PAPER

Research

Qualitative Research, Ethography and Phenomology

This task is structured to fulfill research courses

Supporting lecturer :

Dr. Delfi Eliza M, Pd

By; Group 1

Baiti Latifa18022006

Maisi Erzipa18002119

Gatun Najah dance18002052

Verra Irzinia18022215

Yahdi Kumulloh18022053

TEACHER EDUCATION FOR EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION

FACULTY OF SCIENCE EDUCATION

STATE UNIVERSITY OF PADANG

2020
 FOREWORD

Praise the presence of Allah SWT, because thanks to His guidance and guidance
the author has successfully completed this paper. In preparing this paper, the writer
experienced difficulties due to a lack of knowledge, but thanks to the help and guidance
of various parties, this paper was finally resolved despite its many shortcomings.

The author realizes that he is a student who has insufficient knowledge and is still
learning a lot in writing papers. Therefore, the authors really expect positive criticism and
suggestions for the perfection of this paper. The author hopes that this paper can be useful
and used as learning material in the future.

Pasaman, 1 November 2020

Author

1
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE i.................................................................................................................................

CONTENTS ii............................................................................................................................

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1...........................................................................................

A.Background 1...........................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................

B.Problem Formulation 1............................................................................................................

C.Purpose of Writing 2................................................................................................................

CHAPTER II DISCUSSION 2.................................................................................................

A. Definition of Research 2.........................................................................................................

B, Definition of Qualitative Research 4.......................................................................................

C. Characteristics of Qualitative Research 8...............................................................................

D. Phenomenological Research ..................................................................................................

E. Ethnographic Research.................................................................................................................

CHAPTER III CLOSING 11....................................................................................................

A.Conclusion 11...........................................................................................................................

B.Advice 11.................................................................................................................................

REFERENCES 12......................................................................................................................

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 PIG

PRELIMINARY

A. Background
This paper contains several paragraphs that discuss qualitative research. The author
introduces the ?? problem ?? which then leads to research. The term problem may not be
appropriate, and people who are unfamiliar with research writing will probably put a lot of
effort into writing this section. Rather than calling this section the "problem statement", it
might be clearer to refer to it as the "need to do research". Research / investigating
systematically requires methods. Research methodology contains knowledge that examines
the methods used in research. Is a scientific way to get valid data (soheh) with the aim of
being able to find, prove and develop knowledge so that it can be used to understand,
B. Formulation of the problem

Based on this background, the problem formulation of this paper is as follows:

1. What is the purpose of research?

2. What is the purpose of Qualitative Research

3. What are the characteristics of qualitative research?

4. What is Phenomenological Research?

5. What is Ethnographic Research?

C. Writing purpose

Based on the formulation of the problem, the purpose of writing this paper is as follows.

1. Know the meaning of research?

2. Knowing the Definition of Qualitative Research

3. Knowing the Characteristics of Qualitative Research

4. Knowing Phenomenological Research

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 5. Knowing Ethnographic Research

CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

A. Research Definition

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 Research / investigating systematically requires methods. Research methodology
contains knowledge that examines the methods used in research. Is a scientific way to obtain
valid data (soheh) with the aim of being able to find, prove and develop a knowledge so that
it can be used to understand, solve and anticipate the problem in question from natural data
and have deep accuracy. Wardoyo, the research method is a scientific way to obtain data for
specific purposes and uses. The scientific way means that research activities are based on
scientific characteristics, namely: Rational, Empirical, and Systematic. Rational, namely
knowledge is structured using the mind and makes sense (there is reasoning). Logic becomes
the foundation. Rationalism provides consistency of knowledge. Empirical is an approach to
separate knowledge based on facts / phenomena from those that are not based on facts.
Rationalism must be supported by empiricism. Systematic, namely the process carried out in
research using certain logical steps. Valid: the degree of accuracy between the actual data
occurring on the object and the data the researcher can collect. If the data is reliable and
objective, the research results will be valid. Reliability: The degree of data consistency over
time. Reliable data is not necessarily valid. However, valid data is definitely reliable and
objective. The validity of the data was obtained by using valid instruments, appropriate data
sources and sufficient numbers, as well as the correct data collection and analysis methods.
Reliable data is obtained from reliable instruments and the research is carried out repeatedly.
Objective data are obtained from a sample size of data sources that are close to the
population. The data obtained from research can be used to understand, solve and anticipate
problems. Understand: clarify a problem. Solve: minimize or eliminate problems.
Anticipating: Trying to prevent problems from occurring that obstruct the truth in
investigation and normative. Qualitative research design has become a standard element in
training for social scientists. This research concentrates on the formal examination of
hypotheses and theorists of major experimental design, showing again and again in his
research investigations that investigations are effective for working again and again between
purity and discernment. But since it has been able to offer a formal theory in its affirmative
studies, this section can be taken as a whole in a natural / true way (Manab, A. 2015).
Qualitative research shows the truth (natural) of the data and must be accepted by the
researcher. And that truth (Wardoyo in Manab, A.2015) can show that scientifically includes:
(a) coherence, a statement is considered true if it is consistent with the previous statement
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 which is considered true. Example: Badu will die, is a true statement, because the previous
statement, is that all humans will die, (b) there is a correspondence, a statement is considered
true if the material knowledge contained in the statement is related or has a relationship
(correspondent) with the object being addressed by the statement. example: Bandung is the
provincial capital. West Java,

B. Qualitative Research Definition

Merriam (2009: 13) suggests the definition of qualitative research according to Van
Maanen (1979: 520) as follows: Qualitative research is an umbrella term covering an array of
interpretive techniques which seek to describe, decode, translate, and otherwise come to
terms with the meaning, not the frequency of certain more or less naturally occurring
phenomena in the social world ??. By free translation, it can be interpreted that qualitative
research is an umbrella term. which includes various interpretation techniques which attempt
to describe, ?? read ?? coding, translating, and besides being able to understand the meaning,
not the frequency, of the various phenomena that naturally exist in the social world. The
indirect understanding of qualitative research can also be understood from the following
quotations: ?? Qualitative researchers study things in their natural settings, attempting to
make sense of, or interpret, phenomena in terms of the meanings people bring to them ??
(Denzin and Lincoln, 2005: 3, in Merriam, 2009: 13). Freely translated, it can be interpreted
that researchers in qualitative research study various things or various phenomena in this
world in their natural environment, and try to get an understanding of these things or
phenomena based on the meaning of the people who undergo or experience them. -these
things or phenomena. A more comprehensive definition is given by Lichtman (2013: 7), as
follows: Qualitative research is a general term. It is a way of knowing in which a researcher
gathers, organizes, and interprets information obtained from humans using his or her eyes
and ears as filters. It often involves in-depth interviews and / or observations of humans in
natural, online, or social settings. It can be contrasted with quantitative research, which relies
heavily on hypothesis testing, cause and effect, and statistical analyzes. Freely translated, it
can be interpreted that qualitative research is a general term (generic), which implies that it
(qualitative research) is a way to know (something) in which a researcher collects, organizes,
and interprets information obtained from humans. by using the eye or ear as a filter. Often the
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 research involves in-depth interviews and / or observations of humans in natural, online, or
social settings. It can be contrasted with quantitative research, which relies heavily on
hypothesis testing, cause and effect, and statistical analyzes.

C. Qualitative Research Characteristics (Merriam, 2009: 14-17):

There are several characteristics (key features) of all forms of qualitative research:

1. Focus on the search for meaning (meaning) and understanding (understanding)

2. Researcher is the main instrument

3. Using inductive processes in data analysis

4. Research results are stated (presented) with rich descriptions. (rich description), in the
form of words (description) and sometimes accompanied by pictures rather than in the
form of numbers

5. The research design is emergent and flexible, responsive to changing situations from
ongoing research

6. Subject selection is nonrandom (purposive), and the number of subjects is usually

small

g. Researchers spend a considerable amount of time involved in research activities with their
subjects in natural settings

D. Phenomenological Research
is a qualitative research which is intended to examine a certain phenomenon
(symptom) experienced by a certain person or a certain group of people. Examples of
research on experiences felt by people in a certain area when experiencing an earthquake.
The emphasis is on the experience of people (groups) when the phenomenon occurs, which
is felt by the people in the area.
Phenomenology, at first, was the study of philosophy and sociology. Edmund Husserl
himself, the main initiator, wanted that phenomenology would give birth to knowledge that
could be more beneficial to human life, after a long period of crisis and dysfunctional
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science. Phenomenology, then, developed as a kind of research method applied in various
social sciences, including communication, as a variant in qualitative research under the
interpretive paradigm. According to Bertens (Hasbiansyah, O, 2008), what is the so-called
"phenomenological method" nowadays it is almost unrelated to phenomenology according to
Husserl's conception. He understands phenomenology as a descriptive and introspective
analysis of the depths of all forms of consciousness and direct experience (Bagus, in
Hasbiansyah, O, 2008). The focus of philosophy, for him, is lebenswelt (world of life) and
erlebnisse (subjective and inner life). For Husserl, phenomenology is a philosophical study
that describes all areas of human experience. Humans experience their life experiences in a
consciousness. For him, phenomenology is a never ending study, so that he dubbed himself
as the immortal beginner. Therefore, phenomenology, now, has been much explored, and
given a very broad and varied explanation. Husserl himself aspired that phenomenology
would become a rigorous science, that is, a rigorous science. whose explanation has limits,
there is no doubt. Each concept is clearly defined. departure from the scientific method which
assumes that the existence of a reality is unknown to people in ordinary experience. 2008).
The focus of philosophy, for him, is lebenswelt (world of life) and erlebnisse (subjective and
inner life). For Husserl, phenomenology is a philosophical study that describes all areas of
human experience. Humans experience their life experiences in a consciousness. For him,
phenomenology is a never ending study, so that he dubbed himself as the immortal beginner.
Therefore, phenomenology, now, has been much explored, and given a very broad and varied
explanation. Husserl himself aspired that phenomenology would become a rigorous science,
that is, a rigorous science. whose explanation has limitations, there is no doubt. Each concept
is clearly defined. departure from the scientific method which assumes that the existence of a
reality is unknown to people in ordinary experience. 2008). The focus of philosophy, for him,
is lebenswelt (world of life) and erlebnisse (subjective and inner life). For Husserl,
phenomenology is a philosophical study that describes all areas of human experience.
Humans experience their life experiences in a consciousness. For him, phenomenology is a
never ending study, so that he dubbed himself as an immortal beginner. Therefore,
phenomenology, now, has been much explored, and given a very broad and varied
explanation. Husserl himself aspired that phenomenology would become a rigorous science,
that is, a rigorous science. whose explanation has limitations, there is no doubt. Each concept
6
is clearly defined. departure from the scientific method which assumes that the existence of a
reality is unknown to people in ordinary experience. are lebenswelt (world of life) and
erlebnisse (subjective and inner life). For Husserl, phenomenology is a philosophical study
that describes all areas of human experience. Humans experience their life experiences in a
consciousness. For him, phenomenology is a study that never ends, so that he dubs himself as
an immortal rookie. Therefore, phenomenology, now, has been much explored, and given a
very broad and varied explanation. Husserl himself aspired that phenomenology would
become a rigorous science, that is, a rigorous science. whose explanation has limitations,
there is no doubt. Each concept is clearly defined. departure from the scientific method which
assumes that the existence of a reality is unknown to people in ordinary experience. are
lebenswelt (world of life) and erlebnisse (subjective and inner life). For Husserl,
phenomenology is a philosophical study that describes all areas of human experience.
Humans experience their life experiences in a consciousness. For him, phenomenology is a
never ending study, so that he dubbed himself as the immortal beginner. Therefore,
phenomenology, now, has been much explored, and given a very broad and varied
explanation. Husserl himself aspired that phenomenology would become a rigorous science,
namely a rigorous science. whose explanation has limits, there is no doubt. Each concept is
clearly defined. departure from the scientific method which assumes that the existence of a
reality is unknown to people in ordinary experience.
Phenomenology makes actual experience the basic data of a reality. Said What and
Berg (Hasbiansyah, 0.2008), Phenomenologist,. . ., are not at all in the business of trying to
explain why pepople do what they do. Rather, they are interested in explaining how people
do what they do; according to costructs they manage to organize their daily lives, especially
their communications between each other. So, researchers in phenomenological studies are
not interested in examining the aspects of causality in an event, but trying to search about
how people do something about experiences and the meaning of that experience for
themselves. Phenomenology also studies and describes the intrinsic characteristics of
symptoms as they reveal themselves to consciousness (Bagus, in Hasbiansyah, O.2008). The
method used is descriptive, and aims to reveal intentionality, consciousness, and "world-life"
(Kuper and Kuper, in Hasbiansyah, 0.2008). As a method, phenomenology is a preparation
for any investigation in the field of philosophy and in the field of positive science. The only
7
tool for that is language. On the other hand, according to Brouwer (Hasbiansyah, O.2008),
phenomenology is a unique way of thinking that is different from an expert in a science. If
positivist scientists convince people by showing evidence, then phenomenologists show that
other people have experienced it as phenomenologists have. On this basis, phenomenology
can be said to be a symptom painting using language. A positivist is accustomed to seeing
only objects that are visible, can be seen, heard, imagined, or thought.
Phenomological research, on the other hand, does not focus on a person's life but
rather a concept or phenomenon, such as the psychological meaning of caring interactions
and this form of research seeks to understand the meaning of people's experiences of the
phenomenon. Furthermore, in research, the researcher talks to several people who experience
the phenomenon; people who agree to be interviewed. And the researcher includes a
philosophical discussion about the principle of exploring the meaning of individual
experiences and how these meanings can be summarized into a specific experience
description. Given that the phenomological project focuses on the meaning of people's
experience of a phenomenon, grounded theory researchers have different aims to produce
real theories such as models of one's life. In the introductory pages, the authors describe the
need for a “theoretical framework”. Hence, grounded theorists carry out research to produce
theories. The main method of data collection is interviews (although other data collection
procedures are also used). Also, researchers use systematic procedures to analyze and
develop this theory, procedures such as open encoding and axial encoding, and they represent
the relationships between existing categories and the visual model. The entirety of these
studies are classified as rigorous and have scientific credibility. the authors describe the need
for a “theoretical framework”. Hence, grounded theorists carry out research to produce
theories. The main method of data collection is interviews (although other data collection
procedures are also used). Also, researchers use systematic procedures to analyze and
develop this theory, procedures such as open encoding and axial encoding, and they represent
the relationships between existing categories and the visual model. The entirety of these
studies are classified as rigorous and have scientific credibility. the authors describe the need
for a “theoretical framework”. Hence, grounded theorists carry out research to produce
theories. The main method of data collection is interviews (although other data collection
procedures are also used). Also, researchers use systematic procedures to analyze and
8
 develop this theory, procedures such as open encoding and axial encoding, and they represent
the relationships between existing categories and the visual model. The entirety of these
studies are classified as rigorous and have scientific credibility. Researchers use systematic
procedures to analyze and develop this theory, procedures such as open encoding and axial
encoding, and they represent the relationships between the categories and the visual model.
The entirety of these studies are classified as rigorous and have scientific credibility.
Researchers use systematic procedures to analyze and develop this theory, procedures such as
open encoding and axial encoding, and they represent the relationships between the
categories and the visual model. The entirety of these studies are classified as rigorous and
have scientific credibility.
E. Ethnographic Research
is a qualitative research which is intended to examine the existing culture in a
particular society or a certain group. For example, research on the way of life of a
community living in a certain area far from urban areas. In the world of education, an
example of ethnographic research is research on the culture that exists in a certain class,
which is known as a class that has certain characteristics (for example, with good
achievement), among others, the relationship between students, the way they work together,
the interactions that occur when they follow something. lessons, and so on. Ethnographic
research conducted in a certain class in a particular school is called classroom ethnography.
The emphasis of ethnographic research is on the existing culture of the group concerned
(Suwarsono, St.
Ethnographic design is chosen when a researcher wants to examine the behavior of a
multicultural group, such as the School Committee for Selection of Principals. This design
requires considerable time for conducting observations and interviews in school and with the
committee. This study included several meetings and records of specific details; ?? The
ethnographer's job is to record social human behavior in terms of culture. Literally, the word
"ethnography" mean ?? write about people ??. In a broad sense, from various literatures it
can be concluded that ethnography includes all kinds of studies or in-depth studies of a group
of people with the aim of describing their socio-cultural patterns and activities. For
ethnographers, every event there is a pattern, system, formulas and regularities that can be
used to explain other events or phenomena. Borg and Gall (1989: 387) define ethnography as
9
an in-depth analytical description of an intact cultural scene. In the beginning ethnography
was developed by anthropologists, and because of that it is often referred to as the
“anthropological field study approach”. Initially, ethnographic researchers (ethnographers)
collected first-hand, select informant data on the ways in which groups of people organize or
control life through their social habits, rituals and belief systems. From the information
obtained, ethnographers then get a picture of their perceptual and cultural world. 387) defines
ethnography as an in-depth analytical description of an intact cultural scene. In the beginning
ethnography was developed by anthropologists, and because of that it is often referred to as
the “anthropological field study approach”. Initially, ethnographic researchers
(ethnographers) collected first-hand, select informant data on the ways in which groups of
people organize or control life through their social habits, rituals and belief systems. From
the information obtained, ethnographers then get a picture of their perceptual and cultural
world. 387) defines ethnography as an in-depth analytical description of an intact cultural
scene. In the beginning ethnography was developed by anthropologists, and because of that it
is often referred to as the “anthropological field study approach”. Initially, ethnographic
researchers (ethnographers) collected first-hand, select informant data on the ways in which
groups of people organize or control life through their social habits, rituals and belief
systems. From the information obtained, ethnographers then get a picture of their perceptual
and cultural world. Ethnographic researchers (ethnographers) collect first-hand, select
informant data on the ways in which groups of people organize or control life through their
social habits, rituals and belief systems. From the information obtained, ethnographers then
get a picture of their perceptual and cultural world. Ethnographic researchers (ethnographers)
collect first-hand, selected informant data on the ways in which groups of people organize or
control life through their social habits, rituals and belief systems. From the information
obtained, ethnographers then get a picture of their perceptual and cultural world.
In ethnography, the person studied is not the subject, as played in other qualitative
studies, but an expert with whom ethnographic researchers seek to acquire knowledge about
them. Ethnographic researchers want to uncover the inner world of subjects regarding their
perceptions, judgments, views and attitudes towards an event from the subject's side, not
from the researcher's side. Therefore, ethnographic studies emphasize emic data, not etic.
Ethnography emphasizes the meaning of an event rather than truth for the subject. Over time,
10
a number of theories and methods of ethnographic study have continued to develop including
the right concepts and approaches to describe social groups such as groups (gangs) of
motorcyclists, naughty teens, social atmosphere such as in classrooms, courtrooms, and also
public spaces such as street corners, terminals, stations, markets, hospitals and so on. In
essence, ethnographic studies include descriptive data collection as the basis for
interpretation; because data is a representation or representation of a picture or portrait of the
dynamic way of life of a community group. In the world of education, ethnographic studies
are also appropriate to be used to evaluate school life because basically school is a cultural
entity. Ethnographic studies in the field of education can examine the development of student
identity, teacher perceptions of students and their abilities, classroom knowledge
management, student understanding of subjects, and so on. stations, markets, hospitals and so
on. In essence, ethnographic studies include descriptive data collection as the basis for
interpretation; because data is a representation or representation of a picture or portrait of the
dynamic way of life of a community group. In the world of education, ethnographic studies
are also appropriate to be used to evaluate school life because basically school is a cultural
entity. Ethnographic studies in the field of education can examine the development of student
identity, teacher perceptions of students and their abilities, classroom knowledge
management, student understanding of subjects, and so on. stations, markets, hospitals and so
on. In essence, ethnographic studies include descriptive data collection as the basis for
interpretation; because data is a representation or representation of a picture or portrait of the
dynamic way of life of a community group. In the world of education, ethnographic studies
are also appropriate to be used to evaluate school life because basically school is a cultural
entity. Ethnographic studies in the field of education can examine the development of student
identity, teacher perceptions of students and their abilities, classroom knowledge
management, student understanding of subjects, and so on. because data is a representation or
representation of a picture or portrait of the dynamic way of life of a community group. In
the world of education, ethnographic studies are also appropriate to be used to evaluate
school life because basically school is a cultural entity. Ethnographic studies in the field of
education can examine the development of student identity, teacher perceptions of students
and their abilities, classroom knowledge management, student understanding of subjects, and
so on. because data is a representation or representation of a picture or portrait of the
11
 dynamic way of life of a community group. In the world of education, ethnographic studies
are also appropriate to be used to evaluate school life because basically school is a cultural
entity. Ethnographic studies in the field of education can examine the development of student
identity, teacher perceptions of students and their abilities, classroom knowledge
management, student understanding of subjects, and so on.

F. Descriptive Qualitative Research

According to Firman, H descriptive research is research that describes a phenomenon in learning

with statistical measures, such as frequency, percentage, average, variability (range and standard
deviation), as well as visual images of data, such as graphics. The research objective with this
method is to describe systematically the facts and characteristics of the object or subject being
studied appropriately. To strengthen the research results, an experimental method was also used.
Researchers used the One Group Pretest – Posttest research design, namely by doing one
measurement in front (pretest) before the treatment (treatment) and after that the measurement
again (posttest).

CHAPTER III

CLOSING

A. Conclusion

Research / investigating systematically requires methods. Research methodology

contains knowledge that examines the methods used in research. Is a scientific way to obtain
valid data (soheh) with the aim of being able to find, prove and develop a knowledge so that
it can be used to understand, solve and anticipate the problem in question from natural data
and have deep accuracy.

Phenomenological research is a qualitative research which is intended to examine a

certain phenomenon (symptom) experienced by a certain person or a certain group of people.
Examples of research on experiences felt by people in a certain area when experiencing an
earthquake. The emphasis is on the experience of people (groups) when the phenomenon
occurs, which is felt by the people in the area.

12
 Ethnographic research is a qualitative research that is intended to examine the
existing culture in a particular society or a certain group. For example, research on the way of
life of a community living in a certain area far from urban areas. In the world of education,
an example of ethnographic research is research on the culture that exists in a certain class,
which is known as a class that has certain characteristics (for example, with good
achievement), among others, the relationship between students, the way they work together,
the interactions that occur when they follow something. lessons, and so on. Ethnographic
research conducted in a certain class in a particular school is called classroom ethnography.

B. Suggestion

The author hopes that this paper can be used as well as possible so that it can
broaden the writers and readers' horizons. In this paper there are still many shortcomings.
For that criticism and suggestions that support the author expect from lecturers,
colleagues and readers in general.

13
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Hasbiansyah, O. 2008. The Phenomenological Approach: An Introduction to Research

Practice in Social and Communication Sciences. Mediayor Journal.Vol. 9: 143-180

Manab, A. 2015. Qualitative Approach Educational Research. Jakarta: Kalimedia

Raharjo, M. 2017. Getting to know Ethnographic Studies (An Introduction).

Suwarsoni, St. 2016 INTRODUCTION TO QUALITATIVE RESEARCH.

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