Lecture 2 Load and Stress Analysis

Chapter 3

Principal stresses
 Concepts of Stress & Strain

Static load changes

relatively slowly with
time

Applied uniformly
over a cross section or
surface of a member.

Tension
Compression
Shear
Torsion 2
 Engineering Stress
• Tensile stress, s: • Shear stress, t:
Ft Ft F

Area, A Area, A Fs

Fs
Ft Fs
Ft t
s Ao F Ft
Ao
original area
before loading Stress has units:
N/m3 2 or lb/in2
F F
Ao = cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)
F
s
Ao
F Note: compressive
s structure member
Ao (s < 0 here).

7-4
Shear stress = t = F tangential to the area / A

F
A

F
 Torque

X-axis

Sign convention –Right Hand Rule

Stress Components
• General state of stress at a point is represented by 6
components,

s x ,s y ,s z normalstresses
t xy , t yz , t zx shearingstresses
Forequilibriu
m crossshearsareequal

t xy  t yx, t yz  t zy , t zx  t xz
6components
,
• If axes are rotated by ϕ how the components
of stress are transformed

• New axes x’, y’, z’

operational stress system
Representing stress as a tensor
• Plane Stress - state of stress in which two faces of
the cubic element are free of stress. For the
illustrated example, the state of stress is defined by
s x , s y , t xy and s z  t zx  t zy  0.

• State of plane stress occurs in a thin plate subjected

to forces acting in the midplane of the plate.

• State of plane stress also occurs on the free surface

of a structural element or machine component, i.e.,
at any point of the surface not subjected to an
external force.
 Transformation of Plane Stress

• Consider the conditions

for equilibrium of a
prismatic element with
faces perpendicular to the
x, y, and x’ axes.

s x s y
t xy   sin 2  t xy cos 2
2
 Transformation equations

s x s y s x s y
s x   cos 2  t xy sin 2
2 2
s x s y s x s y
s y   cos 2  t xy sin 2
2 2
s x s y
t xy   sin 2  t xy cos 2
2
Principal stresses and maximum shear stress
• Principal stresses occur on the principal
planes of stress with zero shearing stresses.

2
s x s y s x s y 
s max, min      t xy2
2  2 
2t xy
tan 2 p 
s x s y
two angles separated by 90 o
Example: The state of plane stress at a point is represented by the
stress element below. Determine the principal stresses and draw
the corresponding stress element