaps the most

8
widespread and useful tree in the important genus Artocarpus. It is one of the most considered

fruits by the farmers and can grow well in equatorial to subtropical maritime climates. In 2013,

Statista reported that the production of Jackfruit in the Philippines amounted to about 46, 080

metric tons. Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) contains latex, that is used for trapping birdlime

and insects, could be an essential ingredient in making adhesives (Elevitch and Manner, 2010).

The latex found in jackfruits contains bacteriolytic value comparable to that of papaya latex.

(Solis.M.2019)

The jackfruit latex and rubber tree latex mixtures are possible eco-friendly and

inexpensive solution for sealing common household leakages. The researcher combined the

constituents which are jackfruit latex and rubber tree latex by heating the ingredients to form a

tacky substance that was used as an alternative sealant. Carpenters, plumbers, and ordinary

household members can be the beneficiaries of the said alternative sealant. In the study, the

researcher manipulated the concentrations of the jackfruit latex to determine the optimal

measurement of the said ingredient. Furthermore, the sealant was applied on steel sheets with a

punctured hole and the researcher tested its effect by applying high pressures until the seal was

broken. (Villa.C.J. 2017)

Paste is a term for any very thick viscous fluid. In this study, it refers to an adhesive. It

can be called an adhesive if it wets the surface, adheres to them, develops strength once applied,

and finally, remains stable after sticking the materials. (Packer, John) The researcher aims to

produce paste out of Jackfruit exocarp and Banana starch. Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus)

or also known as jack tree or simply jak is a species of Artocarpus genus and is widely abundant

in the parts of South and Southeast Asia but is believed to have originated in the Southwestern

rainforests in India. It is cultivated in tropical regions - that including the Philippines. Studies

9
have proven Jackfruit sap has the ability to become glue for it contains a substance which is

required to form adhesive, called latex. (Wikipedia) However, this study has yet to prove if the

exocarp has the ability to become a potential adhesive as well. (Fulgencio.J.K.2014)

Jackfruit (Artocarpus Heterophyllus) an indigenous fruit tree is widely distributed

throughout many tropical countries, including PHILIPPINES both cultivated and wild. This fruit

contains a sap which has a component that is identical to the white wood glue called latex. With

this, we are encourage to use this as an additive in making a glue for we know that the sap is

extremely sticky and therefore also utilized as an effective adhesive. On the importance of glue,

the function and value of this sticky stuff plays a very important role in the school. The glue

sticks things to other things or something is stuck to other things especially in bonding thin

materials, through this, the object will likely to stay together and will not fall off and get lost.

(Santos.C.K.2013)

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

In this chapter the research design and methods, instrument and procedure are presented

and discussed.

Research Approach

The researcher conducted a study entitled “Cassava and Jackfruit Sap as an Alternative Glue”.

This study use experimental research under the quantitative research that will determine the effectiveness

of cassava and jackfruit sap as an alternative glue. The researcher use quantitative research where it is the

systematic, empirical investigation of observable phenomena via statistical, mathematical, or

10
computational techniques. The researcher also use experimental research where research conducted with a

scientific approach, where a set of variables are kept constant while the other set of variables are being

measured as the subject of experiment. 

Techniques of Data Gathering

In this experiment the researcher use observation to support our study. Observation is a

systematic data collection approach. Researchers use all of their senses to examine people in

natural settings or naturally occurring situations. Observation of a field setting involves

prolonged engagement in a setting or social situation.

Research Instrument

Research instrument is a tool used to collect, measure, and analyze data related to your

subject. In this experiment the materials that will be used are jackfruit sap, and cassava to gather

the data.

Data Gathering Procedure

In order to make the modified organic glue, the researcher need to do the steps.

1 .Peel the cassava.

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 2.After that grate the cassava.

3.Put the grated cassava in the pan and wait

until it melt.

4.Turn off the stove and put the extracted

jackfruit sap in the pan.

CHAPTER 4

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Presentation of Data

Table 1. Glue Application

MATERIALS YES QUITE NO

Paper ✔

Wood ✔

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 Cloth ✔

Tarpaulin and Wood ✔

Table 2. Time Measuring

Materials 1st Trial 2nd Trial Average

Paper 7.50 sec 5.62 sec 6.56 sec

Wood 1 min 25 sec 1 min 10 sec 1 min 18 sec

Cloth 20.45 sec 15.2 sec 17.83 sec

Tarpaulin and Wood 1 min 2 sec 29.33 sec 15.27 sec

Interpretation of Data

The data shown in the table 1 represents the effectiveness of glue in paper, wood, clothes,

and tarpaulin to wood.

In the table 2 represents how fast the glue would stick with the materials after you put the

glue. The table also shown that the cassava and jackfruit sap glue is efficient because it stick

faster and more cheaper than other made glue.

Analysis of Data

For the paper, the glue applied to paper and it dry up faster compare to

others.

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For the wood it also stick but not that fast like the other and does not have the strong adhere as

the others. It also easily to tear apart.

In the cloth the glue stick fast and has a strong adhere like in the paper.

For the tarpaulin and wood the glue stick with tarpaulin and wood

after a minute and it is effective because its adhere is strong.

CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary of Findings

This experiment was studied to determine if cassava and jackfruit sap can be alternative

to use a multi- purpose glue. The researcher gathers information for choosing a lecture,

observation and experiment. The first produce of the experiment was made February 20, 2020.

The first thing the researcher did was to extract the sap from the jackfruit. The researcher sliced

the top most part of the jackfruit for it has many sap inside it. Then it was poured down and put

14
in a small cup. The sap cannot stand alone as an applicable adhesive, that’s why we added a ratio

of cassava as an extender.

The second experiment was made February 21, 2020. In the second experiment met the

right amount of sap, by extracting the most part of the jackfruit to conglomerate, mixed together

with cassava and water that supports to the whole sticking procedure making to a somehow

effect effectively. The researcher applied this mixture into different surface such as paper, wood,

cloth, or even in tarpaulins and by this they applied it unto different surfaces, the researcher

measures the time and started observing every minute. After a few minutes of measuring the time

the researcher gather all information to take down notes of the procedure.

In the end, although they were imperfection, still, the researcher were able to finish every

process needed to be worked and taken on throughout the research, and at the same time the

researcher answer the questions regarding the procedure, by deliberating the adhesive

capabilities of the organic glue.

Conclusions

The researcher prove that the cassava and jackfruit sap can be found in the vicinity of

Bacoor. It also prove that the organic glue works on different materials such as paper, wood,

cloth, and tarpaulin used in the process works well with the organic glue. It doesn’t take long for

the effect of the glue. In paper and cloth it takes only a seconds to stick it together while in wood

and tarpaulin it takes a minute for the effect of the organic glue. The researcher thinks that the

cassava and jackfruit sap is a good component in making a glue because of its adhesive

capabilities.

15
Recommendation

The researcher highly recommend to use the glue that made of cassava and jackfruit sap

because of it’s very safe for the individual and it does not contain any harmful chemicals. The

researcher proven the quality and effectiveness of the organic glue and it also very useful and

reliable for everyone.

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 REFERENCES

https://bioresources.cnr.ncsu.edu/resources/preparation-and-properties-of-cassava-starch-

based-wood-adhesives/

http://lejpt.academicdirect.org/A10/get_htm.php?htm=093_098

https://www.britannica.com/technology/adhesive

https://www.scribd.com/document/411799452/Jackfruit-sap-as-glue

https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.greendreamsfl.com/single-post/2014/6/24/Jackfruit-

Artocarpus-heterophyllus%3f_amp_?espv=1

https://www.journalijar.com/article/18040/-formulation-of-cassava-starch-based-adhesive./

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26449145_Production_of_Adhesives_from_Cassava_

Starch

https://sciencing.com/make-glue-sap-5061055.html

https://prezi.com/7tswelittr8y/multi-alternative-paste-made-from-100-jack-fruit-sap/

http://www.cassavabiz.org/postharvest/glue01.htm

https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_870_2005-01-11.html

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?

docId=PH234859050&recNum=43&docAn=2/2018/001186&queryString=CTR:PH&maxRec=

22625

https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.greendreamsfl.com/single-post/2014/6/24/Jackfruit-

Artocarpus-heterophyllus?espv=1

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 CURRICULUM

VITAE

18
 PRINCESS G. ESCALONA
ADDRESS: #555 Maliksi 1 Bacoor City Cavite
CONTACT NO :09066769737
EMAIL ADDRESS : escalonaprincess@yahoo.com

OBJECTIVES: to be able to work in career oriented and challenging environment that promotes
personal growths and uplifts professional development

PERSONAL INFORMATION
BIRTHPLACE: Maliksi 1 Bacoor City Cavite
BIRTHDAY: September,21.2001
AGE: 18 y/o
CITIZENSHIP: Filipino
CIVIL STATUS: Single
RELIGION: Catholic
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Senior High School Montessori Professional College Of Asia
General Tirona Highway-Habay II Bacoor, Cavite
(2018-present)
Secondary Bacoor National High School
Tabing, Dagat Annex
(2014-2018)
Primary Maliksi Elementary School
Maliksi 1 Bacoor City Cavite
(2008-2014)
CHARACTER REFERENCES
Arvin Antique MPCA teacher 0916-306-9017
Ariel Valdez Rivera MPCA Teacher 0916-079-2393
I hereby certify that above staments are true and correct in best of my knowledge and belief
__________________________
PRINCESS G.ESCALONA

19
 SAPNO, JESSICA ANNE N.
Address: Toclong, Kawit,Cavite

Contact No.: 0956-833-0516

Email Address: sapnojessica@yahoo.com

OBJECTIVES

To be able to utilize my skills for personal growth and to render a good service and at the same time to
broaden my knowledge and experience for further career improvement.

PERSONAL INFORMATION

AGE: 17 years old

BIRTHDAY: July 31 2002
GENDER: Female
CITIZENSHIP: Filipino
BIRTHPLACE: Cavite
RELIGION: Catholic
CIVIL STATUS: Single
PERMANENT ADDRESS: Toclong, Kawit, Cavite

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:

Senior High School Montessori Professional College of Asia

Tirona Highway, Habay II, Bacoor, Cavite
(2018 – present)
Secondary Binakayan National High School
Binakayan, Kawit, Cavite
(2014 – 2018)

Primary Binakayan Elementary School

Binakayan, Kawit, Cavite
(2007 – 2014)

CHARACTER REFERENCES

Arvin Antique. MPCA Teacher. 0916-306-9017

I hereby certify that the above information is true and correct to the best of my knowledge and belief.

_______________________________

JESSICA ANNE N. SAPNO

CALANG,JENALYN G.

20
Address: Blk 19 lot 1 Villazona Navarre Molino Bacoor City, Cavite
Contact No: 09970836037
Email Address: Jenalycalang@gmail.com

OBJECTIVE
To be able to work in career oriented and challenging environment that promotes personal growth and
Uplifts professional development
PERSONAL INFORMATION
PERNAMENT ADDRESS: Blk 19 lot 1 Vellazona Navarre Molino 3 Bacoor City, Cavite
BIRTHDAY PLACE: ADS.
AGE: 19
CITIZENSHIP: FILIPINO
CIVIL STATUS: SINGLE
RELIGION: CCF
EDUCATION BACKGROUND:
Senior High School Montessori Professional College of Asia (2018-present)
Secondary Molino main national high school (2014-2018)
Primary Villangit elementary school (ADS) (2007-2014)
CHARACTER REFERENCE
Arvin Antique MPCA Teacher 0916-306-9017
I hereby certify that the above information is true and correct to the best of my knowledge.
_______________________________

JENALYN G. CALANG

21