Electric Power Systems Research 180 (2020) 106174

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Electric Power Systems Research

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Optimal selection and positioning of conductors in multi-circuit overhead T

transmission lines using evolutionary computing
Jhair S. Acosta*, Maria C. Tavares
University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-852, Brazil

A R T I C LE I N FO A B S T R A C T

Keywords: This paper presents a new approach for designing transmission lines to transmit more power in a narrower space.
Genetic algorithms Multi-circuits lines are a good alternative to attain this objective. However, the optimum solution is not obtained
High surge impedance loading lines by just positioning several regular single-circuit transmission lines in a single tower structure. Although double-
Multi-circuit lines circuit and multi-circuit transmission lines have been used over the last years, there are not many studies about
Optimization
non-conventional multi-circuit transmission lines. Thus, in this research a mathematical model to represent the
problem related to increasing the surge impedance loading level of each circuit, and reducing the costs, the ROW
and the height of the towers by optimizing their bundle geometry and conductor type by applying genetic
algorithms is proposed. The overall transmission lines presented as examples have an improvement between
52% and 149% in the objective function.

1. Introduction basically it is necessary to solve a multi-objective optimization problem.

Nowadays there is a continuous expansion of the power demand in
the word. This expansion is mainly caused by the demographic
growing, new technologies and services, improvement of social condi-
tions and industry increasing. Thus, with a high population density the
electric services have to use a reduced amount of land, if possible with
lower cost. Therefore, one of the electric sectors affected is the energy
transmission, that not only needs to increase the power that can be
transmitted on the transmission lines (SIL), but also has to reduce their
right of way (ROW).
Conventional transmission line design does not take into account
the former objectives. The designs are often performed only based on
the selection of a voltage level to attend a certain load. However, within
the design some constraints must be attended. Organizations as CIGRE,
EPRI, and IEEE provides guidelines for overhead transmission line de-
sign [1–4]. Common design constraints are the ampacity, audible noise,
electromagnetic fields, insulation and safety distances. According to
those restrictions the conductor type and quantities of conductors are
selected.
In this research we propose the use multi-circuit transmission lines
with augmented power capacity and reduced ROW, attending me-
chanical and electrical restrictions. However, as any project, the eco-
nomical part is important, being necessary to find a good trade-off
between the costs of the project and the others objectives. Therefore,
In the literature there are different optimization techniques. They
can be classified mainly in two big groups: classical optimization and
heuristic optimization. In classical optimization it is necessary to have a
complete and derivable mathematical model of the problem. However,
in some cases the mathematical model does not exist, or is not deri-
vable, or even is too complex to be computed with classical techniques.
In these cases, the heuristics techniques are a good optimization option
because they do not need that a complete mathematical model of the
problem exists [5].
The case of transmission line optimization involves a complex
mixed-integer non-linear mathematical model. Thus, although heur-
istics techniques do not ensure the global optimal solution, they can
solve complex systems and produce good solutions. Therefore, they are
a good alternative to implement this kind of optimization process.
Among the heuristics techniques one of the most used is the evolu-
tionary algorithms (EAs). It is a population approach that solves an
optimization problem based on the concepts of genetic and natural
selection [6]. The solution obtained with EAs is a population of solu-
tions that has passed through an iterative process of genetic re-
combination (crossover), mutation and natural selection. Because EAs
work with populations, global and local search is performed. This im-
plies that the solution space tends to be explored in an adequate form.
In this paper we propose a methodology and a mathematical model
to optimize multi-circuit transmission lines with different voltage levels

⁎
Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: jsacosta@dsce.fee.unicamp.br (J.S. Acosta), ctavares@unicamp.br (M.C. Tavares).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2019.106174
Received 27 May 2019; Received in revised form 11 October 2019; Accepted 17 December 2019
Available online 25 December 2019
0378-7796/ © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
J.S. Acosta and M.C. Tavares
above 230 kV at same tower from a mono-objective approach with EAs.
The optimization is done by modifying the position and type of each
wire in the transmission line through evolutionary computing and
taking into account several electrical and mechanical constraints. The
mathematical model has four objective functions: maximize SIL and
minimize: costs, ROW and tower's height. The individual objective
functions were aggregated and modeled as a mono-objective function.
As result, improved compact transmission lines with modified bundles
were obtained.
The authors claim the following contributions: A methodology and a
scalable mathematical model to optimize multi-circuit transmission
lines with up to four circuits at different voltage level by using evolu-
tionary algorithms. The proposed model is able to optimize the in-
dividual position, number and type of conducts in multi-circuit lines,
producing geometries of any type and not restricted to specific con-
figurations as in other researches. The optimized multi-circuit trans-
mission lines are different from those presented in literature and better
than conventional lines.
2. Related work
The first approach to solve the problem adopted the use of bundle
conductors, i.e., more than one conductor per phase, increasing the
capacitance and decreasing the inductance, and therefore, increasing
the natural power of the line or surge impedance loading (SIL) [7].
Thus, more power could be transmitted using a very similar right of
way (ROW). As reported in [8,9], the first investigations on bundle
conductors used two to five conductors per phase with bundle radius of
0.457 m in the American standards and 0.4 m in the European stan-
dards. Later investigations proposed the use of transmission lines with
closer phases (compact lines) and non-conventional bundles, i.e., con-
ductors non-uniformly separated in a circular geometry [10].
Based on the previous works several approaches to increase the SIL
were developed. In [11] the objective was to increase the SIL and
maintain balance of electric charge and current distribution in each
sub-conductor of the same bundle. Predefined geometries were used,
such as circular, elliptic, rectangular, among others. The research re-
sulted in a computer program named OTLIN, later known as ELEKTRA.
In [12] an approach using classical optimization with the gradient
method was presented. Meanwhile, Sarmiento and Tavares [13] pro-
posed the use of an heuristic algorithm that produced geometries that
did not follow any fixed form. In [14] the methodology proposed in
[13] was extended to a multi-objective problem by looking for SIL in-
crease and cost reduction.
Another approach to make a better use of the land is the multi-
circuit overhead power lines, i.e., several circuits constructed in the
same tower sharing the same ROW. The largest overhead double-circuit
transmission line, built in 1999, is the Kita-Iwaki power line, operating
at 500 kV with a height of 108 m and a ROW of 38 m. In several
countries such as Germany, India, Japan and China the use of double- or
quadruple-circuit is common, and in rare cases six-circuit lines can be
built.
The behavior of multi-circuit transmission lines has been char-
acterized in several researches [15,16]. Specific topics as protection
[17,18], lightning performance [19–23], electromagnetic behavior
[24,25], transient behavior [26] and secondary arc current extinction
[27] have been studied for overhead multi-circuit AC power lines. Even
researches on multi-circuit DC lines have been made [28]. Currently,
some attention has been focused on hybrid AC/DC multi-circuit trans-
mission lines [29–31].
An optimization process was applied to shunt reactor and neutral
reactor of multi-circuit lines [32]. Whereas in [33] multi-circuit trans-
mission lines operating at 138/230 kV are optimized by a multi-ob-
jective approach using evolutionary computing inside a range of fixed
topologies.
Recently, in [34] the optimization of multi-circuit multi-voltage
2
Electric Power Systems Research 180 (2020) 106174
transmission lines was performed with a multi-objective approach and
the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II (NSGA-II) [35]. Dif-
ferent from [34], in the present research the ampacity and the live
working distances are added as constraints, and the decision making
process is made a-priori, leading to a faster generation of solutions. This
helps in cases where the preferences for the objectives are well known
or when a faster design is required.
3. Mathematical model
In this section, the optimal selection and position of the individual
wires in multi-circuit overhead transmission lines are initially re-
presented as a mixed-integer non-linear programming (MINLP) pro-
blem given by (1).
max f = f1 + f2 + f3 + f4 (1)
where:
f1 = SIL op/SILo − 1 (2)
f2 = (Ct o − Ct op)/Ct o (3)
f3 = (ROWo − ROWop)/ROWo (4)
f4 = (Ht o − Ht op)/Ht o (5)
In above equations, f1 acquires values between (0, ∞ ) , meanwhile
f2 to f4 acquire values between (− ∞ , 1) . Thus, f1 is focused on the SIL
increments and f2 to f4 penalize the solutions that are worse than
conventional lines in those objectives. In (2)–(5) SILo , Ct o , ROWo and
Ht o are the sum of the n circ SIL, costs, ROW and height of conventional
lines operating at their specific voltage levels; whereas SIL op , Ct op ,
ROWop and Ht op are the sum of the n circ SIL, costs, ROW and height of
the optimized line operating at the same voltage levels as the conven-
tional lines, e.g., a four circuit transmission line with 2 × 500 kV circuits
and 2 × 1000 kV circuits. n circ is the number of circuits in the tower.
Note that Eq. (1) presents four objective functions modeled as a
mono objective function. The inner objectives in (1) are in conflict
because improving one objective implies deteriorating another, e.g.,
augmenting the SIL requires more investment on conductors. An useful
tool to see the conflicting behavior of multi-objective problems is the
Pareto front, that represents the behavior of one objective according to
other. A simple Pareto front for this problem is shown in Section 3.7
after describing the complete mathematical model.
Additionally, any combinations of the inner objective functions in
(1) can be optimized by adding binary constants to each variable in (1),
e.g., max f = 1*f1 + 0*f2 + 1*f3 + 0*f4 will optimize SIL and ROW
without considering the costs and the tower height.
Since the characteristics of single-circuits are well-known and have
been explained in [13,14], the forthcoming sections directly introduce
the multi-circuit features.
3.1. Surge impedance loading
SIL of multi-circuit transmission lines depends on the number of
circuits at the same tower (n circ ) and is comprised by the sum of the SIL
of each circuit as presented in (6). Therefore, the SIL is defined by the
∼
voltage of each circuit (Vli ) and its positive sequence characteristic
∼ ∼
impedance (z ci ). At the same time, z ci depends on the positive sequence
∼
line impedance of each circuit (z+i ) and the positive sequence line ad-
∼
mittance of each circuit ( y+i ). Equal to the case of single-circuit, those
parameters only depend on their positions [2].
∼2 ∼
n circ n circ
Vl i ∼2 y+i
SIL = ∑ ∼ = ∑ Vl i ∼
i=1 z ci i=1 z +i
(6)
To calculate the positive sequence components of each circuit, it is
J.S. Acosta and M.C. Tavares Electric Power Systems Research 180 (2020) 106174

∼ ∼
⎡ Yϕ11 ⋯ Yϕ1m ⎤

⎢ ⎥
Yϕ = ⎢ ⋮ ⋱ ⎥
∼ ∼
⎢Y Yϕkm ⎥
⎣ ϕk 1 ⎦ (10)
∼
where: Zϕkm self phase impedance matrix of circuit k for k = m , or
∼
mutual phase impedance matrix for k ≠ m Yϕkm self phase admittance
matrix of circuit k for k = m , or mutual phase admittance matrix for
k≠m
∼ ∼
Note that Zϕkm and Yϕkm are 3 × 3 square matrices ∀ k , m no matter
the quantity of circuits. As an example, for two circuits the impedance
∼
sequence matrix Z012 is:
∼ ∼−1∼ ∼
Z012 = T Zϕ T (11)
where:
∼ ∼ ∼ ∼ ∼ ∼
⎡ z a1 a1 z a1 b1 z a1 c1 z a1 a2 z a1 b2 z a1 c2 ⎤
⎢∼ ∼ ∼ ∼ ∼ ∼ ⎥
⎢ z b1 a1 z b1 b1 z b1 c1 z b1 a2 z b1 b2 z b1 c2 ⎥
⎢∼ ∼ ∼ ∼ ∼ ∼ ⎥
∼ zc a z c1 b1 z c1 c1 z c1 a2 z c1 b2 z c1 c2 ⎥
Zϕ = ⎢ ∼ 1 1 ∼ ∼ ∼ ∼ ∼
⎢z z a2 b1 z a2 c1 z a2 a2 z a2 b2 z a2 c2 ⎥
⎢ a2 a1 ⎥
⎢ z∼b a ∼ ∼ ∼ ∼ ∼
z b2 b1 z b2 c1 z b2 a2 z b2 b2 z b2 c2 ⎥
Fig. 1. Images method representation with complex soil. ⎢∼2 1 ⎥
∼ ∼ ∼ ∼ ∼
⎢ z c2 a1 z c2 b1 z c2 c1 z c2 a2 z c2 b2 z c2 c2 ⎥ (12)
⎣ ⎦
necessary to calculate their phase components, that depends mainly on
the physical characteristics and position of the conductors. At the same ⎡1 ∼2
1 1 0 0
∼
0⎤
time, the phase components are obtained using the primitive im- ⎢1 a a 0⎥
0 0
∼
⎢ ∼ ∼2 ⎥
pedance and admittance matrices, i.e., the full impedance and ad- 1 a a 0 0 0⎥
T=⎢
mittance matrices comprised by all the conductors in the tower, in- ⎢0 0 0 1 1 1⎥
∼ ⎢ ∼2 ∼⎥
cluding the shielding wires. The primitive impedance (Ze ) and ⎢0 0 0 1 a a⎥
∼ ⎢0 ∼ ∼2
admittance (Yt ) matrices can be calculated exactly as the case of single- ⎣ 0 0 1 a a ⎥ ⎦ (13)
circuits using Eqs. (7) and (8), and the image method (to take into
account the ground return impedance) presented in Fig. 1, where σc is Note that the sub-indexes 1 and 2 in the inner terms of (12) refer to the
the earth conductivity, Rk the radius of the k wire, hk the height of the k impedance elements of the circuit 1–2 and their self and mutual
wire, dkp the distance between the wires k and p and D kp the distance iteration; whereas the sub-indexes a , b and c refer to the phase a , b and c
between the wire p and the image of the wire k . The positive sequence of each circuit. The same procedure can be extended to any quantity of
∼
parameters of the line are not influenced by the ground return im- circuits. Additionally, T will be always a square 3n circ matrix with
∼ ∼
pedance, so it could be neglected. However, proper zero sequence va- a = e−jπ/3. In the end, Z012 will be a diagonal matrix composed by the
lues must be calculated for future transient studies, but they are not sequence components of each circuit (e.g.,
∼ ∼ ∼ ∼ ∼ ∼ ∼
important at this stage of line optimization. Z012 = diag([z 01, z11, z 21, z 02 , z12 , z 22]) in the example of two circuits).

∼ jωμ0 ⎛ 2hk ′ ⎞ ∼ jωμ0 ⎛ D kp ′ ⎞ 3.2. Constraints

Ze kk = Ln ⎜ Ze kp =
⎟ Ln ⎜ ⎟
2π ⎝ Rk ⎠ 2π ⎝ dkp ⎠ (7)
The optimization problem in (1) is subjected to the following con-
∼ straints:
Yt = j2πωε0 C C=A−1
D kp ⎞ 0.45 ≤ bs ≤ Bs (14)
Akp = Ln ⎜⎛ ⎟ Akk = Ln
⎛ 2hk ⎞
⎜ ⎟

d ∼
⎝ kp ⎠ ⎝ Rk ⎠ (8) |Vli |
df i ≥
1e−320δr 3 (15)
Note that in the case of multi-circuit transmission lines, Eqs. (7) and
(8) yield to square primitive matrices with dimensions of df i ≥ d lwci (16)
n = 3ncirc n sc + n sw , where n sw is the number of shielding wires on the
transmission line and n sc is the number of sub-conductors in the bundle. Df ik ≥ max(df i , df k ) (17)
Those matrices must be reduced to square 3n circ matrices by using the ∼ 1.667
Kron reduction [36] to obtain the phases matrices. The system is as- ⎛ 2.0*1.1 2 *1.15 ⎞
|Vli|*
dsi ≥ 1.03
sumed to be fully transposed and the phases matrices are converted to ⎜ 600 3 ⎟
∼ ⎝ ⎠ (18)
symmetrical components by using Fortescue transformation matrix T
[37]. The full sequence matrix generation process is well described in mi, Vl ≤ nsci ≤ Mi, Vl (19)
[38].
Accordingly, the primitive matrices are n square matrices, whereas 0 ≤ hvi ≤ 5 (20)
∼ ∼
the phases matrices Zϕ and Yϕ are 3n circ square matrices with the gen- Esoil ≤ 8.33 (21)
eral form presented in (9) and (10).
E sup < Ecrit c
∼ ∼ c (22)
⎡ Zϕ11 ⋯ Zϕ1m ⎤
∼ ⎢ ⎥
Zϕ = ⋮ ⋱ b Ei ≤ 10 (23)
⎢∼ ∼ ⎥
⎣ Zϕk1
⎢ Zϕkm ⎥
⎦ (9) Ik < Ak (24)

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J.S. Acosta and M.C. Tavares Electric Power Systems Research 180 (2020) 106174

n ∼
Table 1 ∼ qk ⎛ x p − xk x p − xk ⎞
Allowed number of conductors according to the voltage level. Ex = ∑ ⎜
2πε0 ⎝ rc2
− ⎟ = Erx + jE
ix
k=1
rI2 ⎠ (25)
Voltage [kV] 230 345 440/500/550 750/765 1000 1150
n ∼
∼ qk yp − yk yp + yk
min nsc 2 2 3 4 8 10 Ey = ∑ ⎛ − ⎞ = E + jE
⎜ ⎟ ry iy
max nsc 3 4 6 8 10 12 k=1
2πε0 ⎝ rc2 rI2 ⎠ (26)

Ep = Erx2 + Eix2 + Ery2 + Eiy2 (27)

where: bs bundle size [m]Bs maximum bundle size [m]Vli line voltage at
circuit i [kV]df i clearance between phases of circuit i [m]d lwi clearance
between phases of circuit i for live working, calculated according the
IEEE 516-2009 standard [39] [m]Df ik clearance between phases of cir-
cuits i and k [m]dsi clearance between phases of circuit i and support
elements or tower [m]n sci wires per bundle at circuit imi, Vli minimal wires
per bundle at voltage Vli (see Table 1)Mi, Vli maximum wires per bundle
at voltage Vli (see Table 1)hvi horizontal or vertical distance between
central phase and external phases at circuit i [m]Esoil maximum electric
field on the soil [kV/m]E sup maximum electric field on the surface of c
c If p is on the conductor surface and k belongs to the circuit i , then
conductor [kV/cm]Ecrit c critical electric field of c conductor [kV/cm]b Ei
difference of the maximum electric field on the surface of conductors
that belong to the same phase at circuit i [%]δr air relativity densi-
tyIk current flowing in conductor k Ak ampacity of conductor k , calcu-
lated according the IEEE 738 standard [40]
To take into account the effect of the temperature on the con-
ductors, the clearance distances are measured at tower height, and sag
level. Balancing of conductors was not considered, and if necessary we
suggest to use an additional insulator string to fix the bundle position.
In this case, the quantity of insulators should be doubled to get the
appropriate cost, as presented at Section 3.4.
Note that since each one of the circuit has its own type of conductor,
most of the constraints depend on the circuit i .
In general, the most important and harder constraint to calculate is
(22), i.e., the electric field on the surface of the n conductors on the
∼
tower, produced by their electric charge qk . The electric field around
each conductor can be calculated at any point p using the image
method without complex soil presented in Fig. 2, according to Eqs. (25)
and (26). The electric field magnitude Ep at any point p is composed by
∼ ∼
the real and imaginary components of Ex and Ey as shown in (27).
Taking into account the conductor's sag, all calculations are done at
conductors mid-span height.
where:
rc2 = (x p − xk )2 + (yp − yk )2 (28)
rI2 = (x p − xk )2 + (yp + yk )2 (29)
In the above equations, x p and yp are the x and y positions of a point
p ; xk and yk are the x and y positions of the k conductor; rc in (28) is the
distance between the conductor k and the point p ; and rI in (29) is the
distance between the image of the conductor k and the point p .
E sup = Ep . The magnitude of E sup defines the occurrence of the Corona
k k
effect, that depends on the environmental conditions and the wire
characteristics, especially the external radius. Peek was the first to
propose, from experimental studies, the critical electric field of con-
ductors with small diameter [41]. Later studies developed by Miller
[42] found that the conductor radius is more important than what was
considered by Peek. Therefore, for an external diameter greater than
0.935 cm and lower than 6.8 cm, the critical electrical field is calcu-
lated by Eq. (30).
⎛ 0.54187 ⎞
Ecritk = 18.11fs δpa ⎜1 +
Rk δpa ⎟ (30)
⎝ ⎠
where: fs surface factor that is typically 0.82δpa atmospheric pressure
[mm Hg]Rk external radius of k conductor [cm]
In order to avoid Corona effect in most weather conditions, E sup was
k
increased 10%. The same equations used above allow to calculate the
electric field at soil level. However, the position of the conductors is
taken at tower level minus the obtained sag for 80 ∘ C.
3.3. ROW

According to EPRI guidelines, ROW is defined as the distance from

the tower center in which the electric field above 1 m of ground level
falls below 2 kV/m [2]. This was implemented in the present research.

3.4. Costs

The total cost Ct (44), related to the proposed transmission lines,

involves the cost of: insulators Itc (31); phase wires and shielding wires
Wtc (32); support elements for shielding wires Stc (33); conductor laying
Cltc (34); foundations Ftc (35); tower re-positioning Rptc (36); commis-
sioning Cotc (37); steel and assembling of towers Totc (38); power losses
Pltc (40); corona losses Pctc (42); and maintenance of elements Mtc (43)
[14].
n circ
3CI qt Vli d si
Itc = 1.1 ∑ 103dl
i=1 (31)
n
Wtc = 1.1 ∑ lMck Cw
k=1 (32)

Stc = 120Qt nsw (33)

Cltc = (6000n + 3500n sw ) l (34)

Ftc = 7200Qt (35)

Fig. 2. Images method representation for electric field calculation. Rptc = 500Qt (36)

4
J.S. Acosta and M.C. Tavares Electric Power Systems Research 180 (2020) 106174

Cotc = 1000Qt l (37) → → → →

Xa = X1 − D Ya = Y1
n
→ → → →
Vk ⎞ Xb = X2 Yb = Y2 + hv
Totc = 1.1Ct ∑ 2.52Kt yk ⎛⎜Lk2/3 + Tk2/3 + ⎟
1.141 ⎠
→ → → →
k=1 ⎝ (38) X c = − Xa Yc = Ya (48)
→ → → →
(3.28 + DF)2 Xa = X1 Ya = Y1
Kt = 2.89 +
400 (39) → → → →
Xb = X2 + hv Yb = Y2 + D
→ → → →
(1 + Ir )Y − 1 ⎞ X c = Xa Yc = Y1 + 2D (49)
Pltc = 8760Pl Lf Cpl ⎛ ⎜
Y
⎟

⎝ Ir (1 + Ir ) ⎠ (40) → → → →
Xa = X1 − D /2 Ya = Y1
2 2
n circ
⎡ 3⎛ ⎛ SILi ⎞ ⎞⎤ → → → → D 2
Pl = ∑ r+i ⎢ V Xb = X2 + hv*D/10 Yb = Y2 + D2 + ⎛ ⎞
li
⎜SILi + 3r+i ⎜ Vl ⎟ ⎟⎥ ⎝2⎠
i=1 ⎣ ⎝ ⎝ i ⎠ ⎠⎦ (41) → → → →
X c = − Xa Yc = Ya (50)
n 1.8
60 ⎡ Esupk ⎤
Pctc = ∑ Cpl ⎢ ⎜⎛0.33 − 0.2⎟⎞ Rk ⎥ → → → → D 2
k=1
50 ⎣⎝ Ecritk ⎠ ⎦ (42) Xa = X1 − D /2 Ya = Y1 + D2 + ⎛ ⎞
⎝2⎠
Mtc = 0.2*[(31) + (32) + (33) + (34) + (35) + (36) + (37) + (38)] (43) → → → →
Xb = X2 + hv*D/10 Yb = Y2
→ → → →
Ct = (31) + (32) + (33) + (34) + (35) + (36) + (37) + (38) + (40) + (42) X c = − Xa Yc = Y1 (51)

+ (43) + (44)
where: Cl insulator disk cost (21 [USD])qt quantity of towers (935)dl in-
sulator leakage distance (20 [mm/kV])n total quantity of conductors in
the towerl line length (350 [km])Mck mass per kilometer of k conductor
[kg/km]Cw wire cost (4000 [USD/ton] for phase wires and 2000 [USD/
ton] for shielding wires)Ct steel cost (7000 [USD/ton]) yk height of k
conductorLk longitudinal loads at conductor k [daN]Tk transverse loads
at conductor k [daN]Vk vertical loads at conductor k [daN]DF maximum
horizontal distance between all phases [m]Lf load factor (0.8)Cpl power
losses cost (36.10 [USD/MWh])Y expected life timeIr interest rate (8
[%])r+i positive sequence resistance of each i circuit [Ω]
Note that since one of the objective functions is the cost mini-
mization, other variables, such as power losses, conductor resistance,
tower arm lengths, among other, tend to be reduced too.
3.5. Geometry
To help solving the problem in (1) the conductors’ positions of each
circuit were mathematically represented. Four possible base circuit
types were modeled: vertical in (48), horizontal in (49), delta in (50)
→ → → → → →
and inverted delta in (51). The variables ( Xa , Ya, Xb , Yb , Xc , Yc ) denote
the (x , y ) positions of the conductors in each phase.
→ → → → → → 3.6. Constraint handling and final model
X1 = rx cos( θ − ϕ1) Y1 = ry sin( θ − ϕ1)
→ → → → → →
X2 = rx cos( θ − ϕ2) Y2 = ry sin( θ − ϕ2)
ϕ1 = k2 π / n sc ϕ2 = k2 π / nsc + π (1 − k2)/2
D = D + df
(44) Eq. (45) is used to help to maintain the conductors in the bundles
uniformly spaced at the beginning, aiming to obtain a small electric
field unbalance on the wires. Furthermore, if n sc is odd, k2 = 1 otherwise
k2 = 0 . It is important to clarify that → ry , →
rx , → rxc , →
ryc , and θ are vectors with
dimension of n sc . Additionally, while rx , ry , →
→ → rxc , and →ryc may accept any
→
continuous value, θ is a vector with equally spaced angles from 0 to
360°. It should be noted that the outer phases have been formulated to
be symmetrical. Additionally, the variable D helps to ensure the re-
striction (15). In the case of multi-circuit lines, all the variables from
Eqs. (48) to (51) will have a sub-index i indicating that belong to the i th
circuit.
Since Eqs. (48)–(51) produce circuits with the bundle of the lower
phase centered in (0, 0) , it is necessary to move the circuits to their
position in the tower. The variables Cxi and Cyi are the displacement of
each circuit center in a direction (x , y ) . However, since the problem has
many constraints, it is necessary to generate base topologies for the
towers, helping to allocate the solutions into the feasible region. As
shown in Fig. 3, two tower configurations were proposed for double-
circuit lines, four for triple-circuit lines and six for quadruple-circuit
lines. The mathematical model of each tower configuration can be de-
duced taking into account that those configurations were generated
using the restrictions in (17), (18) and (21).
(45) In order to explore prominent solutions, even if some of them are
outside of the feasible region, the objective function has to be penalized
(46) if some constraints have been overcome. Therefore, the penalization
function presented in (52) is proposed. Thus, when the value Cvc of a
(47) constraint c ∈ C (sec. 3.2) overcomes the limit Cl c , the penalization is

Fig. 3. Proposed tower configuration according the number of circuits.

5
J.S. Acosta and M.C. Tavares Electric Power Systems Research 180 (2020) 106174

applied (e.g., if the Ecritk (Cl8 ) is 20 and E sup (Cv8 ) is 50, the inner sum of among others, GAs were chosen to implement for sake of simplicity and
k
(52) yields to −1.5). their good results. Any method based on populations could be used to
solve this problem using the proposed mathematical model.
P= ∑ ⎛ Cl c − Cvc ⎞ ∣Cvc > Cl c
⎜ ⎟
Accordingly, the MINLP problem in (53) is solved using a GA. Thus,
c∈C ⎝ Cl c ⎠ (52) a set of N possible solutions compounds a population Po as shown in
→
(54). Each one of the Sn candidate solution (∀ n ∈ N ) is represented by
where: C set of constraints
a chromosome comprised by the variables shown in (55).
Note that the inner terms of the sum in (52) is negative if some
constraint is overcome, and otherwise it is 0. With this model, even → →
Po = { S1, …, SN }T (54)
solutions outside the feasible region are explored. For the next gen-
→ → → → → → → → → → →
erations the solutions outside the feasible region are improved and may Sn = {Tty , ht, Cx, Cy, →
cty , →
n sc , D , hv, co ty , rx , ry , rxc, ryc} (55)
enter into the feasible region.
→
Finally, adding the penalization of the objective function, the model where: Tty base tower typeht vector formed by the height of each i circuit
is the following MINLP problem: → →
(ht i )Cx vector formed by the X center of each i circuit (Cxi )Cy vector
max (1) + (52) (53) →
formed by the Y center of each i circuit (Cyi ) cty base topology of each i
→
subject to: circuit→ nsc vector formed by the number of wires at each i circuit (nsci )D
→
vector formed by the Di value of each i circuithv vector formed by the
(14), (15), (17), (18), (19), (20), (21), (22), and(23). → vector formed by the conductor type of
hvi value of each i circuitco ty
each i circuit (cotyi ). The 100 ACSR conductor types were numbered
3.7. Pareto front example from 1 to 100 [14].→ rx vector formed by the → rxi component of each i
circuit→ ry vector formed by the → ryi component of each i circuit→ rxc vector
A simple Pareto front for the transmission line enhancement can be formed by the → rxci component of each i circuit→ryc vector formed by the →ryci
obtained by just optimizing Eq. (2) and changing Bs in (14) in fixed component of each i circuit
steps. Thus, to obtain a Pareto front example for a single-circuit line Tty base tower type
operating at 500 kV, Bs was varied from 1.0 m to 2.0 m. The result in →
ht vector formed by the height of each i circuit (ht i )
Fig. 4 shows the conflict between increasing the SIL and reducing the →
Cx vector formed by the X center of each i circuit (Cxi )
costs, remembering that f1 to f4 are better with higher values. The same →
Cy vector formed by the Y center of each i circuit (Cyi )
behavior is obtained for other objectives. Therefore, this simple ex- →
cty base topology of each i circuit
ample highlights the conflicting objective problem of optimizing →
nsc vector formed by the number of wires at each i circuit (n sci )
transmission lines. →
D vector formed by the Di value of each i circuit
→
hv vector formed by the hvi value of each i circuit
4. Optimization procedure → vector formed by the conductor type of each i circuit (cotyi ).
co ty
The 100 ACSR conductor types were numbered from 1 to 100
There are different optimization techniques available in literature. [14].
In classical optimization it is necessary to have a complete mathema- →
rx vector formed by the → rxi component of each i circuit
tical model of the problem. However, in some cases the mathematical →
ry vector formed by the → ryi component of each i circuit
model does not exist, is not derivable, or is too complex to be computed →
rxc vector formed by the → rxci component of each i circuit
with classical techniques. In those cases, heuristics techniques are a →
ryc vector formed by the → ryci component of each i circuit
good option because they do not need that a complete mathematical
model of the objective function exists. Therefore, although heuristics
techniques do not ensure to obtain the optimum global solution, they Algorithm 1. Multi-circuit transmission line optimization
provide good solutions.
1: Initialize parameters and limits
One of the techniques most used in recent years is the Genetic 2: Po ⟵N random solutions inside the feasible region
Algorithm (GA), often named as evolutionary algorithm. The GAs solve 3: it⟵1
optimization problems based on the concepts of populations, genetic 4: while it ≤ max(generations) do
and natural selection. In this context, the solution obtained with GAs is 5: Evaluate all solutions in Po
6: Pa ⟵N /10 random solutions in the feasible region
a population of solutions that has gone through an iterative process of
7: Po ⟵Po ∪ Pa
genetic recombination (crossover), mutation and natural selection. 8: Po ⟵ Natural selection of Po
Because the GAs work with populations, global and local searches are 9: So ⟵ Crossover of Po with 90% of probability
ensured. This implies that the solution space is explored in an adequate 10: So ⟵ Mutation of So with 5% of probability
form. Although there are other evolutionary algorithms such as evo- 11: Po ⟵Po ∪ So
12: it = max(generations) then
lution strategy, differential evolution, particle swarm optimization,
13: Evaluate all solutions in Po
14: Po ⟵ Natural selection of Po
15: it⟵it + 1

The general procedure used to optimize (53) follows the pseudo

Fig. 4. Example of Pareto front optimizing f1 and verifying the behavior of f2 .
code presented in Algorithm 1. Note that since the optimization pro-
blem has a large number of constraints, it is necessary to ensure that the
initial population is inside the feasible region. From former knowledge
of the problem it is known that circular geometries with small bundles
usually meet all constraints [14]. This is because circular bundles
maintain a better electric field balance on the surface of the conductors
than other geometries, and smaller bundles have lower superficial
electric field than bigger bundles. Thus, to generate feasible individuals,

6
J.S. Acosta and M.C. Tavares
→ → → →
it is often sufficient that all internal elements of rx , ry , rxc , and ryc are
→ → → →
equal (it does not imply that rx = ry = rxc = ryc ).
Thus, as shown in Algorithm 1, the initial population Po is composed
by N random solutions generated inside the feasible region. Then, the
algorithm begins the main optimization process, composed by the
stages of solutions evaluation, insertion of new random solutions, nat-
ural selection, crossover and mutation. The stages are executed until the
maximum number of generations stabilized is obtained. Then, the final
Po is evaluated and the natural selection process is performed.
When working with GAs the solution space should be explored as
much as possible. However, at each iteration the solutions become more
similar between themselves, making it more difficult to explore new
solutions. To circumvent this, there are different strategies like in-
creasing the initial population, choosing a natural selection procedure
with low selective pressure, or even introducing new random solutions
to the population in each generation. Thus, the algorithm introduces in
Po a population Pa with 10% of new random solutions at each genera-
tion, and uses a natural selection process with a slow selection pressure.
Inside the main optimization processes, at each generation, the first
stage computes the value of (53) for each one of the solutions in Po .
Then, N /10 new random solutions are added to the population Po . The
new Po experiments a natural selection process and Po is reduced to N
solutions. The natural selection is performed through a tournament in
which each solution faces 0.4N random solutions in Po . The number of
wins of each solution is counted and ranked, and the N solutions with
more wins remain on Po , whereas the others are eliminated. When the
natural selection ends, a uniform crossover is performed over Po (par-
ents), i.e., a random pair of parents produces, with a probability of 90%,
two sons with combined genetic material. Thus, N sons are produced
comprising the population So . As happens in nature, a genetic mutation
can occur with low probability in any generation. Therefore, the po-
pulation So can suffer a mutation with a probability of 5%. The muta-
tion of each variable is controlled by Gaussians with standard deviation
of 0.1 for continuous variables (Tty , → → ) and 1 for integer
cty , →
nsc , co ty
→ → → → → → → → →
variables (ht, Cx, Cy, D , hv, r , r , r , r ) . After mutation, the new P
x y xc yc
will be composed by the union of the previous generation Po (parents)
plus the population So (sons). At this point, the population Po has a size
of 2N that will be reduced to N in the next natural selection stage. That
happens in the next generation or immediately (in the same generation)
if the algorithm has reached the maximum generation number. At the
end, almost all the solutions in Po will be very similar and optimized.
5. Test and results
The model presented in this paper was tested with the constraints
given along the text. To show the efficiency and scalability of the
proposed model and algorithm, single, double, triple and quadruple
transmission lines with Bs = 1.5 m were optimized. The typical evolu-
tion of the optimization response is shown in Fig. 5, where it is possible
to see the evolution of the fitness at each generation for an optimization
of a 500 kV single-circuit transmission line. As can be seen, the
Fig. 5. Fitness response at each generation for optimized single circuit trans-
mission line at 500 kV.
Electric Power Systems Research 180 (2020) 106174
solutions evolve until reaching a stability in which minor improvements
are obtained. Although after 100 generations a stabilization was ob-
tained for the single-circuit case, with more circuits more generations
are needed due to the larger number of variables.
The simulations were performed in a workstation with 16 Gb of
RAM, a quad-core i7 operating at 3.7 MHz, and all the processors
running in parallel for the (53) computation. Each simulation lasted
between 382 and 1001 s, depending on the number of circuits and the
voltage level, because of the larger number of variables. However, since
the transmission line optimization does not require an immediate re-
sponse, the time needed to get the results is not considered an im-
portant restriction.
Since evolutionary algorithms do not produce equal but similar
answers in each simulation, 10 runs for single-, double-, triple- and
quadruple-circuit optimization were performed. The best results of the
10 runs were selected to be shown in this paper. The characteristics of
the example optimized lines are shown in Tables 2 and 3, whereas the
geometries are presented in Figs. 6–9. From Table 2 it is possible to
observe that increasing the SIL in most of the cases requires more in-
vestment. However, the ROW and height in most of the cases will be
lower. Only in the single-circuit line case the height was higher because
the algorithm chose a delta circuit to increase the SIL. Note that, in
overall, the transmission lines of the examples were improved in ranges
between 52% and 149%. Any combination of circuits will produce
significant increments, even more if the number of circuits increases.
Therefore, with more circuits on the same tower, more improvements
tend to be obtained. However, note that in circuits with higher voltage
levels (e.g., 2 × 750 –1 × 1000 kV transmission line), it is more difficult
to increase the SIL, but still better solutions than conventional lines will
be produced.
Note that the major advantage of the optimized multi-circuit
transmission lines is the ROW reduction ( f3 ), obtaining reductions up to
64%, with a good height reduction ( f4 ), that in the best case was 61%.
At the same time it was possible to obtain high SIL increments ( f1) up to
32%, using bundles smaller than 1.5 m. However, in most of the cases it
o
was necessary to make a higher initial investment because of the use of
larger bundles, more quantity of conductors, larger conductors, and
more steel in the towers. The highest initial investment was 7.5%
higher than conventional lines. It is also very interesting to observe that
different conductors were proposed for the same voltage level circuit.
This is not a predictable result.
Additionally, no matter the quantity and voltage level of the circuits
in the tower, the algorithm is always going to optimize all the circuits.
Thus, the objective function of one circuit will not be deteriorated by
the optimization of other circuit. Therefore, the proposed solutions are
worth even for tower with circuits belonging to different owners.
6. Conclusions
Regarding the continuous growing of population, density and power
demand, there is a need of increasing the SIL of the transmission lines
and reducing their ROW. A good solution is to use multi-circuit lines
instead of single-circuit lines. Additionally, if the multi-circuit lines are
non-conventional, the benefits will be higher. Therefore, in this paper
were presented a mathematical model and an algorithm to effectively
produces optimized transmission lines taking into account four objec-
tives: increase of the transmission line SIL, and reduction of: costs, ROW
and height.
The optimization is done using an algorithm based on GAs to solve
the proposed model. The model is adaptive, so it is able to optimize
multi-circuit lines from 1 to any quantity of circuits. These new lines are
named as non-conventional multi-circuit transmission lines. As ex-
ample, lines from 1 to 4 circuits were optimized. The results showed
that the non-conventional multi-circuit transmission lines are better in
values up to 149% than single-circuit transmission lines. Even in the
case of single-circuit lines, the algorithm produced non-conventional
7
J.S. Acosta and M.C. Tavares Electric Power Systems Research 180 (2020) 106174

Table 2
Simulation settings and objective function values.
Line [kV] Ni g time [s] f ′1 [%] f ′2 [%] f ′3 [%] f4 [%] f [%]

500 300 500 382.49 26.30 −6.73 48.90 −16.38 51.97

2 × 500 300 500 525.71 24.41 1.24 51.02 35.54 112.22
2 × 750 –1 × 1000 300 500 1001.3 18.87 −7.45 59.34 37.82 108.60
2 × 230 –2 × 500 300 500 773.79 31.10 −6.66 63.68 60.69 148.89

Table 3
Characteristics of the example optimized transmission lines.
Line n scci Conductor bs [m]

500 kV 4 Tern 0.91

2 × 500 kV 4/4 Coot/Coot 1.05
2 × 750 –1 × 1000 kV 4/4/8 Bobolink/Catbird/Coot 1.39
2 × 230 –2 × 500 kV 2/2/4/4 Swift/Swift/Coot/Coot 1.16

Fig. 8. Optimized triple-circuit transmission line at 2 × 750 kV and 1 × 1000 kV.

Fig. 6. Optimized single-circuit transmission line at 500 kV.

Fig. 9. Optimized quadruple-circuit transmission line at 2 × 230 kV and

2 × 500 kV.

Fig. 7. Optimized double-circuit 500 kV transmission line. mathematical model as the conductor swing calculation could be in-
cluded. In general, any constraint not taken into account in this docu-
lines, so better results were obtained (up to 52%). Although the GAs do ment could be added.
not obtain the same response in all executions, they produced good and
similar solutions in each case.
Eventually, the obtained lines are good options to real projects, Conflict of interest
because they meet all the electrical safety distance and constraints,
reduce the ROW and height, and increment the SIL. Moreover, because The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
of the ROW reduction, the lines are environmentally friendly.
Since the methodology is scalable, future improvements to the

8
J.S. Acosta and M.C. Tavares Electric Power Systems Research 180 (2020) 106174

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