Danielle May M.

Reginaldo
BS Biology 1A2-1
General Botany Lecture

1. Make a table to distinguish the 5 kingdoms and divide into 5 columns

Name of Kingdom Cell Type Number of Cells Type of Nutrition

Animalia Eukaryotic Multicellular Heterotrophic
(Consumers)
Plantae Eukaryotic Multicellular Autotrophic (Producers)
Fungi Eukaryotic Multicellular Heterotrophic
(Decomposers)
Protista Eukaryotic Unicellular Several (Photosynthetic,
Predatory, Parasitic,
and Saprobic)
Monera Prokaryotic Unicellular Several
(Photoautotrophic,
Chemoautotropic, and
Heterotrophic)

2. Distinguish the characteristics of the following types of plants (Non-vascular plants, halophytes)

A. Mosses are larger nonvascular plants that have coarser, multicellular rhizoids that are more like roots.
They also have tiny, photosynthetic structures similar to leaves that encircle a central stem-like
structure. Mosses grow in dense clumps, which help them retain moisture.

B. Liverworts are tiny nonvascular plants that have leaf-like, lobed, or ribbon-like photosynthetic tissues
rather than leaves. Their rhizoids are very fine, they lack stems, and they are generally less than 10
centimeters (4 inches) tall. They often grow in colonies that carpet the ground.

C. Hornworts are minute nonvascular plants, similar in size to liverworts. They also have very fine
rhizoids and lack stems. Their sporophytes are long and pointed, like tiny horns. They rise several
centimeters above the gametophytes of the plant.

Liverwort Hornwort Moss

3. Research the importance of Bryophytes

Bryophytes can initiate soil formation in any barren terrain of land. They can maintain the soil moisture
and also help in the recycling of the nutrients in forest vegetation.

Apart from this, there a few economically important bryophytes such as the peat moss. It is harvested,
processed and sold. It is used in horticulture as well as a fuel. Because of their capacity to hold water,
they are sometimes used as packing material for shipment of living material.

4. Give the general characteristics of Tracheophytes

Tracheophytes are distinguished from bryophytes by their highly developed vascular systems, which
facilitate the transport of water and nutrients to all parts of the plant. This vascularization adaptation
has allowed tracheophytes to become more fully terrestrial than bryophytes, which are still dependent
upon moist environments for many reproductive and nutritive functions, as discussed in Bryophytes.
Tracheophytes can be broken down into three classes: ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms. Ferns are
the least evolved of the tracheophytes; they have vascular systems, and specialized leaf and root
structures, but are still dependent on moist environments for reproduction. Gymnosperms (coniferous
plants) and angiosperms (flowering plants), known together as the seed plants, have evolved
reproductive processes that are independent of water. In addition, tracheophyte seed plants all produce
embryos that are encased in tough coats. These seed coats prevent desiccation in a terrestrial
environment and protect the seed until conditions are favorable for growth. Angiosperms can be further
classified as monocots and dicots, depending on their embryonic development and other factors.

5. Give the characteristics of Coniferphytes and examples

Coniferphytes are gymnosperms, cone-bearing seed plants. All extant conifers are perennial woody
plants with secondary growth. The great majority are trees, though a few are shrubs.

Examples include cedars, douglas firs, cypresses, firs, junipers, kauri, larches, pines, hemlocks,
redwoods, spruces, and yews.

6. Give the characteristics of Filicinophytes and examples

Filicinophytes has vascularisation (i.e xylem and phloem). They have leaves, roots and stems (leaves are
pinnate – consisting of large fronds divided into leaflets). They reproduce by releasing spores from
clusters called sori on the underside of the leaves

Examples include ferns; bird’s nest fern, eagle fern, lady fern, royal fern, silver fern, microsorum
pteropus, etc.

7. Give the characteristics of Angiosperms

Angiosperm is about 300,000 species of flowering plants, the largest and most diverse group within the
kingdom Plantae. Angiosperms represent approximately 80 percent of all the known green plants now
living. The angiosperms are vascular seed plants in which the ovule (egg) is fertilized and develops into a
seed in an enclosed hollow ovary. The ovary itself is usually enclosed in a flower, that part of the
angiospermous plant that contains the male or female reproductive organs or both. Fruits are derived
from the maturing floral organs of the angiospermous plant and are therefore characteristic of
angiosperms. By contrast, in gymnosperms (e.g., conifers and cycads), the other large group of vascular
seed plants, the seeds do not develop enclosed within an ovary but are usually borne exposed on the
surfaces of reproductive structures, such as cones.

8. Distinguish the difference between Dicotyledons and Monocotyledons in terms of:

Monocot:

Leaves: Isobilateral Leaves, because the both upper and lower surfaces have the same colors

Root: Vascular bundles arranged in ring shaped.

Vascular System: Have their scattered vascular bundles

Flowers: Monocots tend to have multiple of 3 petals

Seeds: Have only one Seed leaf inside the leaf coat

Dicot:

Leaves: Dicot's stomata is at its lower surfaces

Roots: Have their xylem at the center of the root, and phloem outside the xylem

Vascular system: Vascular bundles near the outside edge of the stem

Flowers: Dicot's tend to have multiple of 4 to 5 petals

Seed: Have two Seed Leaves inside the Seed coat