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F4 CH 1 Student
F4 CH 1 Student
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Physics
1.1 Understanding Physics [……/10 x 100 = ………..]
explain what physics is
recognize the physics in everyday objects and natural phenomena
3. There are many fields of study in physics, including (5)…………….., (6)…………….., (7)
………………, (8)…………………..., (9)……………………, (10)…………………,
electromagnetism, electronics and nuclear physics.
2. Base quantities are (3)……………. ………………. that cannot be defined in terms of other
(4)……………..
Table 1.2.1
1
4. Derived quantities as well as their units are expressed in terms of base quantities and S.I. units
as follows:
Force F = ma Unit F = kg x m s 2
(F) m = mass = kg m s 2
a = acceleration =N
(read as newton)
2
Impulse Ft = change of momentum Unit Ft = kg x m s 1
(Ft) = mv – mu = kg m s 1
m = mass =Ns
u = initial velocity (read as newton second)
v = final velocity
Momentum p = mv Unit p = kg x ms 1
(p) m = mass = kg m s 1
v = velocity =Ns
(read as newton second)
Pressure F N
P= Unit P =
(P) A m2
F = force = N m 2
A = area = Pa
(read as pascal)
Specific heat Q J
c= Unit c = kg oC
capacity m
(c) Q = heat energy = J kg 1 0
C 1
m = mass J
= change in temperature = kgK
= J kg 1 K 1
(read as joule per kilogram per kelvin)
Frequency 1 1
f= Unit f =
(f) T s
T = period of swing; = s 1
Unit is second (s) = Hz
(read as hertz)
Electrical charges Q = It Unit Q = A s
(Q) I = electric current =C
t = time (read as coulomb)
Resistance V V
R= Unit R =
(R) I A
V = voltage; unit is volt (V) = V A 1
I = electric current =
(read as ohm)
Table 1.2.2
5. Prefixes are used to express some physical quantities that are either very big or very small.
3
Prefix Symbol Value
Tera T 1012
Giga G 109
Mega M 10 6
kilo k 103
deci d 10 1
centi c 10 2
mili m 10 3
micro 10 6
nano n 10 9
pico p 10 12
Table 1.2.3
Table 1.2.4
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give examples of scalar and vector quantities.
1. Scalar quantities are quantities that have (1)………………. but no (2) ……………..
2. Vector quantities are quantities that have both (3)………………… and (4)………………….
*Notes: In the SPM Physics syllabus, there are only six vector quantities, the rest are all scalar
quantities. Therefore, the pupils will just have to memorize these six.
3. Example :
Distance(s) Displacement(s)
Total length of the path traveled Distance between two points measured
along a specific direction
Scalar quantity Vector quantity
Table 1.3.2
Speed Velocity
Rate of change of distance Rate of change of displacement
dis tan ce displacement
Speed = time Velocity = time
Scalar quantity Vector quantity
Table 1.3.3
Problem Solving:
5
Annie the ant is traveling down the road to buy an umbrella for these rainy days. She walks from her
nest, A to B, B to C in 10 minutes’ time as shown in the picture below:
(11) What is the distance she traveled? (12) What is her displacement from A?
(13) What is her speed? (14) What is her velocity?
(15) What is her average velocity?
4m
3m C
B
Solution:
(11) Distance traveled =
=
(12) Displacement of the object from A = 5 m towards the direction of AC
tan = =
= …………. o
The displacement of the ant is ………….. in the direction of ……………… from A
(13) Speed =
(14) Velocity =
6
Measure physical quantities using appropriate instruments
Explain accuracy and consistency
Explain sensitivity
Explain types of experimental error
Use appropriate techniques to reduce errors
5. Error is (9) ……………..caused by measuring instrument or the observer or the physical factors of the
surroundings.
6. Two main types of errors: systematic error and random error.
Parallax errors
Definition:
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A parallax error is an error in reading an instrument because the observer’s eyes and pointer are not
(a) position of eyes must be in line/ perpendicular / 90owith the scale of the reading to be taken.
(b) When taking reading from an ammeter, we must make sure that the eyes are exactly in front of
the pointer, so that the reflection of the pointer in the mirror is right behind the pointer. In
other words, the reflection of the pointer on the mirror could not be seen by the observer, then
it is free from parallax error.
8
Measuring Instruments:
Physical Quantity Measuring Instrument
Length Metre-rule, vernier caliper, micrometer screw gauge
Current Ammeter
Mass Triple-beam-balance
Temperature Thermometer
Time Mechanical stopwatch, digital stopwatch
Voltage Voltmeter
Table 1.4.3 Ruler A Ruler B
(A) Instruments measuring length Sensitivity 0.1 cm 0.5 cm
1. Metre Rule Accuracy 0.1 cm 0.5 cm
Length of wire 4.8 cm 5.0 cm
Ruler A
0 1 2 3 4 5
wire
Table 1.4.4
0 1 2 3 4 5
Ruler B
Diagram 1.4.5
2. Vernier Calipers
The same wire is measured by a vernier caliper. The reading is as follows:
4 5 Sensitivity 0.01 cm
Accuracy 0.01 cm
Length of wire 4.78cm
0 5 10 Table 1.4.5
Diagram 1.4.6
0 5 25
Sensitivity 0.01 mm
Accuracy 0.01 mm
20 Diameter of wire 6.5 +0.22
= 6.72 mm
Diagram 1.4.10
Negative zero error = - ( 0.1 – 0.08 ) cm
= - 0.02 cm
All measurements taken with this vernier calipers
must be corrected by subtracting - 0.08 cm, which
is adding 0.08 cm to the readings
Diagram 1.4.9
Positive zero error = + 0.08 cm
All measurements taken with this vernier calipers
must be corrected by subtracting 0.08 cm from the
readings.
Eample Example
10
Write down the readings shown by the following diagrams:
No. Diagram Answer
11
12
13
14
15 The following diagram shows the scale of a pair of vernier callipers when
the jaws are closed. State the zero error.
0 1
0 5 10
16 The following diagram shows the scale of the same vernier callipers as in
Question No. (15) above when there are 40 pieces of cardboard between
the jaws. Calculate the thickness of a piece of cardboard.
11
Micrometer Screw Gauge
1. How to read from a micrometer screw gauge?
Diagram 1.4.13
Figure 13 shows the use of a micrometer screw gauge to measure the size of a spherical object.
Main scale reading = 5.5 mm
Thimble scale reading = 12 x 0.01
= 0.12 mm
Final reading = 5.5 + 0.12
= 5.62 mm
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2. Positive zero error and negative zero error
Diagram 1.4.15
Diagram 1.4.14
Positive zero error = + 0.04 mm Negative zero error = - 0.04 mm
All measurements taken with this micrometer All measurements taken with this micrometer
screw gauge must be corrected by subtracting screw gauge must be corrected by subtracting -
0.04 mm from the readings 0.04 mm, which is adding 0.04 mm from the
readings
Example Example
Diagram 1.4.17
Diagram 1.4.16 Zero error = - 0.03 mm
Zero error = + 0.01 mm micrometer screw gauge reading
micrometer screw gauge reading = 6.0 + 0.08
= 2.5 + 0.35 = 6.08 mm
= 2.85 mm Corrected reading
Corrected reading = micrometer screw gauge reading – zero error
= micrometer screw gauge reading – zero error = 6.08 – (-0.03)
= 2.85 – 0.01 = 6.08 + 0.03
= 2.84 mm = 6.11 mm
13
Write down the readings shown by the following micrometer screw gauges.
(17) (18)
5 45
0 5 30 10 15
40
25
Answer: Answer:
(19) (20)
0 10 0 5 35
5 30
Answer: Answer:
0 0 5
0
45
0
0 5 0 5 20
15
14
(B) Instrument Measuring Current :
Ammeter:
Diagram 1.4.18
Diagram 1.4.19
Miliammeter (0 mA – 50 mA):
Sensitivity = 1
mA
Accuracy = 1
mA
Reading = 15
mA
Diagram 1.4.20
15
(C) Instrument Measuring Temperature
Thermometer
Diagram 1.4.21
Accuracy = 1
o
C
Mechanical Stopwatch
Accuracy = 0.2 s; Reading = 8.2 s
Digital Stopwatch
Accuracy = 0.01s
Reading = 3 minutes 55.62 s
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1.5 Scientific Investigation […../12 x 100 = …….]
Identify variables in a given situation
Identify a queation suitable for scientific investigation
Form a hypothesis
Design and carry out a simple experiment to test the hypothesis
Record and present data in a suitable form
Interpret data to draw a conclusion
Write a report of the investigation
Clone of SPM Trial Exam of the Perak State year 2003: Paper 3 / Section B/ Question 2
Notes: MV -manipulated variable; RV-responding variable; C- constant
Keywords to indicate RV
Keywords to indicate C
is time of making a
is mass
complete swing
Keywords to indicate
MV is length
Two twin brothers, Micheal and Jackson, of the same size, are swinging happily on the swings at a
playground as shown in the figure above.
However, the ropes that is holding the swing where Micheal is sitting is longer than Jackson’s. And,
Micheal notices that his swing is swinging slower than his brother, Jackson.
Using this information;
(a) make a suitable inference, [1 mark]
(b) state one appropriate hypothesis that could be investigated, [1 mark]
(c) describe how you would design an experiment to test your hypothesis using a bob, strings and other
apparatus.
In your description, state clearly the following: Keywords to indicate
(i) aim of the experiment the must-use-
apparatus and
(ii) variables in the experiment hinting on the
(iii) list of apparatus and materials Pendulum
experiment
(iv) arrangement of the apparatus
(v) the procedure of the experiment, which includes the method of controlling the manipulated
variable and the method of measuring the responding variable.
(vi) the way you would tabulate the data
(vii) the way you would analyze the data [10 marks]
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Answer:
(1) …………………………………….. influences …………………………………….
Marks
Aim:
1st mark To investigate the relationship between ………………………. ……………………… and
……………. of swing.
1
/
3rd mark
3 Constant: ……………………
/
List of apparatus & materials:
Measuring instruments: ……………………………….., ……………………………,
Others: bob, string, retort stand and clamp, split cork,
4th mark
4
/ (The measuring instruments carry marks. If all apparatus are listed except metre-rule and
stopwatch, pupils will lose the 4th mark.)
5th mark
/
5
Arrangement of apparatus:
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Method to control MV
Method to control RV
Repetition:
8th mark
8
/ Repeat the experiment with …………………………………………… using the same bob.
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