Literature Background

The stuffing of the literature review will give up in order answering the research matter asked
above. The report in the literature review will concern to: 1) school uniforms and academic achievement,
2) school uniforms and behaviour, 3) student perception, 4) school uniform and discipline, and 5) an
overview of others literature.
Safety is an essential component of any learning environment. Functioning in any social setting is
extremely difficult without feeling a level of comfort. Erikson’s (1968) person-in-environment perspective
describes schools as one of the most important aspects of an individual’s social development. Apart from
home and one’s family, the school setting is one of the most prominent environments in an individual’s
social development.
Not only is the social development largely affected, but it is during these formative years that
educational development is fostered.
There are many arguments both for and against the implementation of uniforms in educational
settings. Understanding the initial reasons and ideas behind the purpose for mandatory school uniforms is
critical when examining their existence in education. Hesapcioglu and Meseci Giorgetti (2009) noted that
although there has been extensive research into the functions of school uniforms, “studies which focus on
the origins of school uniform are neglected” (p. 1740). Examining the history of uniforms in educational
settings teaches us about what they originally represented, why they were created, and why they were
originally used in school settings. The initial motivation to have students dress in a uniform manner in
school reflects the ideals of both the institution that introduced them and the society as a whole at the
time.
The concept of having no uniform policy is a topic that has been interesting. Some students find
uniforms necessary. Others just hate the colors and the students who think uniforms are unnecessary are
wrong. Uniforms are not a measurement of the success of an excellent individual. It has an equal
environment and enjoy greater academics even if without wearing uniforms.
There are more positive effects of not wearing school uniforms. Being free to choose what are going
to wear makes student’s lives easier because it eliminates the job of spending hours on preparing school
uniforms. First, having no school uniform maintains the rights of students in school. Secondly, if students
are required to not wear school uniforms. Then they will automatically dress appropriately. Some students
hide of bad feedback of uniforms in a way that they are force to wear a school uniform because its
implemented in school.
Not wearing a school uniforms can help change a person’s attitude toward success. Students go to
school to learn, not to show off. Without school uniform, students will spend their life balance in and out
of a school. If students have choice to show off, make fun, or feel left out, then they will make a healthy
mind set. It is proven that not wearing uniforms have do not affect the time management of students.
Instead, it could give a many beneficial contribution of their living.

The proposal of President Rodrigo Duterte to remove the mandatory requirement for public
school students to wear school uniforms is already an existing policy of the Department of Education
(DepEd). Former president Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo instructed then education secretary Jesli Lapus in
2008 to issue two department orders that removed the mandatory requirement for school uniforms in all
public elementary and high schools.
 “A student’s basic right to go to school, study and learn is of paramount importance and should be
respected and promoted at all times. A student’s attire should reflect respect for the school as an
institution for learning,” read DepEd Order No. 46, Series 2008.

“A student’s attire should not become a cause for discrimination particularly for students belonging to a
lower socio-economic status. Promoting physical hygiene and proper school decorum is part of the
teaching- learning process in schools, thus a student’s attire and physical appearance should manifest
learnings from this process,” it added.

The purpose of this policy analysis is to examine, compare and analyze the means and
effectiveness of implementing student uniforms in school.