Journal of Critical Reviews

ISSN- 2394-5125 Vol 7 , Issue 9, 2020

PERFORMANCE OF COPPER SLAG AS REPLACEMENT OF FINE AGGREGATE WITH

DIFFERENT GRADES
Chadalavada Teja1, Divya Anusha Naidu2, Dr.Dumpa Venkateswarlu3

Department of civil engineeringGodavari Institute of Engineering and Technology (Autonomous), Rajahmundry, AP, India
1,2,3,4,5

Received: 18.03.2020 Revised: 12.04.2020 Accepted: 10.05.2020

Abstract
Copper slag is the waste material that is generated during the manufacturing process of copper. As per the statistics for manufacturing of
one ton copper leads to generation of 2.25 tons of copper slag. Although this material is adopted for different other purposes like land
filling and abbrasive tools preparation, low quality tools and railway ballast materials. Inspite of all these application around the world
only 18 percent of copper slag is used remaining 82% comes under wastage. but if We adopt the same copper slag material as a
replacement of construction material in construction industry as may be full replacement or partial replacement of either cementing
material or fine aggregates it will have a promising future. At the same time the remaining 82 % waste copper slag have the added valve
in construction industry and at the same time land filling problem will get solve.
From past 20 years so many researchers already proved that the the usage of copper slag as a replacement in concrete will possible
due to same granular size of copper likely as of fine aggregate. Not only as fine aggregate replacement, the finely grained copper slag
powder can also be adopted as partial replacement of cementing material to concrete and in the production of cement lime clinkers
There are so many researches are carried around the globe on the usage of copper slag as replacement material, but in India a very
few researches are carried. In this particular thesis mainly looked on to generate specific investigation data on the use of copper slag
as fine aggregate replacement in partial basis.

Keywords:Copper slag, Compressive Strength, Split Tensile Strength, Flexural Strength, Durability and Weight loss

© 2020 by Advance Scientific Research. This is an open-access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.31838/jcr.07.09.141

INTRODUCTION steady usefulness and considered the impact of super plasticizer

Most of the research project in civil engineering field dealt
with the material altering by replacement of full or partial
basis by industrial waste material and industrial byproducts.
The main replacement in fine aggregate is observed and after
the cementing replacement is also mostly observed. New
results and waste materials are being created by different
ventures. Dumping or removal of waste materials causes
natural and medical issues. Along these lines, reusing of
waste materials is an incredible potential in solid industry.
For a long time, side-effects, for example, fly debris, silica
smoke and slag were considered as waste materials.
Concrete arranged with such materials indicated
improvement in functionality and strength contrasted with
typical cement and has been utilized in the development of
intensity, synthetic plants and submerged structures. Over
late decades, concentrated research considers have been
done to investigate all conceivable reuse techniques.
Development squander, impact heater, steel slag, coal fly
debris and base debris have been acknowledged in
numerous spots as elective totals in bank, streets, asphalts,
establishment and building development, crude material in
the assembling of conventional Portland concrete brought up
by Teikthyeluin et al (2006).
Copper slag is a modern result material created from the way
toward assembling copper. For each ton of copper creation,
about 2.2 huge amounts of copper slag is produced. It has
been evaluated that roughly 24.6 million tons of slag are
created from the world copper industry (Gorai et al 2003).
Despite the fact that copper slag is broadly utilized in the
sand impacting industry and in the assembling of grating
apparatuses, the rest of discarded with no further reuse or
recovery.
Al-Jabri et al (2009) has examined the presentation of high
quality cement (HSC) made with copper slag as a fine total at
expansion on the properties of HSC made with copper slag.
Newton a.k (2009 a) researched the impact of utilizing copper
slag as a substitution of sand on the properties of superior
cement (HPC). Eight solid blends were set up with various
extents of copper slag running from 0% (for the control blend) to
100%.
Wei wu et al (2010) researched the mechanical properties of
high quality cement fusing copper slag as fine total. The
functionality and quality attributes were evaluated through a
progression of tests on six distinctive blending extents at 20%
steady copper slag by weight substitution of sand from 0% to
100%. A high range water diminishing admixture was fused to
accomplish satisfactory usefulness.
AIM:
The primary point of this exploration work was to research
powerful substitution of sand and concrete by copper slag in
cement and RCC basic components and its applications to
decrease seismic earth pressure. To accomplish this, a broad
examination has been done to research the accompanying
utilizing copper slag.
1. To locate the ideal extent of copper slag that can be utilized
as a substitution/substitute material for concrete and fine
total.
2. To assess compressive and elasticity of copper slag admixed
solid examples.
3. To research flexural, pivotal compressive and clasping
quality of copper slag supplanted auxiliary individuals.
4. To research consumption and solidness attributes of copper
slag admixed concrete.
5. To analyze the chance of utilizing copper slag in opposing
seismic earth pressure.

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 PERFORMANCE OF COPPER SLAG AS REPLACEMENT OF FINE AGGREGATE WITH DIFFERENT GRADES

MATERIALS: low temperature for solidification. The end product is a solid,

A.CEMENT:
An OPC 43 Grade RASSI concrete was utilized in this
examination. The amount required for this work was surveyed
and the whole amount was bought and put away appropriately in
throwing yard. The accompanying tests were directed as per IS
codes.
hard material that goes to the crusher for further processing.
Copper slag used in this work was bought from Sterlite
industries (India) ltd, Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu, India.
Table 4- copper slag sieve analysis observed values

• specific gravity (Le – Chatelier flask) (IS: 1727-1967)

• Standard consistency (IS: 4031 – 1988 Part 4)
• Initial setting time (IS: 4031 – 1988 Part 5)
• final setting time (IS: 4031 – 1988 Part 5)

Table 1 -Tests on cement

Table 5- copper slag physical properties observed

FINE AGGREGATE:
The clean Godavari river sand adopted for the fine aggregate
testing purpose as per IS: 2386- 1968 (III). The below test
are carried,

▪ Specific gravity test

▪ Sieve Analysis and Fineness Modulus test
▪ Water absorption test

Table 2- Fine aggregate test results

Figure 1-copper slag sample

Table 6 Chemical properties of copper slag

C.COARSE AGGREGATE
In this thesis the locally available Rajahmundry quarry gravel
metal of size 20 mm and down, was adopted and the below
tets carried for selction of those aggregates.

• Specific gravity test (IS: 2386-1968 Part 3)

• Bulk density test (IS: 2386-1968 Part 3)
• Sieve analysis and Fineness modulus test (IS: 2386-1968
Part 3)
• Crushing value test (IS: 2386 – 1968 Part 4)

Table 3- Tests on coarse aggregate
. 60% with sand named as CC, S10, S20, S30, S40, S50 and S60 (Six
COPPER SLAG:
Copper slag is a by-product material produced from the
process of manufacturing copper. As the copper settles down
in the smelter, it has a higher density, impurities stay in the
top layer and then are transported to a water basin with a
MIX DESIGN:
The blend extent picked for this examination is 1: 1.66: 3.76 with
Water/Cement proportion of 0.45 appeared in Table 4.8. M20
concrete was utilized. These fundamental blend extents were
changed in utilizing copper slag as a halfway trade for sand and
concrete. Absolutely twelve solid blends were set up with various
extents of copper slag extending from 0% (for control blend) to
blends), 5% to 20% with concrete named as C05, C10, C15 and
C20 (Four blends) and one joined blend named as CMB (One
blend). Every blend contains three examples.

Journal of critical reviews 732

 PERFORMANCE OF COPPER SLAG AS REPLACEMENT OF FINE AGGREGATE WITH DIFFERENT GRADES

Table 7- WEIGHT AS PER MIX DESIGN Table 10- compressive strength of mortar cubes

NUMBER OF SPECIMENS:
The number of specimens cast for this research was given in
Table 4.9.
For Sand Replacement

Table 8- NUMBER OF SAMPLES Compressive strength test on concrete cubes:

The effect of copper slag substitution as a fine aggregate on
the strength of concrete is given in Table 6.2, which presents
the average 7 and 28 day cube compressive strength of
concrete. A total number of 42 mortar specimens were cast
and tested shown in Figure 6.1. The unconfined compressive
strength values of concrete mixtures with different
proportions of copper slag tested at 7 and 28 days are also
plotted in Figure 6.2.

Table 11- Compressive strength test on concrete specimens

For corrosion studies :

Table 9-NUMBER OF TEST SAMPLES

TESTRESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

The below tests were conducted on concrete specimens
which are prepared by partial replacement of fine aggregate
with copper slag. Figure 2 Compressive strength of concrete cubes
Compressive strength test on mortar and concrete specimens

• Split tensile test on concrete cylinders of size 150mm

diameter and 300mm height.
• Flexural strength test on concrete beam specimens of size
750 x 150 x 150mm.
• Flexural behaviour of RCC beams of size 1500mm length
and 150mm x 150mm cross section.
• Buckling characteristics of RCC long columns of size
1900mm length and 150mm x 150mm cross section.

Compressive Strength Test:

Compressive strength test on:
The measured compressive strength values are presented
Figure 3 Load Vs deflection diagram of S40 concrete
specimens

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 PERFORMANCE OF COPPER SLAG AS REPLACEMENT OF FINE AGGREGATE WITH DIFFERENT GRADES

Split Tensile Strength Test on Concrete Cylinders:

Split tensile strength is defined as a method of determining
the tensile strength of concrete using a cylinder which splits
across the vertical diameter. The effect of copper slag
substitution as a fine aggregate on split tensile strength of
concrete is given in Table 6.3.

Table 12- Split tensile strength test on cylinders

Figure 6 Load vs deflection ofS40 beam

Flexural Strength Test on Concrete Beams:

The size of beam specimens cast for flexure test was 750
x150 x 150mm as per IS 456: 2000. The beam specimens
were fabricated and tested with and without copper slag
addition in concrete for normal conditions. 18 numbers of Figure 7 Load vs deflection ofS60 beam
concrete beam specimens were cast with replacement of 0%,
20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%. The flexural strength of
concrete was calculated using the following formula and the
results are given in Table 6.4.
F= (M/I)*Y

Figure 4 Flexural failure of S100 concrete beam Figure 8 Load vs deflection ofConcrete beam of various
proportions
Table 13- Flexural strength test results on concrete beams
Table 14-copper slag replaced with sand

CONCLUSION:
Based on the investigations, the following conclusions were
drawn.
• The utilisation of copper slag in concrete provides
additional environmental as well as technical benefits
for all related industries. Partial replacement of copper
slag in fine aggregate and cement reduces the cost of
making concrete.
• Replacement of copper slag (100% replacement with
sand) increases the self weight of concrete specimens to
the maximum of 15-18%.
• The initial and final setting time of copper slag admixed
Figure 5 Load vs deflection of concrete beam concrete is higher than control concrete.

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 PERFORMANCE OF COPPER SLAG AS REPLACEMENT OF FINE AGGREGATE WITH DIFFERENT GRADES
• Water absorption of copper slag was 0.16% compared
with 1.25% for sand. Therefore, the workability of
concrete increases significantly with the increase of
copper slag content in concrete mixes. This was
attributed to the low water absorption and glassy
surface of copper slag.
• The results of compressive, split tensile strength test
have indicated that the strength of concrete increases
with respect to the percentage of copper slag added by
the weight of fine aggregate up to 40% (S40). Further
additions of copper slag caused reduction in strength
due to an increase of free water content in the mix.
• There was more than 60% improvement in the flexural
strength of concrete beams with 40% (S40) copper slag
replacement for sand. The flexural strength of beams
were increased up to 60% (S60) replacement, when
compared to control mixes. After that the strength was
suddenly decreased to 12% for S80 mixes and 22% for
S100 mixes. The reason for reduction in strength was,
the low absorption properties ofcopper slag can leave
excess water in concrete, which can cause excessive
bleeding at higher copper slag content.
• There is an increase of 28.67% of ultimate load carrying
capacity was achieved for flexure beams, when copper
slag replaced with 40% of sand. The stiffness of S40
beams was increased to 33.34% at yield load and
17.83% at ultimate load compared to control mixes.
• The surface water absorption of concrete was reduced
with up to 40% copper slag replacement for sand. The
volume of permeable voids decreased with the
replacement of up to 40% copper slag. Therefore it can
be concluded that, copper slag, in the range of 40–50%,
could potentially replace sand in concrete mixtures.
• Utilisation of copper slag as Portland cement
replacement in concrete and as a cement raw material
has the dual benefit of eliminating the costs of disposal
and lowering the cost of the concrete.
• When copper slag replaced with cement, addition of
hydrated lime by 1.5% to the weight of cement gives
improvement in the rate of strength gain. S-type
hydrated lime was used as activator for pozzolanic
reaction to improve the strength gain in copper slag
admixed concrete.
• The maximum compressive, split tensile strength was
achieved at 15% (C15) replacement to the weight of
cement. There is an increase of compressive strength
was achieved around 15.13% compared to control
mixes. But, this is 26% lower than S40 specimens.
Similarly, for split tensile strength test, the strength was
increased to 15.23% for C15 specimens compared to
control mixes, whereas this is 10% lower than S40
specimens.
• It was observed that, the copper slag replacement for
sand is more effective than cement.
• For cement replacement, ultimate load carrying
capacity of copper slag admixed RCC beams has
increased to 25% with that of control specimens.
• There is an increase of 14.47% of compressive strength
in combination mixes (CMB) compared to control mix.
The compressive strength improvement is slighltly
lesser than S40 and C15 specimens but greater than
C05 and C10 specimens.
SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORKS
• This research was intended to examine the influence
of copper slag additions in concrete and RCC elements
for M20 mixes. The same word can be extended to
higher grades of concrete mixes with varing
water/cement ratio
Journal of critical reviews
• Copper slag can be effectively replaced in making
bricks, hollow blocks and pavement blocks
• Since copper slag has higher shear strength value it
can be used for soil stabilization.
• Copper slag can be replaced along with fly ash, silica
fume and granulated blast furnace slag in concrete and
RCC members which can be tested for mechanical
performances.
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2. Al-Jabri, K. and Makoto Hisada. “Copper slag as sand
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