CHAPTER 4: ENERGY BALANCE

4.1 Introduction

Energy balance is a method that used to calculate the amount of energy that being absorbed
and released due to changes in temperature, pressure and energy absorbed or released by a
reaction. From the First law of Thermodynamics energy can neither be created nor destroyed
and it can be changed only in its form. Below is the general energy balance system:

[Net energy in the system] = [System Final Energy] - [System Initial Energy]

Initial system energy = Ui + Eki + Epi

Final system energy = Uf + Ekf + Epf

Energy transferred = Q + Ws

Net energy:

Q + W = ΔH + ΔEk + ΔEp (4.1)

The kinetic energy system is related with motion and its rotation system. While potential
energy is due to the state of the object of mass at a certain height. However, kinetic and
potential energy can be neglected because there are no changes in terms of height ΔEp = 0,
no moving or rotating parts thus ΔEk = 0 and there is also work that supported the system,
consequently Ws = 0. The net energy equation can be deduced to following equation:

Q = ΔH=ΔHout – ΔHin (4.2)

4.2 Methods of calculations

Below are the equations that will be used to calculate the energy balance for equipment in
this plant.

4.2.1 Equation for Reactive Process

ΔH = ∑ni,outlet(ΔĤi+ ΔĤf) - ∑ni,inlet(ΔĤi+ ΔĤf) (4.3)

4.2.2 Equation for Process with Phase Changes

T bp

Ĥi = ∫ ¿¿ (4.4)
T ref

4.2.3 Equation for Non-Reactive Process

Ĥi = ni ∫ (C p ) dT (4.5)
T ref

Or

T bp

Ĥi = ∫ ¿¿ (4.6)
T ref

4.2.4 Equation for Heat Capacity Cp

T bp T

∫ (C p) dT = ∫ (a+ bT +c T 2 + d T 3)dT (4.7)

T ref T ref

4.2.5 Heat for Energy Balance of Non-Reactive Process

ΔHTOTAL = ∑ (ΔHoutlet – ΔHinlet) (4.8)

4.2.6 Heat for Energy Balance of Reactive Process

ΔHTOTAL = ∑ξΔĤr + ∑ (ΔHoutlet – ΔHinlet) (4.9)

4.2.7 Equation of Heat of Reaction

ΔĤr = = ∑vΔĤf = ∑ (|v| Ĥf,product)- ∑(|v| Ĥf,inlet) (4.10)

Ĥa
i(Phase, Temperature, Pressure) l(Phase, Temperature, Pressure)

Ĥa Ĥb
l (Phase, Temperature, Pressure)

Figure 4. 1: Changing in Phase, Temperature and Pressure for Each Component

4.3 Assumptions for Calculations

i. Operated in an open system at steady state
ii. No accumulation of material and energy
iii. No moving and rotation parts in the system, thus ΔEK is neglected
iv. No work done in the system, thus ΔWS is neglected
v. Streams enter and leave at single height ΔEp is neglected.
vi. No heat of mixing
4.4 Sample of Calculations
4.4.1 Energy Balance for Drying Tower

(g, T= 142.8˚C, P=15atm)

Dried air
O2
N2

Wet air
(G, T=30˚C, P=1kPa) (l, T= 40˚C, P=101.32kPa)
98% H2SO4
H2O
O2
N2

(l, T=40˚C, P=101.32kPa)

97% H2SO4
STREAM IN
Stream 3

ΔHoxygen
(g, 25˚C, 1atm) (g, 30 ˚C, 15atm)

ΔH1 ΔH2
(g, 30˚C, 1atm)

T
Δ H oxygen= ∫ Cp dT + ṽΔP
Tref

T
RT
Δ H oxygen= ∫ Cp dT + ΔP
Tref P
30 ˚C
( 0.0815 kPa . m3 kg . K ) ( 303 K ) kg 1
25 ˚C
−3
Δ H oxygen= ∫ 29.10 x 10 +1.158 x 10 T +(
−5
1519.88 kPa
)(32
kmol (
) (1519.88−101.32 )
1kP
Δ H oxygen=0.1471+737.5452

Δ H oxygen=737.6923 kJ /kmol

kmol kJ
n oxygen H oxygen=(0.2)(1217.32) x 737.6923
hr kmol

n oxygen H oxygen=179601.5181 kJ /hr

ΔHwater
(g, 25˚C, 1atm) (g, 30 ˚C, 15atm)

ΔH1 ΔH2
(g, 30˚C, 1atm)

ΔHwater
REF: (g, 25˚C, 1atm)
30 ˚C
H water = ∫ Cpwater dT + ṽΔP
25 ˚C
 30 ˚C
−3 −5 −8 2 ( 0.0815 kPa. m3 kg . K ) ( 303 K ) kg
H water = ∫ 33.46 x 10 +0.6880 x 10 T + 0.7604 x 10 T dT +( )(18 )( 151
25 ˚C 1519.88 kPa kmol

kJ kJ
H water =0.1683 + 414.8692
k mol kmol
kmol kJ
n water H water= ( 0.050 )( 1217.32 ) x 415.0375
hr kmol
kJ
n water H water=25261.6725
hr

ΔHN2
(g, 25˚C, 1atm) (g, 30 ˚C, 15atm)

ΔH1 ΔH2
(g, 30˚C, 1atm)

ΔHN2
REF: (g, 25˚C, 1atm)
30 ˚C
H N 2= ∫ Cp N 2 dT ++ ṽΔP
25 ˚C

30 ˚C
−3 −5 −8 2 ( 0.0815 kPa . m3 kg . K ) ( 303 K ) kg
H N 2= ∫ 29 x 10 +0.2199 x 10 T + 0.5723 x 10 T dT +( )(28.02 ) ( 1519
25 ˚C 1519.88 kPa kmol

kJ kJ
H N 2=0.1459 +645.8130
k mol kmol
kJ
H N 2=645.9589
kmol
kmol kJ
n¿ H ¿ =( 0.74 )( 1217.32 ) x 645.9589
hr kmol
kJ
n¿ H ¿ =581890.6292
hr

Stream 29

ΔHH2SO4
(l, 25˚C, 1atm) (l, 30 ˚C, 15atm)

ΔH1 ΔH2
(l, 30˚C, 1atm)
ΔHH2SO4
REF: (g, 25˚C, 1atm)
4 0˚ C
H H 2 SO 4= ∫ Cp H 2 SO 4 dT + ṽΔP
25 ˚C

4 0 ˚C
1
Δ H H 2 SO 4 = ∫ CpdT +( )ΔP
25 ˚ C ρ @25 ˚ C
4 0˚ C
1 kg 1 kJ
H H 2 SO 4= ∫
25 ˚C
−3 −5
139.1 x 10 + ( 15.59 x 10 T ) dT +
kg
1830.2 3
( 98.08 mol ) (1519.88−101.32 ) ( 1 kPa. m )
3

m
H H 2 SO 4=2.1625+76.0203

H H 2 SO 4=76.0203 kJ /kmol

kmol kJ
n¿ H ¿ =561.1620 x 76.0203
hr kmol
kJ
n¿ H ¿ =42659.7036
hr

STREAM OUT
Stream 4

ΔHoxygen
(g, 25˚C, 1atm) (g, l42.8 ˚C, 15atm)

ΔH1 ΔH2
(g, 142.8˚C, 1atm)

T
Δ H oxygen= ∫ Cp dT + ṽΔP
Tref

T
RT
Δ H oxygen= ∫ Cp dT + ΔP
Tref P
142.8 ˚C
( 0.0815 kPa .m3 kg . K ) ( 416 K ) kg
Δ H oxygen= ∫
25 ˚C
−3 −5
29.10 x 10 +1.158 x 10 T +(
1519.88 kPa
)(32
kmol (
) ( 1519.88−101.32 )
1
Δ H oxygen=3.5424+ 1012.6033

Δ H oxygen=1016.1457 kJ /kmol

kmol kJ
n oxygen H oxygen=58.023 x 1016.1457
hr kmol

n oxygen H oxygen=58959.8220 kJ /hr

ΔHnitrogen
(g, 25˚C, 1atm) (g, 142.8 ˚C, 15atm)

ΔH1 ΔH2
(g, 142.8˚C, 1atm)

T
Δ H nitrogen = ∫ Cp dT + ṽΔP
Tref

T
RT
Δ H nitrogen = ∫ Cp dT + ΔP
Tref P
142.8 ˚C
−3 −5 ( 0.0815 kPa . m3 kg . K ) ( 416 K ) kg
Δ H nitrogen = ∫ 29.00 x 10 +0.2199 x 10 T +( )(28.02 ) ( 1519.88−101.3
25 ˚C 1519.88 kPa kmol

Δ H nitrogen =3.4379+886.6607
Δ H nitrogen =890.0986 kJ /kmol

kmol kJ
n nitrogen H nitrogen =218.277 x 890.0986
hr kmol
n nitrogen H nitrogen =194288.0521 kJ /hr

kj kJ
Total stream 4 = 58959.8220 +194288.0521
hr hr
= 253247.8741 kJ /hr

Stream 18

ΔHH2SO4
(g, 25˚C, 1atm) (g, 40˚C, 1atm)

ΔHH2SO4
REF: (g, 25˚C, 1atm)
40 ˚ C
H H 2 SO 4= ∫ Cp H 2 SO 4 dT
25 ˚ C

40 ˚ C
H H 2 SO 4= ∫ 139.1 x 10−3 + ( 15.59 x 10−5 T ) dT
25 ˚ C

kJ
H H 2 SO 4=2.1625
kmol
kmol kJ
n out H out =566.9472 x 2.1625
hr kmol
kJ 1hr
n out H out =1226.02 x
hr 3600 s
kJ
n out H out =33.4023
s

Q=∑ noutHout −∑ ninHin

kJ kJ kJ kJ
Q=(33.4023
s s (
2.8971 )− 33.0615 +3.9983
s s )
Q=−6.5546 kW
 Inlet Outlet
Stream
Wet air 98% H2SO4 Filtered air 97% H2SO4

Molar Molar Molar Molar

Enthalpy Enthalpy Enthalpy Enthalpy
Components flowrate flowrate flowrate flowrate
(kJ/kmol) (kJ/kmol) (kJ/kmol) (kJ/kmol)
(kmol/hr) (kmol/hr) (kmol/hr) (kmol/hr)

4.7072
O2 243.464 - - 237.16 4.0702 - -

4.0882
N2 900.817 - - 936.782 4.0882 - -

3.0289
H2O 60.866 - - - - - -

H2SO4 - - 561.162 212.098 - - 566.947 212.098

Total nH nH nH
nH 5013.11 119021.3 4795.041 120248.4