Advanced Mathematics

Chapter 2
Differentia-
tion

Xiaoer Qin

Differentiation

The
derivative Chapter 2 Differentiation
Rules for
finding the
derivative

Higher-
order
Xiaoer Qin
derivatives

Differentials Yangtze Normal University

The mean
value
theorem 2020.9.16
L’Hopital
rule

Applications
of
derivatives
 Outline
Chapter 2
Differentia-
tion

Xiaoer Qin
1 The derivative

Differentiation 2 Rules for finding the derivative

The
derivative

Rules for 3 Higher-order derivatives

finding the
derivative

Higher- 4 Differentials
order
derivatives

Differentials 5 The mean value theorem

The mean
value
theorem 6 L’Hopital rule
L’Hopital
rule

Applications
7 Applications of derivatives
of
derivatives
 Definition
Chapter 2
Differentia-
tion

Xiaoer Qin The concept of derivative is motivated by many world prob-

lems, such as instantaneous velocity and tangent line, which
Differentiation
are the rate of change.
The
derivative
Definition 1
Rules for
finding the
derivative
Let f be a function defined near x0 . The derivative of the
Higher-
function f at x0 is
order
derivatives
0 f (x0 + h) − f (x0 )
Differentials f (x0 ) = lim .
h→0 h
The mean
value
theorem If the above limit exists, we say that f has a derivative at x0 .
L’Hopital
rule 0 df dy
We usually denote it as y (x0 ), dx |x=x0 , dx |x=x0
Applications
of
derivatives
 Definition
Chapter 2 There is another equivalent forms for the derivative:
Differentia-
tion
0 f (x0 + 4x) − f (x0 )
Xiaoer Qin f (x0 ) = lim
4x→0 4x
Differentiation
f (t) − f (x0 ) 4y
The = lim = lim .
derivative t→x0 t − x0 4x→0 4x
Rules for
finding the
derivative Definition 2
Higher-
order If
derivatives 0 f (x) − f (x0 )
f− (x0 ) = lim
Differentials
x→x−
0
x − x0
The mean
value
theorem
exists, then we call it as left-hand derivative at x0 . Similarly,
L’Hopital If
rule 0 f (x) − f (x0 )
f+ (x0 ) = lim
Applications
of
x→x+0
x − x0
derivatives
exists, then we call it as right-hand derivative at x0 .
 Definition
Chapter 2
Differentia-
tion

Xiaoer Qin

Differentiation
By the Theorem Limit, we know that a function is differen-
The tiable at a point if and only if it has equal left and right-hand
derivative
derivative at the point.
Rules for
finding the
derivative Definition 3
Higher-
order
A function y = f (x) is differentiable on an open interval if it
derivatives has a derivative at each point of the interval. It is differential
Differentials on a closed interval [a, b] if it is differentiable on the interior
The mean
value
(a, b) and if the one-side derivative exist at the endpoints.
theorem

L’Hopital
rule

Applications
of
derivatives
 Definition
Chapter 2
Differentia-
tion

Xiaoer Qin

Differentiation

The
Definition 4
derivative
The derivative of the function f with respect to the variable
Rules for 0
finding the x is the function f whose value at x is
derivative

Higher- 0 f (x + h) − f (x)
order f = lim .
derivatives h→0 h
Differentials

The mean
It provided the limit exists.
value
theorem

L’Hopital
rule

Applications
of
derivatives
 Derivative
Chapter 2
Differentia-
tion

Xiaoer Qin

Differentiation

The
derivative Find the derivative of
Rules for (
finding the
derivative
3x + 1(x ≤ 1)
f (x) =
Higher- 4x2 (x > 1)
order
derivatives

Differentials

The mean
value
theorem

L’Hopital
rule

Applications
of
derivatives
 geometry
Chapter 2
Differentia-
tion

Xiaoer Qin

Differentiation

The 0
derivative We know that the derivative f (x0 ) is the slope of the tan-
Rules for gent line to the graph y = f (x) at (x0 , y0 ), thus we can use
finding the
derivative derivative to get the tangent line to the curve.
Higher-
order
For example, find the equation of the tangent line to the curve
derivatives y = 1/x at (1/2, 2).
Differentials

The mean
value
theorem

L’Hopital
rule

Applications
of
derivatives
 The relation between differentiability and
continuity
Chapter 2
Differentia-
tion

Xiaoer Qin

Differentiation

The
derivative

Rules for
finding the
Theorem
derivative
If f (x) is differentiable at x0 then f is continuous at x0 .
Higher-
order
derivatives

Differentials

The mean
value
theorem

L’Hopital
rule

Applications
of
derivatives
 Derivative of arithmetic combination
Chapter 2
Differentia-
tion

Xiaoer Qin

Differentiation Theorem 1
u
The If u, v are differentiable functions of x, then u ± v, uv and v
derivative

Rules for
are differentiable. Moreover,
finding the
derivative 0 0 0
(u ± v) = u ± v
Higher-
order 0 0 0
derivatives
(uv) = u v + uv
Differentials
0 0
The mean u 0 u v − uv
value ( ) =
theorem v v2
L’Hopital
rule

Applications
of
derivatives
 Examples
Chapter 2
Differentia-
tion
Example 1
Xiaoer Qin

1
Differentiation f (x) = x3 sin x(5 − ),
The
x
derivative 0
then f (x) =
Rules for
finding the Example 2
derivative

Higher-
order f (x) = tan x,
derivatives
0
Differentials then f (x) =
The mean Example 3
value
theorem

L’Hopital
rule
f (x) = sec x,
0
Applications
of
then f (x) =
derivatives
 The derivative rule for inverse
Chapter 2
Differentia-
tion
Theorem 2
Xiaoer Qin
If f is differentiable and strictly monotomic on an interval I.
0 0
Differentiation If f (x) 6= 0 at a certain x in I, then f is differentiable at
The
derivative
every point y = f (x) in the range of f , and
Rules for
0 1
(f −1 ) (y) =
finding the
derivative 0
f (x)
Higher-
order
derivatives or
dy 1
Differentials = dx
The mean dx dy
value
theorem

L’Hopital Thus
rule 0 1 1 1
(arcsin x) = 0 = =√ .
Applications (sin y) cos y 1 − x2
of
derivatives
 Derivative of composition
Chapter 2
Differentia-
tion

Xiaoer Qin

Differentiation
Theorem 3
The If u = g(x) is differentiable at x, and y = f (u) is differen-
derivative
tiable at u = g(x), then the composite function (f ◦ g)(x) is
Rules for
finding the differentiable x, and
derivative

Higher- 0 0 0
order (f ◦ g) (x) = f (g(x))g (x).
derivatives

Differentials In another form,

The mean dy dy du
value =
theorem dx du dx
L’Hopital
rule

Applications
of
derivatives
 Examples
Chapter 2
Differentia-
tion

Xiaoer Qin

Differentiation
Example 1
The 3
derivative f (x) = ex ,
Rules for
0
finding the
derivative
then f (x) =
Higher- Example 2
order
derivatives
2x
Differentials f (x) = sin ,
1 + x2
The mean
value 0
theorem then f (x) =
L’Hopital
rule

Applications
of
derivatives
 Examples
Chapter 2
Differentia-
tion

Xiaoer Qin

Differentiation
Example 3
The
1
derivative
y = [f (sin )]2 ,
Rules for x
finding the
0
derivative
then y =
Higher-
order Example 4
derivatives
p
Differentials
f (x) = ln |x + x2 + a2 |,
The mean
value 0
theorem then f (x) =
L’Hopital
rule

Applications
of
derivatives
 Examples
Chapter 2
Differentia-
tion

Xiaoer Qin

Differentiation

The
derivative
Example 5
Rules for
finding the
derivative
f (x) = (tan x)sin x ,
Higher-
order 0
derivatives
then f (x) =
Differentials

The mean
value
theorem

L’Hopital
rule

Applications
of
derivatives
 Implicit differentiation
Chapter 2
Differentia-
tion

Xiaoer Qin

Differentiation If the function has the form y = f (x), we say it has an ex-
The plicit expression. Conversely, if we cannot put an equation
derivative
F (x, y) = 0 in the form y = f (x), we say it has an implicit
Rules for
finding the expression.
derivative

Higher-
How to find the differentiation of function which is implicit?
order The answer is to treat y as a differentiable function of x and
derivatives

Differentials
differentiate both sides of the equation with respect to x.
0
The mean
Then solve for y in terms of x and y together to obtain a
value
theorem
formula.
L’Hopital
rule

Applications
of
derivatives
 Examples
Chapter 2
Differentia-
tion
Example 5
Xiaoer Qin dy
Find dx , if
Differentiation sin(xy) + ln(y − x) = x.
The
derivative Differentiate both sides of sin(xy) + ln(y − x) = x. We have
Rules for
finding the
derivative dy 1 dy
cos(xy)(y + x )+ ( − 1) = 1.
Higher- dx y − x dx
order
derivatives
It follows that
Differentials

The mean 1
dy 1
value x cos(xy) + =1+ − y cos(xy).
theorem y − x dx y−x
L’Hopital
rule y−x+1−y(y−x) cos(xy)
dy
Applications
Thus dx = x(y−x) cos(xy)+1 .
of
derivatives
 Examples
Chapter 2
Differentia-
tion

Xiaoer Qin

Differentiation Example 6
dy
The Find dx , if
derivative
ex+y − xy − e = 0.
Rules for
finding the
derivative Differentiate both sides of ex+y − xy − e = 0. We get that
Higher-
order dy dy
derivatives ex+y (1 + ) − (y + x ) − 0 = 0.
Differentials
dx dx
The mean dy y−ex+y
value Thus dx = ex+y −x
.
theorem

L’Hopital
rule

Applications
of
derivatives
 Parametric differentiation
Chapter 2
Differentia-
tion

Xiaoer Qin

Differentiation
If the function has the form
(
The
derivative y = g(t)
Rules for
finding the
x = f (t)
derivative

Higher- where t is parameter. Then

order
derivatives
dy
Differentials dy dt
= dx
The mean dx dt
value
theorem

L’Hopital
rule

Applications
of
derivatives
 Examples
Chapter 2
Differentia-
tion

Xiaoer Qin

Differentiation
Example 7
The dy
derivative Find dx , if (
Rules for y = t − arctan t
finding the
derivative
x = ln(1 + t2 )
Higher-
order dy 1
derivatives dy dt
1− 1+t2
= dx
= 2t = t/2
Differentials
dx dt 1+t2
The mean
value
theorem

L’Hopital
rule

Applications
of
derivatives
 Definition
Chapter 2
Differentia-
tion

Xiaoer Qin

0
Differentiation We have known that f is the derivative function of f , then
0 00
The
derivative
the derivative of f , we denote it as f , and call it as the
Rules for second derivative of f . Similarly, we can get that the third
finding the
derivative
derivative of f , the nth derivative of f .
Higher- We also denote them as
order
derivatives
d2 y d3 y dn y
Differentials , , ...,
dx2 dx3 dxn
The mean
value
theorem

L’Hopital
rule

Applications
of
derivatives
 Examples
Chapter 2
Differentia-
tion

Xiaoer Qin

Differentiation

The
derivative EX:
Rules for
finding the
derivative f (x) = ex , f (n) (x) =
Higher-
order f (x) = xm , f (n) (x) =
derivatives

Differentials

The mean
value
theorem

L’Hopital
rule

Applications
of
derivatives
 Examples
Chapter 2
Differentia-
tion
EX:
Xiaoer Qin

Differentiation f (x) = sin x, f (n) (x) =

The 0 π
derivative f (x) = cos x = sin(x + )
Rules for
2
finding the 00 π π π π
derivative f (x) = cos(x + ) = sin(x + + ) == sin(x + 2 )
Higher-
2 2 2 2
order 000 π π
derivatives f (x) = cos(x + 2 ) = sin(x + 3 )
Differentials
2 2
π π
The mean
value
f (4) (x) = cos(x + 3 ) = sin(x + 4 )
theorem 2 2
L’Hopital
π
rule
f (n) (x) = sin(x + n )
Applications 2
of
derivatives
 Rule for higher order derivatives
Chapter 2
Differentia-
tion

Xiaoer Qin
Theorem 1
Differentiation
If u, v have nth order derivative, then u ± v and uv also have
The
derivative nth order derivative. Furthermore,
Rules for
finding the
derivative
(u ± v)(n) = u(n) ± v (n)
Higher-
order
derivatives n
X
Differentials (uv)(n) = Cni u(n−i) v (i)
The mean i=0
value
theorem

L’Hopital
The second formula in Theorem 1, is usually called Leibniz
rule formula.
Applications
of
derivatives
 Differential
Chapter 2
Differentia-
tion

Xiaoer Qin
Definition 1
Differentiation Let y = f (x) is defined on an interval includes x0 , if
The
derivative

Rules for
4y = f (x0 + 4x) − f (x0 ) = A4x + o(4x),
finding the
derivative
where A is independent with 4x, then we say that f is dif-
Higher-
order ferentiable at x0 , and A4x is the differential of f (x) at x0 ,
derivatives
denoted as
Differentials
dy|x=x0 = A4x
The mean
value
theorem or
L’Hopital df (x0 ) = A4x
rule

Applications
of
derivatives
 The relationship
Chapter 2
Differentia-
tion

Xiaoer Qin

Differentiation

The
derivative Theorem 1
Rules for
finding the y = f (x) is differentiable at x0 if and only if y = f (x) has
derivative
derivative at x0 , and
Higher-
order 0
derivatives dy|x=x0 = f (x0 )4x
Differentials

The mean
value
theorem

L’Hopital
rule

Applications
of
derivatives
 Definition
Chapter 2
Differentia-
tion

Xiaoer Qin
For every x, we denote dy as the differential of y = f (x), and
Differentiation
0
The dy = f (x)4x.
derivative

Rules for
finding the Specially, if y = x, we can reduce that
derivative

Higher-
order
dy = dx = 4x,
derivatives

Differentials thus we usually replace 4x by dx. So we also denote that

The mean
value 0
theorem dy = f (x)dx
L’Hopital
rule

Applications
of
derivatives
 Differential rule
Chapter 2
Differentia-
tion

Xiaoer Qin

Differentiation

The Differential rule

derivative

Rules for d[f (x) ± g(x)] = df (x) ± dg(x),

finding the
derivative

Higher-
d[f (x) · g(x)] = df (x) · g(x) + f (x) · dg(x),
order
derivatives f (x) df (x) · g(x) − f (x) · dg(x)
d[ ]= ,
Differentials g(x) g 2 (x)
The mean
value
theorem

L’Hopital
rule

Applications
of
derivatives
 Chain rule
Chapter 2
Differentia-
tion

Xiaoer Qin

Differentiation

The Chain rule

derivative
If u = g(x) is differentiable at x, y = f (u) is differentiable at
Rules for
finding the u = g(x), then y = f (g(x)) is differentiable at x, and
derivative

Higher- 0 0 0
order dy = y dx = f (u)g (x)dx,
derivatives
0 0 0
Differentials
dy = f (u)du = f (u)g (x)dx,
The mean
value
theorem

L’Hopital
rule

Applications
of
derivatives
 Examples
Chapter 2
Differentia-
tion

Xiaoer Qin

Differentiation

The
derivative

Rules for y = sin(2x + 1), dy =

finding the
derivative 2
y = ln(1 + ex ), dy =
Higher-
order
derivatives y = e(1−3x) cos x, dy =
Differentials

The mean
value
theorem

L’Hopital
rule

Applications
of
derivatives
 Maximum and minimum value
Chapter 2
Differentia-
tion

Xiaoer Qin
Definition 1
A function f has a local maximum value at an interior
Differentiation
point x0 of its domain if
The
derivative

Rules for f (x) ≤ f (x0 )

finding the
derivative

Higher-
for all x in some open interval containing x0 .
order
derivatives
A function f has a local minimum value at an interior
Differentials
point x0 of its domain if
The mean
value f (x) ≥ f (x0 )
theorem

L’Hopital
rule for all x in some open interval containing x0 .
Applications
of
derivatives
 Fermat’s Theorem
Chapter 2
Differentia-
tion

Xiaoer Qin

Differentiation

The
derivative
Theorem 1(Fermat’s Theorem)
Rules for
finding the
derivative
If f has a local maximum or minimum value at an interior
0 0
Higher- point x0 of its domain, and f is defined at x0 , then f (x0 ) =
order
derivatives 0.
Differentials

The mean
value
theorem

L’Hopital
rule

Applications
of
derivatives
 Roll’s Theorem
Chapter 2
Differentia-
tion

Xiaoer Qin

Differentiation

The Theorem 2(Roll’s Theorem)

derivative

Rules for
Suppose f is continuous at every point of closed interval [a, b]
finding the
derivative
and differentiable at every point of its interior (a, b). If
Higher-
order f (a) = f (b),
derivatives

Differentials 0
then there exists x0 ∈ (a, b) such that f (x0 ) = 0.
The mean
value
theorem

L’Hopital
rule

Applications
of
derivatives
 Lagrange’s Theorem
Chapter 2
Differentia-
tion

Xiaoer Qin

Differentiation Theorem 3(Lagrange’s Theorem)

The
derivative
Suppose f is continuous on closed interval [a, b] and differen-
Rules for
tiable at every point of its interior (a, b). Then there is at
finding the
derivative
least on point c ∈ (a, b) such that
Higher-
order 0 f (b) − f (a)
derivatives f (c) =
b−a
Differentials

The mean or
value 0
theorem f (b) − f (a) = f (c)(b − a).
L’Hopital
rule

Applications
of
derivatives
 Lagrange mean value formula
Chapter 2
Differentia-
tion

Xiaoer Qin Definition

Differentiation For x, x + 4x ∈ [a, b], the formula can also be written as
The 0
derivative f (x + 4x) − f (x) = f (x + θ4x)4x,
Rules for
finding the
derivative where 0 < θ < 1.
Higher-
order
derivatives Remark
Differentials 0
If f (x) = 0 at each point of an interval I, then f (x) = C for
The mean
value all x in I.
theorem 0 0
Similarly, if f (x) = g (x) at each point of an interval I, then
L’Hopital
rule f (x) − g(x) = C for all x in I.
Applications
of
derivatives
 Cauchy’s Theorem
Chapter 2
Differentia-
tion

Xiaoer Qin

Differentiation

The
Theorem 4(Cauchy’s Theorem)
derivative
Suppose f and g are continuous on closed interval [a, b] and
Rules for 0
finding the differentiable at every point of its interior (a, b). If g (x) 6= 0
derivative
for all x in (a, b), then there is a point c ∈ (a, b) such that
Higher-
order
derivatives 0
f (c) f (b) − f (a)
Differentials 0 = .
The mean
g (c) g(b) − g(a)
value
theorem

L’Hopital
rule

Applications
of
derivatives
 L’Hopital rule
Chapter 2
Differentia-
tion
By using derivatives, we can calculate two types of limits,
Xiaoer Qin
which are 00 and ∞
∞.
Differentiation

The
Theorem 1 ( 00 )
derivative
Suppose
Rules for
finding the lim f (x) = lim g(x) = 0.
derivative x→x0 x→x0
Higher- 0
order f (x)
derivatives If limx→x0 g 0 (x
exists, then
Differentials
0
The mean f (x) f (x)
value lim = lim .
theorem x→x0 g(x) x→x0 g 0 (x
L’Hopital
rule −
In Theorem 1, x0 can be replaced by x+
0 , x0 , +∞, −∞ and
Applications
of ∞.
derivatives
 L’Hopital rule
Chapter 2
Differentia-
tion

Xiaoer Qin
Theorem 2 ( ∞
∞
)
Differentiation

The
Suppose
derivative lim f (x) = lim g(x) = ∞.
x→x0 x→x0
Rules for
finding the 0
derivative f (x)
If limx→x0 g 0 (x
exists, then
Higher-
order
derivatives 0
f (x) f (x)
Differentials lim = lim 0 .
The mean
x→x0 g(x) x→x0 g (x
value
theorem −
In Theorem 2, x0 can be replaced by x+
0 , x0 , +∞, −∞ and
L’Hopital
rule ∞.
Applications
of
derivatives
 Examples
Chapter 2
Differentia-
tion

Xiaoer Qin

Differentiation

The ln x
derivative 1. lim (n > 0) =
Rules for
x→+∞ xn
finding the
derivative x − sin x
2. lim =
Higher- x→0 x3
order
derivatives sin ax
Differentials 3. lim =
x→0 sin bx
The mean
value
theorem

L’Hopital
rule

Applications
of
derivatives
 Another types
Chapter 2
Differentia-
tion

Xiaoer Qin

Differentiation

The 0·∞
derivative

Rules for
finding the
lim xn ln x =
x→0+
derivative

Higher-
order
derivatives ln x 1/x
lim xn ln x = lim −n
= lim =0
Differentials x→0+ x→0+ x x→0 −nx−n−1
+

The mean
value
theorem

L’Hopital
rule

Applications
of
derivatives
 Another types
Chapter 2
Differentia-
tion

Xiaoer Qin

Differentiation

The
derivative

Rules for ∞−∞

finding the
derivative 1 1
lim ( − )=
Higher-
order
x→0 ln x + 1 x
derivatives

Differentials

The mean
value
theorem

L’Hopital
rule

Applications
of
derivatives
 Another types
Chapter 2
Differentia-
tion

Xiaoer Qin

Differentiation

The
derivative

Rules for 00
finding the
derivative

Higher-
lim xx =
x→0
order
derivatives

Differentials

The mean
value
theorem

L’Hopital
rule

Applications
of
derivatives
 Another types
Chapter 2
Differentia-
tion

Xiaoer Qin

Differentiation

The
derivative

Rules for ∞0
finding the
derivative
lim x1/x =
Higher- x→+∞
order
derivatives

Differentials

The mean
value
theorem

L’Hopital
rule

Applications
of
derivatives
 Another types
Chapter 2
Differentia-
tion

Xiaoer Qin

Differentiation

The
derivative

Rules for 1∞
finding the
derivative sin x 1/x2
lim ( ) =
Higher-
order
x→0 x
derivatives

Differentials

The mean
value
theorem

L’Hopital
rule

Applications
of
derivatives
 Monotonicity
Chapter 2
Differentia-
tion

Xiaoer Qin

Differentiation

The
derivative
Definition 1
Rules for Let f be a function defined on an interval I and let x1 , x2 ∈ I.
finding the
derivative (1) f is increasing on I if x1 < x2 , then f (x1 ) < f (x2 );
Higher- (2) f is decreasing on I if x1 < x2 , then f (x1 ) > f (x2 );
order
derivatives f is strictly monotonic on I if and only if it is either in-
Differentials creasing or decreasing on I.
The mean
value
theorem

L’Hopital
rule

Applications
of
derivatives
 Monotonicity
Chapter 2
Differentia-
tion

Xiaoer Qin

Differentiation
Theorem 1
The If f (x) is differentiable on I, then f (x) is increas-
derivative 0 0
ing(decreasing) on I if and only if f (x) > 0 (f (x) < 0)
Rules for 0
finding the at each point of I and f (x) 6≡ 0 at any subset of I.
derivative

Higher-
order
derivatives
Theorem 2
Differentials If f (x) is differentiable on I, then f (x) is NONincreas-
0 0
The mean ing(NONdecreasing) on I if and only if f (x) ≤ 0 (f (x) ≥ 0)
value
theorem at each point of I .
L’Hopital
rule

Applications
of
derivatives
 Monotonicity
Chapter 2
Differentia-
tion
Theorem 3
Xiaoer Qin
Suppose that f (x) is continuous on (a, b) and differentiable
Differentiation on (a, b).
0
The (1) If f (x) > 0 at each point of (a, b), then f (x) is increase
derivative

Rules for
on (a, b);
0
finding the
derivative
(2) If f (x) < 0 at each point of (a, b), then f (x) is decrease
Higher-
on (a, b).
order
derivatives

Differentials Example
The mean
value
Determine where
theorem

L’Hopital f (x) = 2x3 − 9x2 + 12x − 3

rule

Applications
of is increasing and where it is decreasing.
derivatives
 Local extreme values
Chapter 2
Differentia-
tion

Xiaoer Qin
In order to discuss the local extreme values of functions, we
Differentiation
introduce the following definitions as follows:
The
derivative
Definition
Rules for
0
finding the
derivative
For a interior point x0 , if f (x0 ) = 0, then we call x0 as
Higher- stationary point.
order 0
derivatives
For a interior point x0 , if f (x0 ) fail to exist, then we call x0
Differentials as singular point.
The mean These two kind of points are called critical point.
value
theorem

L’Hopital
The local extreme value may occur at the critical point.
rule

Applications
of
derivatives
 Local extreme values
Chapter 2
Differentia-
tion

Xiaoer Qin Theorem 4(The first derivative test for local ex-
Differentiation
treme values)
The Suppose that f (x) is continuous on (x0 − δ, x0 + δ) and
derivative

Rules for
differentiable on (x0 − δ, x0 + δ).
0 0
finding the (1) If f (x) > 0 for all x in (x0 − δ, x0 ) and f (x) < 0 for all
derivative

Higher-
x in (x0 , x0 + δ), then f (x0 ) is a local maximum value of f ;
0 0
order
derivatives
(2) If If f (x) < 0 for all x in (x0 − δ, x0 ) and f (x) > 0 for
Differentials
all x in (x0 , x0 + δ), then f (x0 ) is a local minimum value of
The mean
f;
0
value
theorem
(3) If If f (x) has the same sign on both (x0 − δ, x0 ) and
L’Hopital (x0 , x0 + δ), then f (x0 ) is not a local extreme value of f ;
rule

Applications
of
derivatives
 Local extreme values
Chapter 2
Differentia-
tion

Xiaoer Qin

Differentiation

The
Theorem 5(The second derivative test for local
derivative extreme values)
Rules for 0
finding the
derivative
If f (x) = 0 is continuous on (x0 − δ, x0 + δ) and differentiable
Higher-
on (x0 − δ, x0 + δ).
00
order
derivatives
(1) If f (x) < 0 , then f (x0 ) is a local maximum value of f ;
00
Differentials (2) If f (x) > 0, then f (x0 ) is a local minimum value of f .
The mean
value
theorem

L’Hopital
rule

Applications
of
derivatives
 Local extreme values
Chapter 2
Differentia-
tion

Xiaoer Qin

Differentiation Example
The Determine the maximum and minimum values of
derivative

Rules for
finding the f (x) = (x + 2)2 (x − 1)3
derivative

Higher-
order
derivatives
Example
Differentials Determine the maximum and minimum values of
The mean
value
theorem
f (x) = x3 − 3x2 − 9x + 5
L’Hopital
rule

Applications
of
derivatives
 Extreme values
Chapter 2
Differentia-
tion

Xiaoer Qin

Differentiation A function that is continuous at every point of a closed in-

The terval has an absolute maximum assures us that such values
derivative
exists. Fermat’s Theorem tells us that they are taken on
Rules for
finding the only at critical points and endpoints. Thus we know how to
derivative

Higher-
calculate the extreme values.
order (1) find out the critical points (x1 , ..., xm );
derivatives

Differentials
(2) compute the values of f (x1 ), ..., f (xm ), f (a), f (b);
The mean
(3) by comparing, give the maximum value and minimum
value
theorem
value.
L’Hopital
rule

Applications
of
derivatives
 Extreme values
Chapter 2
Differentia-
tion
Example
Xiaoer Qin
Determine the absolute maximum and minimum values of
Differentiation

The
derivative
f (x) = |x2 − 3x + 2|
Rules for
finding the on [−3, 4].
derivative

Higher-
order (
derivatives x2 − 3x + 2x ∈ [−3, 1] ∪ [2, 4]
Differentials f (x) =
−x2 + 3x − 2x ∈ (1, 2)
The mean
value (
theorem
0 2x − 3; x ∈ (−3, 1) ∪ (2, 4)
L’Hopital f (x) =
rule −2x + 3; x ∈ (1, 2)
Applications
of The critical points are 3/2, 1, 2.
derivatives
 Concavity
Chapter 2
Differentia-
tion

Xiaoer Qin Definition 2

Differentiation
Let f be defined on an open interval I, if for every x1 , x2 ∈ I,
The
p1 , p2 > 0 and p1 + p2 = 1, we have
derivative

Rules for
finding the
f (p1 x1 + p2 x2 ) ≤ p1 f (x1 ) + p2 f (x2 ),
derivative

Higher- then we call f is convex on I, and the graph of the function

order
derivatives y = f (x) is concave up on interval I. If
Differentials

The mean f (p1 x1 + p2 x2 ) ≥ p1 f (x1 ) + p2 f (x2 ),

value
theorem

L’Hopital
then we call f is concave on I, and the graph of the function
rule y = f (x) is concave down on interval I.
Applications
of
derivatives
 Concavity
Chapter 2
Differentia-
tion

Xiaoer Qin
Theorem 6
Differentiation Suppose that f is differentiable on I.
0
The
derivative
(1) f is nondecreasing on I if and only if f is convex on I;
0
Rules for (2) f is nonINcreasing on I if and only if f is concave on I;
finding the
derivative

Higher-
order
derivatives Theorem 7
Differentials Suppose that f (x) is twice differentiable on I.
00
The mean
value
(1) f ≥ 0 on I, then f is concave up on I;
0
theorem (2) f ≤ 0 on I , then f is concave down on I;
L’Hopital
rule

Applications
of
derivatives
 Point of inflection
Chapter 2
Differentia-
tion

Xiaoer Qin

Differentiation

The
derivative
Definition 3
Rules for A point where the graph of a function has a tangent line and
finding the
derivative where the concavity changes is called a point of inflection.
Higher- 00
order A point of inflection on a curve, is a point where y has
derivatives 00

Differentials
different signs on different side. Such points are either y is
The mean
zero or undefined.
value
theorem

L’Hopital
rule

Applications
of
derivatives
 Point of inflection
Chapter 2
Differentia-
tion

Xiaoer Qin

Differentiation

The
Find points of inflection
derivative 00
(1) compute y ;
Rules for 00 00
finding the (2) find the roots of y = 0 and the points where y do not
derivative

Higher-
exist;
00
order (3) check the sign of y at the points in (2). If the signs of
derivatives

Differentials
x0 is different on different sides, the (x0 , f (x0 )) is a point of
The mean
inflection. Otherwise, it is not a point of inflection.
value
theorem

L’Hopital
rule

Applications
of
derivatives
 Point of inflection
Chapter 2
Differentia-
tion

Xiaoer Qin

Differentiation Example
The
derivative Find the points of inflection of y = 2x3 + 3x2 − 12x + 14.
Rules for
finding the
derivative
0
Higher- y = 6x2 + 6x − 12,
order
00
derivatives
y = 12x + 6,
Differentials
00 00
The mean x < −1/2, y < 0, x > −1/2, y > 0. Thus (− 12 , 20 21 ) is the
value
theorem point of inflection.
L’Hopital
rule

Applications
of
derivatives