Supernova Neutrinos: Oscillation and Phenomenology

Sovan Chakraborty
Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati.

17th December 2020

IITG-TokyoTech Joint Workshop
My Group
Research group:
HEP & GR-Astro-Cosmo
Research areas:
Astroparticle Physics: High Energy
Astrophysics, Supernovae Neutrinos, Ultra
High Energy Neutrinos & Dark Matter.
Collaboartion:
HK & CTA-India
 NEUTRINOS

• Chargeless
No bending in magnetic fields è
Points back to the source

• Weakly interacting
Minimal scattering è
Arrive from regions opaque to light

Excellent Astronomical
Messenger!!

•Almost massless
Neutrino Oscillations
 NEUTRINOS

• Chargeless
No bending in magnetic fields è
Points back to the source

• Weakly interacting
Minimal scattering è
Arrive from regions opaque to light

Excellent Astronomical
Messenger!!

•Almost massless
Neutrino Oscillations
 TYPICAL PROBLEMS IN SUPERNOVA NEUTRINOS

EARTH
Core Collapse

EARTH

Production Propagation Detection

(flavor) (mass, mixing) (flavor)

Oscillation Phenomenology

See review
Supernova Neutrinos: Production, Oscillations and Detection
Riv. Nuovo Cim. 2016 ( arXiv:1508.00785)
 TYPICAL PROBLEMS IN SUPERNOVA NEUTRINOS

EARTH
Core Collapse

EARTH

Production Propagation Detection

(flavor) (mass, mixing) (flavor)

See review
Supernova Neutrinos: Production, Oscillations and Detection
Riv. Nuovo Cim. 2016 ( arXiv:1508.00785)
STELLAR COLLAPSE AND CORE-COLLAPSE SUPERNOVA

~ 50 km

Neutrino
Cooling

Bounce at
Onion Ring Core Collapse nuclear density Newborn Neutron
structure + Star
shock wave

• NEUTRINO ENERGY ~ 10 MeV.

• EMISSION TIME ~10 s.

 NEUTRINOS FROM SUPERNOVA

Sanduleak -69 202 Supernova 1987A

23 February 1987
 NEUTRINOS FROM SUPERNOVA

Sanduleak -69 202 Supernova 1987A

23 February 1987

About 20 events at around

10 MeV over 10 sec
 PROBLEMS IN SN EXPLOSION SIMULATIONS
• Small mass stars: successful explosion even with spherical symmetry
• Shock loses energy : Failed SN for > 10MSUN
• Numerical explosions ok for broad mass range in 2D (axial symmetry)
• In 3D, mostly failed simulation
 TYPICAL PROBLEMS IN SUPERNOVA NEUTRINOS

EARTH
Core Collapse

EARTH

Production Propagation Detection

(flavor) (mass, mixing) (flavor)
 SELF INDUCED FLAVOR CONVERSION

Vacuum and MSW flavor conversion of neutrinos

• Given momentum
• Requires neutrino masses

E =12.5 MeV
 FAST SELF INDUCED FLAVOR CONVERSION

Pair-wise flavor exchange by 𝝂–𝝂 forward scattering

•Requires dense neutrino medium: Collapsing stellar core, Early Universe
•Collective effect of interacting neutrinos
•Can occur without masses/mixing and does not depend on Δ𝑚2/2𝐸

E = 12.5 MeV
R = 80 km
Fast Collective Lν = 4×1052 erg/s
Effect
‘Frequency’

Typical
Conversion/
Slow collective S.C, Hansen, Izaguirre
‘Frequency’ & Raffelt, JCAP 2016
S.C, Hansen, Izaguirre
& Raffelt, PLB 2016,
Collective flavor conversion Special issue celebrating
Even at vanishing mass square difference! the Nobel 2015.
SN n FLAVOR TRANSITIONS: COLLECTIVE OSCILLATION

n-e- interaction
MSW oscillation ~ 104-105 km

n-
Neutrino flux
sphere

Extreme neutrino density

close to the neutrino-sphere
n-n interaction
Collective oscillation~ 102 km

• Flavor Oscillation: In far separated regions, can be treated independently

NEUTRINO TRANSPORT & FLAVOR OSCILLATIONS:
7D (1+3+3) PROBLEM

(t , r, p)

Off-diagonal
elements responsible
for flavor
conversion
Diagonal
elements related
to total flavor
content

7D (1+3+3)
PROBLEM
 NEUTRINO TRANSPORT & FLAVOR OSCILLATIONS:
7D PROBLEM

Kinematical Dynamical Neutrino-neutrino

mass-mixing term MSW term (in matter) interactions term (non-linear)
r-3 dependence, at around 104 km r-2×r-2 ~ r-4 dependence, 102 km

• Flavor Evolution: Non-Linear, coupled system

• Coupling: Between neutrino-antineutrino, different energy & angular modes

• Numerical Solution: Intensive, even with assumptions on the system
 SINGLE ANGLE APPROXIMATION: (0+1+1)
spherical symm in both space and velocity

Initial fluxes at
neutrinosphere (r ~10 km)

Spectral
Splits
IO

Fluxes at the end of

collective effects (r ~200 km)
Fogli, Lisi, Marrone & Mirizzi, JCAP 2007
 LINEARIZED STABILITY ANALYSSIS

Spectrum
information
required
to solve
the evolution

Theta & Phi are the

gj E ,v = gj E ,θ ,ϕ zenith and azimuthal
Emission angles

S.C, Hansen, Izaguirre & Raffelt, JCAP 2016

S.C & M. Chakrabotry, JCAP, (2019)
 SN n FLAVOR TRANSITIONS: COLLECTIVE OSCILLATION
Different Neutrino-Sphere for different flavors :
Flavor dependent
Angular distribution / spectra
n-sphere
n

Spectrum: gj E ,v = gj E ,θ ,ϕ

S.C, Hansen, Izaguirre & Raffelt, JCAP 2016

S.C & M. Chakrabotry, JCAP, (2019) Dasgupta, Sen & Mirizzi, JCAP, 2016
 SN n FLAVOR TRANSITIONS: COLLECTIVE OSCILLATION
Different Neutrino-Sphere for different flavors :
Flavor dependent
Angular distribution / spectra
If electron antineutrinos are contained
in a narrower forward cone.
and
More Electron antineutrinos than
electron neutrinos.

Flavor conversion independent

of Mass!

Extreme rate of conversion,

Fast Oscillation!

S.C, Hansen, Izaguirre & Raffelt, PLB 2016,

Special issue celebrating the Nobel 2015.
 Fast Conversion in Supernovae

Spurt of activity on Fast Conversion in Supernovae

1) Neutrino production Characterestics in SN models

2) Oscialltion studies without approximations

3) Possible phenemenology

Large number of published (60-70)

articles in last of couple of years!
 Fast Conversion in the Pre-shock Region

Possibility of the fast neutrino-flavor conversion in the

pre-shock region of core-collapse supernova (11.2 MSUN Model).

Phys. Rev. Research 2, 012046 (2020)

Taiki Morinaga, Shoichi Yamada, Hiroki Nagakura & Chinami Kato
 Fast Conversion in the Pre-shock Region

Possibility of the fast neutrino-flavor conversion in the

pre-shock region of core-collapse supernova (11.2 MSUN Model).

However, all these studies are done for two neutrino flavors

Phys. Rev. Research 2, 012046 (2020)

Taiki Morinaga, Shoichi Yamada, Hiroki Nagakura & Chinami Kato
 Fast flavor conversions in supernovae:
the rise of mu-tau neutrinos

S.C & M. Chakrabotry,

JCAP, (2019)

Complete 3 flavor picture has a complex dependence on different fluxes

 Fast flavor conversions in supernovae:
the rise of mu-tau neutrinos

S.C & M. Chakrabotry,

JCAP, (2019)

2 flavor apprximations may not give the correct picture

 Fast flavor conversions in supernovae:
the rise of mu-tau neutrinos

S.C & M. Chakrabotry,

JCAP, (2019)

2 flavor apprximations may not give the correct picture

Fast flavor conversions in supernovae:
the rise of mu-tau neutrinos

S.C & M. Chakrabotry,

JCAP, (2019)

Asymmetry between
Muon neutrinos
and Muon antineutrinos,
mith Muon creation from pair
production

R. Bollig, H.-T. Janka, A. Lohs,

G. Martınez-Pinedo, C.J. Horowitz,
and T. Melson,
PRL 119, 242702 (2017)
 Fast flavor conversions in supernovae:
the rise of mu-tau neutrinos

First non linear three flavor study of fast conversions

Not only ELN but also MuLN and TauLN

Case I:

Fast Conversion
In 2 flavor

No Fast
Conversion
In 3 flavor

F. Capozzi, M. Chakraborty,
S.C and M. Sen,
To appear in PRL
 Fast flavor conversions in supernovae:
the rise of mu-tau neutrinos

First non linear three flavor study of fast conversions

Not only ELN but also MuLN and TauLN

Case II:

Fast Conversion
In 2 flavor

Fast Conversion
In all flavors

F. Capozzi, M. Chakraborty,
S.C and M. Sen,
To appear in PRL
 Fast flavor conversions in supernovae:
the rise of mu-tau neutrinos

First non linear three flavor study of fast conversions

Not only ELN but also MuLN and TauLN

• 2 Flavor analysis of fast conversion is not complete

• Future muon simulations will give the correct

direction

F. Capozzi, M. Chakraborty,
S.C and M. Sen,
To appear in PRL
 TYPICAL PROBLEMS IN SUPERNOVA NEUTRINOS

EARTH
Core Collapse

EARTH

Production Propagation Detection

(flavor) (mass, mixing) (flavor)
 SUPERNOVA NEUTRINO SIGNAL AT DETECTORS

EARTH
Core Collapse

EARTH

SN neutrinos arrive several hours before photons: Alert Astronomers

• Energy Sepctra: http://snews.bnl.gov
Spectral split, Earth matter effect

• Time Spectra:
Neutronization burst, SASI Modes, Bound on Neutrino
velocity, Shock wave effect, Rise time analysis etc..
 NEUTRINOS FROM SUPERNOVAE

DUNE Compliment antineutrino detectors IITG is

part of the
• Several electron antineutrino detectors DUNE
• Bigger and Better detectors are on the way collaboration
Rise time Analysis: Hierarchy Determination

• High degeneracy of νe and e, suppresses

νe production.
• νe more in equilibrium with environment
than νx
Consistent feature in
wide variety of simulations

Flux of νx rises faster than νe

NH:

IH:

Flux in IH (νx) rises faster than NH (νx, νe)

[Serpico, S.C, Fischer, Hüdepohl, Janka & Mirizzi

PRD 85:085031,2012 ]
 RISE TIME ANALYSIS: HIERARCHY DETERMINATION

Mton Study Part of the

HK node at IITG Normalized Count rate :
10 different models (12 M⊙-40M⊙)
0.1
NH
0.09 IH

event ratio (20 ms vs 100 ms)

0.08

0.07

0.06

0.05

0.04

0.03

0.02
3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
Cumulative event at 100 ms

Flux in IH rises faster than NH

Serpico, S.C, Fischer, Hüdepohl, S.C & Mirizzi, LAGUNA meeting ‘14
Janka & Mirizzi PRD, 2012
 Diffuse SN Neutrino Background (DSNB)
[Beacom & Vagins, hep-ph/0309300 ]

Diffuse SN Neutrino
Background (DSNB)
dependence on
Various input parameters.
+
Contribution of
Failed SN events

See the talk of

Mr. Shota Izumiyama
FUTURE OUTLOOK

SN 2016gkg
 FUTURE OUTLOOK
doi:xx.xxxx/naturexxxxx

neutrinos

IceCube/SK/HK collaboration ??

Thank you!
Thank you!
Sky Map of Lepton-Number Flux (11.2 MSUN Model)
Lepton-number flux (𝝂𝒆−𝝂 — ) relative to 4π average
𝒆
Deleptonization flux into one hemisphere, roughly dipole distribution

(LESA — Lepton Emission Self-Sustained Asymmetry)

Tamborra et al., arXiv:1402.5418

 LINEARIZED STABILITY ANALYSSIS

Linearized form

S.C, Hansen, Izaguirre & Raffelt, JCAP 2016

S.C & M. Chakrabotry, JCAP, (2019)
FAST INSTABILITY
Rise time Analysis: Hierarchy Determination
Normalized Count rate :
10 different models (12 M⊙-40 M⊙)

1.0
IH
0.8

R#t$%R#100 ms$
0.6
0.4
Blue: IH ; Red: NH
0.2
NH
0.0
0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10
t !s"

Flux in IH rises faster than NH

[Serpico, S.C, Fischer, Hüdepohl, Janka & Mirizzi
PRD 85:085031,2012 ]
 Rise time Analysis: Hierarchy Determination
Normalized Count rate :
10 different models (12 M⊙-40 M⊙)
0.1
1.0
NH
0.09 IH IH
event ratio (20 ms vs 100 ms)

0.8

R#t$%R#100 ms$
0.08

0.07
0.6

0.06 0.4
Blue: IH ; Red: NH
0.05 0.2
0.04
NH
0.0
0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10
t !s"
0.03

0.02
3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
Cumulative event at 100 ms
Flux in IH rises faster than NH
Mton
[Serpico, S.C, Fischer, Hüdepohl, Janka & Mirizzi
PRD 85:085031,2012 ]
Rise time Analysis: Hierarchy Determination
Normalized Count rate :
32 different models

Flux in IH rises faster than NH

[C.D. Ott et al. Neutrino 2012, Japan, 1212.4250]