General Chemistry 1

2nd Quarter Reviewer

Empirical Formula
Given Percent
• =no . of moles
Atomic Mass
no . of moles
• =ratio of Empirical Formula
least no . of moles

Molecular Formula
• molar mass & empirical mass = (n × amu) + (n × amu)
molar mass
• =ratio of Molecular Formula
empirical mass

Types of Chemical Reactions

• Combination (Synthesis): A + B -> AB
• Decomposition (Analysis): AB -> A + B
• Single Replacement (Substitution): A + BC -> AC + B
• Double Replacement (Metathesis): AB + CD -> AD + CB

Chemical Reactions that reacts with aqeous solutions

• Precipitation: forms an insoluble solid that is called a precipitate
• Combustion: A compound (usually conatining carbon) combines with oxygen. This called burning. The
product of combustion will always be carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O)
• Acid/Base or Neutralization: Acid/Base will usually form Salt (NaCl) and water (H2O)

Balancing Chemical Equations

• Note: You can only change coefficients of a compound. Not subscripts.

Ex. Fe2O3 + C -> Fe + CO2 (unbalanced)

2Fe2O3 + 3C -> 4Fe + 3CO2 (balanced)

Limiting and Excess Reactants

no .of moles of second reactant no . of moles of desired product
• given x x
no . of moles ∈original reactant no . of moles of second reactant

Ex. C3H8 (2.0 mol) + 5O2 (8.0 mol) -> 3CO2 + 4H2O

5 mol O 2 3 mol CO 2
2.0 mol C 3 H 8 x x =6 mol CO 2 Excess Reactant
1mol C 3 H 8 5 mol O 2
1 mol C 3 H 8 3 mol CO 2
8.0 mol O 2 x x =4.8 mol CO 2 Limiting Reactant
5 mol O 2 1 mol C 3 H 8
• Theoretical Yield = Limiting Reactant

Actual Yield
• x 100 %
Theoretical Yield
• Actual Yield = Theoretical Yield × Percent Yield (in decimals)

• STP (Standard conditions for Temperature & Pressure)

Temperature: 273.15 K (0° C, 32° F)
Pressure: 1 atm (101.325 kPa)
Volume: 22.4 L

Mole Concept
• Avogadro's Number/ The Mole: 6.022×10²³
6.022 ×10²³
• Mole to Atoms/Molecules = given x
1 mol
atomic mass of given
• Mole to Mass = given x
1 mol
1 mol
• Mass to Mole = given x
atomic mass of given
6.022 ×10²³
• Mass to Atoms/Molecules = given x
atomic mass of given
atomic mass of given
• Atoms/Molecules to Mass = given x
6.022 ×10²³
no . of moles
• Atoms/Molecules to Mole = given x
6.022 ×10²³

Periodic Trends
• Atomic Radius: From the top left (Fluorine, Smallest Atomic Radius) to the bottom right of the periodic
table (Francium, Biggest Atomic Radius)
• Ionization Energy: From the bottom right (Francium, Least Ionization Energy) to top left (Fluorine,
Most Ionization Energy)
• Electronegativity: From the bottom right (Francium, Least Electronegative) to top left (Fluorine, Most
Electronegative)
• Electron Affinity: From the bottom right (Francium, Least Electron Affinity) to top left (Fluorine, Most
Electron Affinity)
Electromagnetic Spectrum
• Radio Waves: Longest Wavelength, Lowest Energy, Lowest Frequency
• Microwaves
• Infrared
• Visible Light: Visible to the naked eye (ROYGBIV)
• Ultraviolet
• X-Ray
• Gamma Ray: Shortest Wavelength, Highest Energy, Highest Frequency

Orbitals
• In an atom each shell has sublevels.
First shell: S 
Second shell: S, P
Third Shell: S, P, D
Fourth Shell: S, P, D, F
• S block: Contains 1 orbital, with a maximum of 2 electrons
• P block: Contains 3 orbitals, with a maximum of 6 electrons
• D block:Contains 5 orbitals, with a maximum of 10 electrons
• F block: Contains 7 orbitals, with a maximum of 14 electrons

• Pauli Exclusion Principle: Two electrons occupy in an orbital have different spins. Namely +1/2 and
-1/2

• Aufbau Principle (building-up principle): The filling up of orbitals states that electrons must first occupy
the orbitals with lower energies than those with higher energies. (respectively in a p orbital, up-up-up-
down-down-down)

• Hund's rule of maximum multiplcity: The electrons will singly occupy each orbital and with parallel
spins before they pair up.

• Diamagnetic: No unpaired electrons (occupies the whole orbital)

• Paramagnetic: With unpaired electrons (does not occupy the whole orbital)

Electron Configuration
• Electron Configuration Order:1s², 2s², 2p⁶, 3s², 3p⁶, 4s², 3d¹⁰, 4p⁶, 5s², 4d¹⁰, 5p⁶, 6s², 4f¹⁴, 5d¹⁰, 6p⁶,
7s², 5f¹⁴, 6d¹⁰, 7p⁶

Ex. C: 1s² 2s² 2p²

Br: 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s² 3d¹⁰ 4p⁵

Noble Gas Electron Configuration

Ex. C: [He] 2s² 2p²
Br: [Ar]4s² 3d¹⁰ 4p⁵

Quantum Numbers

• Principal Quantum Number (n): The last coefficient of the electron configuration

Ex. Strontium (5s²): n = 5

Krypton (4p⁶): n = 4

• Azimuthal Quantum Number (l): s = 0, p = 1, d = 2, f = 3

Ex. Strontium (5s²): l = 0

Krypton (4p⁶): l = 1

• Magnetic Quantum Number (ml)

s=
0
p=
-1 0 1

d=
-2 -1 0 1 2

f=
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Ex. Strontium (5s²): ml = 0

Krypton (4p⁶): ml = 1

• Spin Quantum Number (ms): Either the last electron is +1/2 or -1/2

Ex. Strontium (5s²): ms = -1/2

Krypton (4p⁶): ms = -1/2

Phosporus (3p³): ms = +1/2

Ionic Bonding and Lewis Structure

• Ions are based on the number of their valence electron

 Group IA: Alkali Metals 1valence electron

Group IIA: Alkaline Earth Metals 2 valence electrons

Group IIIA: Boron Group 3 valence electrons

Group IVA: Carbon Group 4 valence electrons

Group VA: Pnictogens/Nitrogen Group 5 valence electrons

Group VIA: Chalcogens/Oxygen Group 6 valence electrons

Group VIIA: Halogens 7 valence electrons

Group VIIIA: Noble Gases 8 valence electrons

Transition Metals:

Group IIIB 3 valence electrons Group VIIIB 8 valence electrons

Group IVB 4 valence electrons Group VIIIB 8 valence electrons

Group VB 5 valence electrons Group VIIIB 8 valence electrons

Group VIB 6 valence electrons Group IB 1 valence electron

Group VIIB 7 valence electrons Group IIB 2 valence electrons

Lewis Structure

• The gaining. losing, and sharing of valence electrons

Ex. Sodium and Phosporus: Na3P

.
Na . . P. ..

Na .

Na .

Crystal Lattice

• The arrangement of atoms that could not be separated which makes the element solid

Octet Rule: Each element should have 8 electrons to be stable

Duet Rule: The first four elements, H, He, Li, and Be can be stable just by having two valence electrons

Covalent Bonding
Two non-metals that SHARE electrons instead of giving and receiving

.. ..
Ex. H2O

O Single Bond

H H

Single Bond, Double Bond, Triple Bond: Types of Bonds that form two elements to form stable elements.