Senior High School

Government Property

Oral Communication
in Context
SECOND QUARTER
MODULE 2 : LESSON 13
Speech Writing Process

https://www.pmgservices.com/communicating-at-work/

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

Oral Communication in Context
Alternative Delivery Mode
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education – Division of Cagayan de Oro City Schools
Division Superintendent: Cherry Mae L. Limbaco, PhD,CESO V
Development Team of the Module
Writer/s: Maurita M. Donasco, Francis Jay M. Damit,
Catherine P. Estrella, Patricia Ann D. Madaje

Focal Person: Dr. Jerry G. Roble

Division English/Reading Coordinator

Language Evaluators: Dr. Mark John Gabule, Dr. Phoebe S. Taruc

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Chairperson: Cherry Mae L. Limbaco, PhD, CESO V
Schools Division Superintendent

Co-Chairpersons: Alicia E. Anghay, PhD

Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

Lorebina C. Carrasco, OIC-CID Chief

Members Dr. Joel D. Potane, LRMS Manager

Lanie Signo, Librarian II
Gemma Pajayon, PDO II

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ORAL COMMUNICATION
IN CONTEXT
QUARTER 2- MODULE 2: LESSON 13
Speech Writing Process

For Senior High School

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

What This Module is About .......................................................................................................................... I

What I Need to Know ................................................................................ .................................................. I
How to Learn from this Module.................................................................................................................... II
Icons of this Module .................................................................................................................................... II
What I Know ................................................................................................................................................III

2ND QUARTER:
Nature and Process communication..............................................................................................1-2
Various Models of communication.................................................................................................1-2
Principles of Speech Delivery ........................................................................................................3-5
Impromptu Speaking……………………………………………………………………………. 5
Extemporaneous Speech ................................................................................................. 5
Speaking from Manuscript …............................................................................................. 5
Speaking from Memory .................................................................................................. 5
Key Takeways ................................................................................................................... 5
Aspects of Physcial Delivery ......................................................................................................... 5
What’s In …………………………………………………...………………………………………………6
Write here for you to remember me ................................................................................. 6
Unwind and reflect .......................................................................................................... 6
Something Positive .......................................................................................................... 6
Principles of Speech Delivery…………………………………………………………………………… 7
What’s New? …………………………………………………………………………………… 7
Speaking Contexts……………………………………………………………………………… 7
Using Lecterns………………………………………………………………………………….. 7
Speaking in a small or large physical space………………………………………………… 7
Speaking outdoors……………………………………………………………………………… 7
Using a microphone…………………………………………………………………………… 7
Audience size…………………………………………………………………………………. 7
What is it
Liabilities when delivery memorized speech……………………………………………… 8
Guidleliness in delivery memorized speech………………………………………………. 8
Steps for effective delivery…………………………………………………………………. 8
Two routes for projecting sincerity………………………………………………………… 8
Physical delivery…………………………………………………………………………… 8
Vocal………………………………………………………………………………………… 8
Example/Illustration…………………………………………………………………………………… 9
Voice Modulation Tips…………………………………………………………………….. 9
Modulating to match emotions……………………………………………………………. 9
What’s more?............................................................................................................................. 10-11
How to Improve speaking…………………………………………………………………. 11
What I have learned…………………………………………………………………………………… 12
Write me down!............................................................................................................ 12
What I can do…………………………………………………………………………………………… 13
Let me know how you respond…………………………………………………………….. 13
Summary……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 14-15
References……………………………………………………………………………………………... 15-17
 WHAT THIS MODULE IS ABOUT

How we deliver a speech is just as important, if not more so, than the
straightforward message we are trying to convey to an audience. But if you
have worked hard on preparing the verbal part of your speech, you may feel
that delivery is just an “extra” that should not entail much time or effort. After
all, your speech is carefully planned, researched, and polished. It is committed
safely to paper and hard drive. It’s a carefully constructed, logically crafted,
ethical message. The words alone should engage your audience’s attention
and interest—right?
The interplay between the verbal and nonverbal components of your
speech can either bring the message vividly to life or confuse or bore the
audience. Therefore, it is best that you neither overdramatize your speech
delivery behaviors nor downplay them. This is a balance achieved through
rehearsal, trial and error, and experience.
In this chapter, we are going to examine effective strategies for delivering
a speech. To help you enhance your delivery, we will begin by exploring the
four basic methods of speech delivery. Second, we will discuss how to prepare
your delivery for different environments. Third, we will talk how to effectively
use notes to enhance your delivery. Finally, we will examine characteristics of
good delivery and give some strategies for practicing effectively for the day
when you will deliver your speech.

The following are the lessons contained in this module:

1. Principles of Effective Writing and Speech Delivery

 Speech Delivery process
(EN11/12OC-IIcj-26)
 I
WHAT I NEED TO KNOW
At the end of this module, you should be able to:

1. Explain the functions, nature and process of communication;

EN11/12OC-Ia-2

2. Differentiate the various models of communication;

EN11/12OC-Ia-3

3. Use various strategies in order to avoid communication breakdown;

EN11/12OC-Ia-5

4. Examine sample oral communication activities;

EN11/12OC-Ibe-10

5. Identify the various types of speech context;

EN11/12OC-Ifj-15

6. Distinguish types of speeches and speech style; EN11/12OC-Ifj-17

7. Respond appropriately and effectively to a speech act; EN11/12OC-Ifj-20

8. Employ various communicative strategies in different situations;

EN11/12OC-IIcj-24

9. Reflect on your learning on the principles of speech delivery.

EN11/12OC-IIcj-24
 I
HOW TO LEARN FROM THIS MODULE
To achieve the objectives cited above, you are to do the following:

 Take your time reading the lessons carefully.

 Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and
exercises diligently.
 Answer all the given tests and exercises.

ICONS IN THIS MODULE

(Adapted from Media & Information Literacy Module)

III
 WHAT I KNOW
Activity 1: “Write many ideas as you can”

This module will help you accomplish the learning competencies:

1. Explain the functions, nature and process of communication; EN11/12OC-Ia-2

2. Differentiate the various models of communication; EN11/12OC-Ia-3

Learning Objectives:

In this lesson, you are expected to:

1. Identify and determine the principles of speech writing;

2. generate ideas by sharing you personal experience; and

3. develop a sense of appreciation in giving accurate details.

Directions: Write your answers on your Communication Activity Notebook. Remember there is no wrong
answers on this area.

1. What are the steps in the first stage of the principles in speech writing? Explain your answer.

2. How are we going to use the principles in speech writing focusing on audience analysis?
LESSON

1 PRINCIPLES OF SPEECH
DELIVERY
4
What I need to know

The easiest approach to speech delivery is not always the best.

Substantial work goes into the careful preparation of an interesting and ethical
message, so it is understandable that students may have the impulse to avoid
“messing it up” by simply reading it word for word. But students who do this
miss out on one of the major reasons for studying public speaking: to learn
ways to “connect” with one’s audience and to increase one’s confidence in
doing so. You already know how to read, and you already know how to talk.
But public speaking is neither reading nor talking.

Impromptu Speaking
Impromptu speaking is the presentation of a short message without
advance preparation. Impromptu speeches often occur when someone is
asked to “say a few words” or give a toast on a special occasion. You have
probably done impromptu speaking many times in informal, conversational
settings.
Here is a step-by-step guide that may be useful if you are called upon to
give an impromptu speech in public.
 Take a moment to collect your thoughts and plan the main point you want
to make.
 Thank the person for inviting you to speak.
 Deliver your message, making your main point as briefly as you can
while still covering it adequately and at a pace your listeners can follow.
 Thank the person again for the opportunity to speak.
 Stop talking.
As you can see, impromptu speeches are generally most successful
when they are brief and focus on a single point.

Extemporaneous Speaking
Extemporaneous speaking is the presentation of a carefully planned and
rehearsed speech, spoken in a conversational manner using brief notes. By
using notes rather than a full manuscript, the extemporaneous speaker can
establish and maintain eye contact with the audience and assess how well they
are understanding the speech as it progresses. The opportunity to assess is
also an opportunity to restate more clearly any idea or concept that the
audience seems to have trouble grasping.
Speaking extemporaneously has some advantages. It promotes the
likelihood that you, the speaker, will be perceived as knowledgeable and
credible. In addition, your audience is likely to pay better attention to the
message because it is engaging both verbally and nonverbally. The
disadvantage of extemporaneous speaking is that it requires a great deal of
preparation for both the verbal and the nonverbal components of the speech.
Adequate preparation cannot be achieved the day before you’re scheduled to
speak.
Because extemporaneous speaking is the style used in the great majority
of public speaking situations, most of the information in this chapter is targeted
to this kind of speaking.

Speaking from a Manuscript

Manuscript speaking is the word-for-word iteration of a written message.
In a manuscript speech, the speaker maintains his or her attention on the
printed page except when using visual aids.
The advantage to reading from a manuscript is the exact repetition of
original words. As we mentioned at the beginning of this chapter, in some
circumstances this can be extremely important. For example, reading a
statement about your organization’s legal responsibilities to customers may
require that the original words be exact. In reading one word at a time, in order,
the only errors would typically be mispronunciation of a word or stumbling over
complex sentence structure.

Speaking from Memory

Memorized speaking is the rote recitation of a written message that the
speaker has committed to memory. Actors, of course, recite from memory
whenever they perform from a script in a stage play, television program, or
movie scene. When it comes to speeches, memorization can be useful when
the message needs to be exact and the speaker doesn’t want to be confined
by notes.
The advantage to memorization is that it enables the speaker to maintain
eye contact with the audience throughout the speech. Being free of notes
means that you can move freely around the stage and use your hands to make
gestures. If your speech uses visual aids, this freedom is even more of an
advantage. However, there are some real and potential costs. First, unless you
also plan and memorize every vocal cue (the subtle but meaningful variations
in speech delivery, which can include the use of pitch, tone, volume, and
pace), gesture, and facial expression, your presentation will be flat and
uninteresting, and even the most fascinating topic will suffer. You might end up
speaking in a monotone or a sing-song repetitive delivery pattern. You might
also present your speech in a rapid “machine-gun” style that fails to emphasize
the most important points. Second, if you lose your place and start trying to ad
lib, the contrast in your style of delivery will alert your audience that something
is wrong. More frighteningly, if you go completely blank during the
presentation, it will be extremely difficult to find your place and keep going.
 KEY TAKEAWAYS
 There are four main kinds of speech delivery: impromptu,
extemporaneous, manuscript, and memorized.
 Impromptu speaking involves delivering a message on the spur of the
moment, as when someone is asked to “say a few words.”
 Extemporaneous speaking consists of delivering a speech in a
conversational fashion using notes. This is the style most speeches call
for.
 Manuscript speaking consists of reading a fully scripted speech. It is
useful when a message needs to be delivered in precise words.
 Memorized speaking consists of reciting a scripted speech from memory.
Memorization allows the speaker to be free of notes.

Aspects of Physical Delivery

There are six aspects of physical delivery that will be covered in this
section: voice use, facial expressions, eye contact, gesturing, and movement.
Effective voice use involves several elements. Naturally, one of the most
important aspects is volume. As a speaker, you must be loud enough to be
heard by everyone in the room, but not so loud that you sound unnatural or
bossy. Monitor the nonverbal feedback of audience members in the back of the
room, if they are leaning forward or concentrating abnormally hard, you may
need to speak up. It is also necessary to vary the pitch, rate, and tone of your
voice to avoid sounding monotonous. We’ve all experienced the agony of
listening to a monotonous-voiced speaker. This doesn’t mean that you need to
be extremely flamboyant or obnoxious. Overall, you should just strive for a
casual, conversational voice.
Your audience gathers a lot of information from your facial expressions.
If your facial expressions and your spoken words conflict, the audience is likely
to believe your face. So make sure that your facial expressions mesh with the
feelings and ideas being expressed. Basically, a good rule of thumb for facial
expressions (as well as gestures) is to do what comes naturally. There is no
need to be overly theatrical with your facial expressions in a speech. And
remember, if it’s at all appropriate, you can’t go wrong with a smile.
The simple rule on eye contact is this: The more, the better. A good
strategy for eye contact is to make brief (a beat or two) eye contact with
members of the audience in one section of the audience and then move to
another section. Ideally, you should be making eye contact with someone
whenever words are being spoken in your speech. Beware of this trap: People
naturally tend to focus their eye contact on the person that is giving them the
best nonverbal feedback (smiling, nodding, etc.). If you find yourself focusing
too much on this person, work on moving to others.
One of the most common questions that people have about public
speaking is: What do I do with my hands? The quick and easy answer is:
Whatever comes naturally (unless clutching the podium is what comes
naturally). The key to good gesturing is variety, which most of us have in our
everyday gestures.
 The final aspect of physical delivery is movement. If you are positioned
behind a podium, your movements are obviously going to be restricted. But if
you are not using a podium, feel free to walk to different parts of the stage as
you deliver your speech. This keeps different parts of the audience involved
and adds variety. Don’t just wander in place, though. If your feet move, go
somewhere.

WHAT’S IN
Activity 1: “Write here for you to remember me”

Directions: Find a short newspaper story pertaining the topic on:

“What is the most important personal quality for
academic success?”. Read it out loud with your family.
Listen to your family’s observation and their reactions.
Write your answers on your Communication Activity
Notebook.

WHAT’S IN
Activity 2: “Unwind and Reflect something positive”

Directions: Reflect and Answer. Write your reflection on your

Communication Activity Notebook.

ADDITIONAL ACTIVITY
REFLECTION TIME
 WHAT’S NEW

Speaking Contexts That Affect Delivery

Using Lecterns
A lectern is a small raised surface, usually with a slanted top, where a
speaker can place notes during a speech. While a lectern adds a measure of
formality to the speaking situation, it allows speakers the freedom to do two
things: to come out from behind the lectern to establish more immediate
contact with the audience and to use both hands for gestures.

Speaking in a Small or Large Physical Space

A large auditorium can be intimidating, especially for speakers who feel
shy and “exposed” when facing an audience. However, the maxim that “proper
preparation prevents poor performance” is just as true here as anywhere. If
you have prepared and practiced well, you can approach a large-venue
speaking engagement with confidence.

Speaking Outdoors
Outdoor settings can be charming, but they are prone to distractions. If
you’re giving a speech in a setting that is picturesquely beautiful, it may be
difficult to maintain the audience’s attention. If you know this ahead of time,
you might plan your speech to focus more on mood than information and
perhaps to make reference to the lovely view.

Using a Microphone
Microphones come in a wide range of styles and sizes. Generally, the
easiest microphone to use is the clip-on style worn on the front of your shirt. If
you look closely at many television personalities and news anchors, you will
notice these tiny microphones clipped to their clothing. They require very little
adaptation. You simply have to avoid looking down—at your notes, for instance
—because your voice will be amplified when you do so.

Audience Size
A small audience is an opportunity for a more intimate, minimally formal
tone. If your audience has only eight to twelve people, you can generate
greater audience contact. Make use of all the preparation you have done. You
do not have to revamp your speech just because the audience is small. When
the presentation is over, there will most likely be opportunities to answer
questions and have individual contact with your listeners.

WHAT IS IT

LIABILITIES WHEN DELIVERING MEMORIZED SPEECH

 Enormous amount of time is needed in memorizing the text.

 Speaker might suddenly forget what is next.
 Memory work and fear of forgetting parts of speech can also make
speakers sound mechanical.
 A speaker might be speaking from a memory, not from the heart.

GUIDELINES IN DELIVERING MEMORIZED SPEECH

1. Maintain the 140 word per minute speech rate.
2. Use hand gestures and movement.
3. Include expression in your voice.
4. Memorize no just the speech but also the outline of the speech.

GUIDELINES IN DELIVERING EXTEMPORANEOUS SPEECH

 Speak with a framework
a. Outline
b. Concept Map

STEPS FOR EFFECTIVE DELIVERY

1. Approach the podium as you rehearsed.
2. Stand with confident posture.
3. Deliver your brilliant opening.
4. Realize you are a hit with the audience.
5. Breathe.
6. Spontaneously interject a humorous observation related to your topic.
7. Make all your points without hesitation, “ums,” “likes,” or “uhs.”

TWO ROUTES TO PROJECTING SINCERITY

• PHYSICAL DELIVERY • VOCAL DELIVERY
– POSTURE – INFLECTION
– MOVEMENT – VOLUME (loudness)
– EYE CONTACT – RATE
– FACIAL EXPRESSION
– GESTURES
 EXAMPLE/ILLUSTRATION:

Voice Modulation Tips - If you want to become an efficient speaker, you

must master the art of voice modulation. By mastering the art of voice
modulation, you can make your oral presentation or speech more
interesting, understandable and memorable to your audience. Those who
have acquired sweet and melodious voice naturally also need to exercise
their voice for modulation, variation and professional success. The most
important three speech organs of a human being are lips, jaws and
tongue. You have to exercise these three speech organs like other parts
of your body. What you need most for this purpose is to read aloud
everyday for a few minutes. You can make it a habit. If you do so
regularly, you will soon discover the variety, power, ability as well as
faults of your vocal organs. Such a regular practice will certainly help you
to correct and improve your voice modulation.
Modulating to Match Emotions - Anger , Fear , Sadness, Joy ,
Happiness, Disgust ,Curiosity , Interest ,Surprise, and Acceptance
Robert Plutchik classified eight primary emotions. A ninth one,
happiness (from the Paul Ekman research) is included as it is not always
a synonym of joy. It is believed these blend together to form the full
spectrum of human emotional experience much the way primary colors
work together to make the other colors.

What’s More

Some Guidelines on How to Improve

Speaking:

1. Practice, observe, critique, and learn.

2. To be fair it should be noted that some skills and speech
challenges will require greater expertise to learn.
3.This is especially true with trying to overcome physical reasons
for speech difficulties.
4. If faced with challenges difficult to master consider a speech
therapist.
 5. Many people use these qualities as part of every day
conversation.
6. However, in front of an audience often times speakers get
tense. These qualities are lost from our delivery.
7. Has that happened to you. Have you ever heard a speech that
was dry, dull, and monotone.

What’s More

 Mastery of these skills in your speech delivery will make you

more confident.
 Confidence will enable you to better use these qualities. The
result will be speech mastery.
 That mastery will enable more persuasive speeches. Informative
speeches that are remembered. Motivational speeches that
move the audience.
 Mastery will also help you adapt these as presentation skills to
wow your audience.
 Note the speaking skill exercises. You can practice these out
loud and you can practice them in your imagination. Both will
help you improve in these qualities and turn them into skills to
be used in your delivery.
 Speaking is an art that few have mastered. Anyone can learn
these principles and be able to master the fundamentals. If you
learn to master presentation skills Speechmastery will result.
Make it a goal to master the most wonderful gift of speech.
 WHAT I HAVE LEARNED
Activity: “Write me down”

Directions: Write your answers on your Communication Activity Notebook. Remember there is no
wrong answers on this area.

1. Supposedly you will become a commencement speaker of your previous high school in the
province. What are you going to do as preparation of your speech?

2. In writing a speech, why do we need to know our audience?

 WHAT I CAN DO?
Activity: “Let me know how you respond”

TASK: Write your answers on your Communication Activity

Notebook. Remember there is no wrong answer on this area.

1. As a speaker, do you think that we need to consider our audience in

terms of their race, gender and age? Why?
SUMMARY

1. Understanding the basics and building of a strong foundation which

focuses on the basic principles of communication will enable students to
position themselves more confidently in various communicative functions,
making them more effective and responsible communicators.

2. Communication is broadly defined as the imparting and exchanging of

information.

3. There are five functions of communication

a. Control

b. Social Interaction

c. Motivation

d. Emotional Expression

e. Information Dissemination

4. These elements of communication are: Speaker, Message, Encoding,

Channel, Decoding, Receiver, Feedback, Context and Barrier.

5. There are at least four type of speech context: Intrapersonal,

Interpersonal, Public and Mass Communication.

6. The following are the types of speeches:

a. Manuscript Speech

b. Memorized Speech

c. Impromptu Speech

d. Extemporaneous Speech

e. Entertainment Speech

f. Informative Speech

g. Persuasive Speech

7. There are at least seven Communication Strategies that must be used to

start and maintain a conversation. Such as: Nomination, Restriction,
Turn-taking, Topic Control, Topic Shifting, Repair and Termination.

8. The components of speech writing process are the following:

 a. Audience Profile

b. Logical Organization

c. Duration

d. Word Choice

e. Grammatical Correctness

9. The principles of Speech Delivery are the following:

a. Articulation

b. Modulation

c. Stage Presence

d. Facial Expressions

e. Gestures and Movements

f. Rapport with the Audience

10. Ultimately, this learning module aims to instill a

lasting commitment to lifelong learning and critical thinking despite the
difficult situation brought forth by the pandemic encouraging students to
be more accountable and responsible of their one’s own learning.

REFERENCES

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Abrera, R.G. Jr , Fernandez, I.D. & Adriano, T. Q. (2015) Speak Right & Shine.
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Harmer J., The practice of English language teaching, England:

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Macasero, J.H & Potane, J. D. (2019). SHARED OPTIONS: Senior High

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Saladino, C. M. (2009). Students’ reflection on their English academic writing

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Silpacio, P.F. & Balgos, C. M. (2016). Oral Communication in Context.for

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https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Browse/PreK-12-Subject-Area/Oral-
Communication/Type-of-Resource/Activities

https://www.trainingcoursematerial.com/free-games-activities/communication-
skills-activities
https://www.trainingcoursematerial.com/free-games-activities/communication-
skills-activities/back-to-back-communication

https://www.trainingcoursematerial.com/free-games-activities/communication-
skills-activities/follow-all-instructions-activity

https://www.trainingcoursematerial.com/free-games-activities/communication-
skills-activities/paper-shapes