UNVERSI

TYOFCEBUMAI
NCAMPUS
COLLEGEOFENGI
NEERI
NG

OPTI
MIZI
NGEFFI
CIENCYI
NROADCONSTRUCTI
ONMANAGEMENT:
ACASESTUDYFORTHEONGOI
NGPROJECTFORBI
ASONG,SAN
REMI
GIO.

MEMBERS:

ABELLA,Char
is
GONZALES,Jayl
ord
MALAZARTE,Di
vineGr
ace
PESTOLANTE,Kyl
eAl
fons
oD.
SANMATEO,JohnRanc
el
EXECUTI
VESUMMARY

Thi
scas
est
udyi
scond
uct
edb
ythep
rop
onent
sfort
heOJT2020asanal
ter
nat
ive
l
ear
nings
yst
emd
uet
otheCov
id-19p
and
emi
casap
rev
ent
ivemeas
uref
ors
tud
ent
s,ment
ors
,
andp
rof
ess
ors
.Theap
prov
edt
opi
cthatwasgi
vent
othep
rop
onent
swasab
outmanagementi
n
r
oadp
roj
ect
s.Thet
itl
eoft
hec
ase-s
tud
ypr
opos
edb
yther
esear
cher
sisOp
timi
zingEf
fic
ienc
y
i
nRoadCons
truc
tion:ACas
eSt
udyonf
ort
heOn-goi
ngPr
ojec
tinBi
asong,SanRemi
gio.Thi
s
s
aidc
ases
tud
yab
outop
timi
zingt
het
imeandc
ostoft
heexi
sti
ngp
roj
ecti
nBi
asong,San
Remi
giowhi
chi
sloc
atedi
nthenor
ther
npar
tofCeb
u,andt
hep
roj
ect
,whi
chhasaNetLengt
h
of4.
879 Km,wasap
prov
edb
ythe DPWH i
sdes
ignat
edb
ya c
ons
truc
tion f
irm“
Rov
ill
a
Cons
truc
tion”andhav
ingEngr
.Mand
alasoneoft
heengi
neer
stohand
let
hep
roj
ectand
c
urr
ent
lyt
hep
rop
onent
s’ment
or.Byop
timi
zingt
heexi
sti
ngp
land
esi
gnf
ort
hep
roj
ect
’s
b
udgetandc
ostb
yap
plyi
ngmet
hod
sandt
heor
ytaughtb
ytheUni
ver
sit
yandt
hement
or,Engr
.
Mand
al.
 1.ABSTRACT

Rov
ill
aCons
truc
tioni
scur
rent
lyhand
linganon-goi
ngBr
gy.r
oadp
roj
ectl
ocat
edat
Bi
asong,San Remegi
o.Bud
get
,lab
or and mac
hinar
y hol
ds an i
mpor
tant r
olei
nroad
c
ons
truc
tion.Howev
er,d
uet
oit
sli
mit
edr
esour
cesgi
venf
oral
engt
hyt
imeques
tionsof
i
nter
estwi
llb
econs
ider
ed:howt
oop
timi
zeef
fic
ienc
ytoac
comp
lis
hdued
ate,whatwoul
dbe
t
heb
ests
ched
uli
ngp
lan,andhow t
oop
timi
zet
heGant
tchar
t.Cons
ider
ingi
tasab
ilev
el
p
rob
lem,wher
etheob
jec
tiv
eist
ocat
ert
hisp
roj
ectef
fic
ient
lyatagi
vens
panoft
ime
wi
thoutc
omp
romi
singt
hep
roj
ectc
ost
,roadqual
it
y,v
ehi
clesp
ass
ingb
y,andt
hec
ommuni
ty
f
oranyob
str
uct
ionp
oss
ibl
ycaus
edb
ytheongoi
ngc
ons
truc
tion.Weemp
loyas
olut
ionb
y
c
omp
uti
ng us
ing DPWH p
rov
idedt
abl
e andPr
ojec
tmanagementmet
hod
ology b
asedon a
s
uper
vis
edl
ear
ningt
echni
queb
yourment
or.Mor
eov
er,p
rop
osedmet
hod
scanhav
epr
omi
sing
r
esul
ts.Thus
,for
mul
ati
ngt
heGant
tchar
tandop
timi
zingef
fic
ienc
yinmanagementmay
r
esul
ttor
eal
-li
fec
ases
tud
ies
.
 2.I
NTRODUCTI
ON

Dev
elop
ment and mod
erni
zat
ion of t
he r
oad net
wor
kisc
urr
ent
ly one of t
he
gov
ernment
'sob
jec
tiv
e.Newr
oad
sinc
lud
inghi
ghways
,und
erc
ons
truc
tion,andt
heexi
sti
ng
i
nfr
ast
ruc
tur
ear
ebei
ngr
epai
redandop
timi
zed
.Thequal
it
yoft
heout
comeoft
hep
roj
ect
,
t
hei
rcos
t,andt
hes
peedofwor
kisc
ond
iti
onedb
ymanyf
act
ors
.Thes
einc
lud
econs
truc
tion
met
hodi
nus
e,ac
ces
sib
ili
tyofr
esour
ces
,andc
ons
trai
ntenf
orc
edb
yenv
ironmentp
rot
ect
ion
r
egul
ati
ons
.

Cond
iti
onsonourr
uralr
oad
sref
lec
tsourl
ocalgov
ernment
’si
nves
tmentandal
loc
ated
b
udgetf
ort
her
enov
ati
onandr
econs
truc
tiononourp
rov
inc
ialandb
rgy.r
oad
s.I
nus
ualc
ases
p
rob
lemsonr
uralr
oad
swer
egi
venl
essat
tent
ions
pec
ial
lyonb
rgyr
oad
ssi
ncei
tisl
ess
t
rav
ell
edb
yvehi
cles
.Ast
henat
ionalgov
ernmenti
mpl
ement
edt
heBui
ld.
Bui
ld.
Bui
ldPr
ogr
am,i
t
gi
vesab
rights
idet
oourl
ocalgov
.inal
loc
ati
ngb
iggerb
udgetf
orr
oadc
ons
truc
tion.

Rov
ill
aCons
truc
tionab
let
ohand
leBr
gy.Bi
asong,SanRemi
gior
oadc
ons
truc
tion.Thi
s
p
roj
ectv
isual
izest
oenhanc
ethel
ifes
tyl
eoft
hec
iti
zensi
nter
msoft
hei
rmob
ili
ty.Pr
ovi
de
t
hemab
ett
erqual
it
yofr
oadt
hatp
ass
edt
hes
tand
ard
sandc
ons
trai
ntsofourl
ocalDPWH.
Des
igned wi
thp
rop
er engi
neer
ing management and met
hod
ology t
ocat
er t
hisp
roj
ect
ef
fic
ient
lyatagi
vens
panoft
imewi
thoutc
omp
romi
singt
hep
roj
ectc
ost
,roadqual
it
y,
v
ehi
clesp
ass
ingb
y,andt
hec
ommuni
tyf
oranyob
str
uct
ionp
oss
ibl
ycaus
edb
ytheongoi
ng
c
ons
truc
tion.

I
nad
dit
ion,t
hisp
roj
ectgi
vesusop
por
tuni
tyt
ocond
uctar
eal
-li
fes
tud
iesonhowt
o
op
timi
zeef
fic
ienc
yonr
oadc
ons
truc
tioni
nter
msofmanagement
.Tohel
pust
ofor
eseet
he
p
oss
ibl
eout
comeont
hisp
roj
ect
.
 3.BACKGROUND

Whati
saPr
ojec
t?Ac
cor
dingt
othePr
ojec
tManagementI
nst
itut
e(PMA)i
ntheb
ook
t
heyhav
epub
lis
hed
,Pr
ojec
tManagementBookofKnowl
edge,p
roj
ect
sar
eof
teni
mpl
ement
ed
asameansofac
hiev
inganor
gani
zat
ion’
sst
rat
egi
cpl
an.Op
erat
ionsandp
roj
ect
sdi
ffer
p
rimar
ilyi
nthatop
erat
ionsar
eongoi
ngandr
epet
iti
vewhi
lep
roj
ect
sar
etemp
orar
yand
uni
que.Ap
roj
ectc
ant
husb
edef
inedi
nter
msofi
tsd
ist
inc
tiv
echar
act
eri
sti
cs—ap
roj
ecti
sa
t
emp
orar
yend
eav
orund
ert
akent
ocr
eat
eauni
quep
rod
uctands
erv
ice.

I
nPr
ojec
tManagement
,ther
ear
ethr
eec
ons
trai
ntst
hatar
eimp
ort
ant
lyob
ser
vedt
o
ac
hiev
eanor
gani
zedands
oundp
roj
ect
,andt
hes
ear
e:TI
ME,COST,andSCOPE.Andi
nthi
s
s
ituat
ion,r
oadp
roj
ecti
scl
ear
lyi
nneedofgoodmanagement
.

Now ap
plyi
ngt
heknowl
edgeob
tai
nedb
ythep
rop
onent
sinCE51G,p
rob
lemsc
anb
e
ob
ser
vedef
fic
ient
lyandef
fec
tiv
ely.I
nthec
urr
entr
oadc
ons
truc
tioni
nBi
asong,ac
cor
dingt
o
Engr
.Mand
al,t
hemaj
orp
rob
lemst
hatt
heengi
neerandhi
ssub
ord
inat
esar
efac
ingi
nthe
ongoi
ng p
roc
essi
nthe i
mpl
ement
ati
on of t
he d
esi
gns ar
ethe r
ight of way and t
he
ob
str
uct
ionsahead
.

The“
Bui
ld,b
uil
d,b
uil
d”p
roj
ecti
nit
iat
edb
yPr
esi
dentRod
rigoDut
ert
elef
tnos
tones
unt
urnedandi
snowc
urr
ent
lywor
kingr
oadp
roj
ect
sint
henor
ther
nsi
deofCeb
u.Ther
eof
s
tat
edi
nthei
ntr
oduc
tion,t
hel
ocat
ionc
hos
enb
ythep
rop
onent
sisi
nBi
asong,SanRemi
gio,
Ceb
u.Si
ncet
hel
ocat
ioni
sal
sound
err
oadc
ons
truc
tionund
ert
hemanagementofEngr
.Paj
ito
Mand
al,anemp
loyeeofRov
ill
aCons
truc
tions
;hei
sgl
adt
oac
cep
tourr
eques
ttob
ehi
sment
or.
Ther
ear
eunp
red
ict
edunc
ert
aint
ieswher
edel
aysc
oul
dhap
pen,andhef
tyamountofmoneyi
s
s
hav
edof
ffornogoodus
eduet
omi
scal
cul
ati
onsorp
oss
ibl
ycor
rup
tion.

4.BODY

Bar
angayr
oad
sar
erar
elyt
rav
ell
edb
ybi
gvehi
cl
esb
uts
til
lsub
jec
ttop
red
ict
abl
edamages
s
uchasc
rac
king,d
ist
ort
ionandp
oli
shaggr
egat
eswhi
chmayc
ert
ainl
yaf
fec
tthec
onv
eni
enc
e
ofp
eop
lei
nthei
rmob
ili
tyands
afet
yvehi
cles
.Thust
her
eisaneedofr
econs
truc
tion.Pr
ojec
t
wasl
ocat
edatb
arangayBi
asong,SanRemegi
o,nor
ther
nCeb
uroad
,des
ignedwi
tht
wol
ane,
hasc
omp
utedb
udgetof75,
000,
000.
00,andas
panofop
erat
ionf
or257d
ays(
8mont
hs)
.Road
c
ons
truc
tionmos
tof
tenb
ringi
nconv
eni
enc
etoany
thi
ng.Thekeyt
othi
sisc
ond
uct
ingac
ase
s
tud
y.Whi
chai
mst
ofor
eseet
hep
rob
lemsmayf
aceont
heac
tualc
ons
truc
tion,gat
herd
ata
f
oranal
ysi
sandc
omp
utat
ion,p
utt
ingas
sump
tions
,andp
red
ictt
hep
oss
ibl
eout
come.

a.Goal
sandKeyi
ssues
.Thes
tud
yisl
imi
tedi
nit
sob
jec
tiv
es.I
tfoc
usesont
he
c
ons
truc
tionof Br
gy.Bi
asong,SanRemi
gior
oadandonhow t
oac
hiev
ethe
op
timi
zat
ionandef
fic
ienc
yoft
hep
roj
ecti
nter
msofmanagement
.Whi
legi
ving
i
nter
estofv
ari
ousc
ons
ider
ati
ononb
i-l
evelp
rob
lemst
hatmayenc
ount
eri
nthe
ac
tualc
ons
truc
tionoft
her
oad
.Thi
smayi
ncl
udet
hef
oll
owi
ng:t
aki
ngac
count
ont
hed
riv
ers
'choi
ceofr
out
e,i
nst
all
ati
onoft
raf
ficb
arr
ier
stol
owert
her
isk
ofac
cid
entf
orb
othwor
ker
sandv
ehi
cl
esp
ass
ingb
y,s
usp
ens
ionofap
ort
ionof
t
her
oadf
orr
ightofway
,mi
nimi
zet
heent
irep
roj
ectc
ostands
ucc
ess
ful
c
omp
let
ionoft
hep
roj
ectond
ued
ate.

b
. Dec
isi
onc
rit
eri
a.Ri
ght
fuld
eci
sionmaki
ngandp
lanni
ngf
ort
hisp
roj
ectmat
ter
s.
Thus
,thes
tud
ywoul
dtakeac
countont
hef
oll
owi
ngd
eci
sionc
rit
eri
a:Ent
ire
c
ostmus
tnotl
ower
edt
other
efer
enc
eamountandexc
eed
sthec
ons
trai
nt
 p
roj
ectb
udget(
LowerRef
erenc
eAmountwhi
chi
s50,
000,
000andt
hehi
gher
Ref
erenc
eAmounti
s100,
000,
000.
)Ti
mer
equi
rements
ucht
hatt
hep
roj
ect
av
oid
sanyd
elayi
nor
dert
oac
comp
lis
hthed
ued
ate,ont
heot
herhandt
hough
t
hep
roj
ects
tar
tedonNov
emb
er2019andt
argett
oendatexac
tlyaf
ter257
d
ays
,cal
cul
ati
onswas
n’tmad
epos
sib
les
inc
etheout
breakoft
heexi
sti
ng
p
and
emi
cthep
roj
ectp
art
ial
lys
top
pedf
or2mont
hsandd
ued
atewentof
f
s
ched
ule.Qual
it
ycr
iter
ions
ucht
hatt
heent
irec
ons
truc
tionoft
her
oadwoul
d
us
ethed
esi
gnt
hatp
ass
edt
hes
tand
ard
sandc
ons
trai
ntsofDPWH,t
husus
e
c
las
sAAmi
xtur
eandd
urab
ili
tyof4000p
si.Ef
fic
ienc
yofs
ched
uli
ngp
lanf
or
d
urat
ionoft
hep
roj
ectt
hroughc
omp
uti
ngwi
tht
hehel
poft
het
abl
epr
ovi
dedb
y
DPWHandt
heas
sis
tanc
eofourment
orwhi
chi
sbas
edonPr
ojec
tCos
t.

c
. As
sump
tions
.Inourp
roj
ectmanagementwep
rimar
ilyat
temp
ttoes
tab
lis
ha
p
roc
essofac
hiev
inggoal
s. Ther
efor
e,t
heus
eofp
res
cri
pti
vet
heor
iesi
s
es
sent
ial(
Ahl
emann,ElAr
bi,Kai
ser
,&Hec
k,2012)
.Put
tingas
sump
tionsi
nthi
s
p
roj
ecti
svi
tali
nor
derf
orust
omeetourgoal
s,t
opl
anaheadandb
epr
epar
ed
on whati
stoc
ome.I
n ourDat
aanal
ysi
sther
eofs
hown t
hewel
lpl
anned
s
ched
ule,c
ons
trai
ntb
udget
,sp
anofwor
k,andp
roj
ectmanagementwhi
chwe
as
sumei
tal
ltowor
kwel
landmayr
esul
ttogoodout
come.Thet
hingi
swear
e
notc
ert
ainonp
rob
lemsahead
,ouras
sump
tionsf
ort
hisr
oadc
ons
truc
tion
mi
ghtf
ail
,we mayf
aced
elayofwor
k orf
ail
ure on s
ome p
ort
ion.Whi
ch
c
ert
ainl
yhap
peni
ngont
hep
roc
ess
.

d
. DATAANALYSI
S

Asf
ort
hed
urat
ionoft
imeoft
hisp
roj
ect
.Inani
nter
viewwi
thEngr
.Mand
al,t
heNet
Lengt
hoft
her
oadd
esi
gni
ssai
dtob
e4.
879ki
lomet
ersandawi
dthof6.
05met
ersandhada
t
otalb
udgetof75,
000,
000.
00mi
ll
ioni
nwhi
cht
axi
sinc
lud
ed.Ref
err
ingt
oEngr
.Mand
al’
s
c
omp
utat
ionont
hees
timat
edt
imeoft
hep
roj
ect
,ithasanes
timat
edd
urat
ionof257d
ays
.
Thed
urat
ionoft
hep
roj
ecti
scomp
utedwi
tht
hehel
poft
het
abl
epr
ovi
dedb
yDPWHandt
he
as
sis
tanc
eofourment
orwhi
chi
sbas
edonPr
ojec
tCos
t.Her
eisas
olut
ionp
rov
ided
:

For
mul
a:
 (Dh-
DI)x
(Ap-
Al)
C.
D2019=( +DI
)
(Ah-
Al)

Wher
e:
Dh=Hi
gherRef
erenc
eDur
ati
on
Dl
=LowerRef
erenc
eDur
ati
on
Ah=Hi
gherRef
erenc
eAmount
Al
=LowerRef
erenc
eAmount
Ap
=Ap
prop
riat
ion,amountt
obep
rogr
ammed

Dh=228
DI
=173
Ah=100,
000,
000.
00
Dl
=50,
000,
000.
00
Ap
=75,
000,
000.
00

(228-
178)x(75,000,000.
00-50,000,000.
00)
=( +173)
(100,
000,000.00-50,
000,000.00)
=201Tot
alWor
kingDays
I
nthec
omp
utat
ionands
olut
ionp
rov
ided
,ithasc
onc
lud
edt
hatt
het
otalwor
kingd
ays
f
ort
hep
roj
ectDes
ignat
edt
othec
ons
truc
tionf
irmi
s201wor
kingd
ays
.Butt
heent
iret
yof
t
hed
urat
ionoft
hep
roj
ecti
sanot
hers
tor
ytot
ells
inc
ethep
rop
onent
sdi
dnotc
ons
idert
he
non-wor
kingd
aysass
uch.I
nthes
olut
ionp
rov
idedb
elow s
howshow t
heTot
alCont
rac
t
Dur
ati
oni
scomp
uted
.

=201(
Tot
alWor
kingDays
)
=28(
Est
imat
edAd
dit
ional4d
aysp
ermont
hfort
hep
re-d
eter
minedunwor
kab
led
ays
)
=28(
Est
imat
edAd
dit
ional4d
aysp
ermont
hforSund
ays
)
=201+28+28
=257Tot
alCons
truc
tionDur
ati
on
 So,t
hec
omp
utat
ionr
esul
tedt
o257d
ayss
inc
ethef
actt
hatnon-wor
kingd
aysl
ike
Sund
aysandSat
urd
aysar
econs
ider
ed.I
nad
dit
ion,p
roj
ectd
urat
ionsar
ebas
edont
hep
roj
ect
c
ostb
ecaus
e,ac
cor
ding t
oEngr
.Mand
al,oft
he manp
owers
ched
ule andt
he equi
pment
ut
il
izat
ion.I
fthes
ched
ulei
sonp
oint
,itmeanst
hep
roj
ecti
swi
thi
nbud
get
.Buti
fthewor
kis
ext
end
ed;d
urat
ionofwor
k,l
aborc
ost
,andequi
pmentc
ostwoul
dpr
opor
tional
lyi
ncr
eas
e.
Her
eist
het
abl
eus
edt
ocomp
utef
ort
hec
omp
utat
ionoft
hed
urat
ionoft
hep
roj
ect
.

Fi
gur
e.1St
and
ardPr
ojec
tDur
ati
onofDPWHPr
ojec
ts
 Andasf
ort
heb
udgetoft
hep
roj
ect
,its
howst
hec
ostp
roj
ectof75,
000,
000.
00p
esos
t
axesi
ncl
uded
.

Fi
gur
e.2Pr
ogr
amofWor
k/Bud
getCos
t
I
nFi
gur
e.3,i
tshowst
hees
timat
edgr
andt
otalof72,
375,
000.
00f
ort
her
oadb
udget
.

Fi
gur
e.3Es
timat
edCos
tofPr
opos
edWor
k

e. Out
come

I
ntheac
tualp
roc
ess
,thep
roj
ect
’sf
lowofb
udgetwasexc
ept
ional
lyef
fic
ienti
naway
t
hatt
heexp
ens
esi
nmaki
ngt
hep
roj
ectd
idnotgoof
fli
mit
sandt
heman-p
owerwasf
air
enoughs
inc
ethep
roj
ectwas
n’tc
ons
ider
eda“
mega-s
truc
tur
e”p
ers
ay,b
uta2l
aner
oad
p
roj
ect
.Thed
esi
gnoft
hep
roj
ectwasp
erf
ectf
ort
het
ypeofd
esi
gnneed
edi
nBi
asong,San
Remi
giowhi
chhasaMi
xtur
eCl
assAA,4000p
sid
urab
ili
ty.Thed
uet
othep
and
emi
cwhi
chhas
oc
cur
redupunt
ilnow,t
hep
roj
ectwhi
chwasi
nit
iat
edonOc
tob
ers
tar
tedatNov
emb
er2019
wasp
utonhol
dfor2mont
hsd
uet
othep
and
emi
cout
break.Fort
hisr
eas
on,b
udgetoft
he
p
roj
ecthasi
ncr
eas
edc
omp
aredt
oit
sini
tialb
udget
,andt
het
argetd
atewentof
fsc
hed
ule.

5.Conc
lus
ion

Bar
angayBi
asongr
oadp
roj
ectc
ons
truc
tioni
sst
il
longoi
ngt
oit
scomp
let
ion.Howev
er,
t
hes
tud
ygi
vesusac
onc
lus
ion.Thep
roj
ectwaswel
lmanaged
,car
eful
lyev
aluat
edi
nit
s
d
eci
sionc
rit
eri
a,f
oll
owss
tand
ardd
esi
gn,andc
alc
ulat
edt
hroughs
uper
vis
edmet
hod
ology
b
asedf
rom ourgat
her
edd
ata andanal
ysi
s.Whi
chc
ert
ainl
yres
ult
sthe p
roj
ectt
obe
ef
fec
tiv
elymanagedandef
fic
ienti
nbud
get
ing.Butd
uet
othes
udd
enr
iseofCOVI
D-19c
ases
i
nCeb
u,t
heb
udgetandd
urat
ionoft
hep
roj
ectwasgr
eat
lyaf
fec
tedb
yit
.

6.Ref
erenc
e
 RahulV.Bav
iskarandR.V.Dev
al ,Ti
kar me-Cos
tOpt
imi
sat
ioni
nRoadCons
truc
tion
Cas
e St
udy – Nas
hik Si
nnar Hi
ghway, v
iewed June 17,
2020,
www.
inf
ormat
ics
jour
nal
s.c
om/
ind
ex.
php/
mvp
jes/
ind
ex.

 Pr
ojec
tManagementI
nst
it e,Pr
ut ojec
tManagementBookofKnowl
edge,June17,2020,
Chap
ter1,I
ntr
oduc
tionand1.
2.

 Pol
icyPap
eronRoadFundEs
tab
lis
hmentADBTA4728:Sup
por
tforI
nfr
ast
ruc
tur
e
Dev
elop
ment(
SID)Feb
ruar
y2008Rep
ubl
icofI
ndones
iaNat
ionalDev
elop
mentPl
anni
ng
Agenc
y(BAPPENAS), Road Management Sys
tems
,vi
ewed June 17,2020,www.
p
piaf
.or
g/s
ites
/pp
iaf
.or
g/f
iles
/doc
ument
s/t
ool
kit
s/hi
ghways
tool
kit
/6/
pdf
-ver
sion/
3-
12-3.
pdf

 Wi
kip
eda, Tr
i ans
por
tat
ion i
n t
he Phi
li
ppi
nes
, v
iewed June 18, 2020,
www.
en.
wiki
ped
ia.
org/
wiki
/Tr
ans
por
tat
ion_i
n_t
he_Phi
li
ppi
nes

7.Ap
pend
ices

Fi
gur
e.4St
and
ardPr
ojec
tDur
ati
onofDPWHPr
ojec
ts
Fi
gur
e.5Loc
ati
onPl
an