PARKING FACILITIES

 INTRODUCTION
 PARKING DEMAND
 ON-STREET PARKING
 OFF-STREET PARKING
 PARKING STALLS
 VEHICLE CIRCULATION

5/7/2013 Parking Study by CSP,Yr-4 1

 Introduction
• Parking is an issue of
 One of the elements of any concern in urban areas
transportation system is the where space is less and
terminal. vehicle ownership density
 Parking facilities form the is high.
terminal- an important urban
transportation element. – In certain European cities
it is estimated that 40% of
 Parking has various long and the total travel time to
short term impacts on work is consumed in
individuals, communities and searching for parking.
transportation system.
• Parking facilities can be
 Parking affects mode choice. either
 Proper parking facilities must
be built to function highway i. On-street: space near the
side of road where vehicles are
transportation system allowed to park
effectively. ii. Off-street: parking space
away from the main
thoroughfare

5/7/2013 Parking Study by CSP,Yr-4 2

 Parking Demand
• The demand for parking in an
area is generated by the land
use pattern in the vicinity.
– i.e The demand for parking in
an area replete with shops
will be high and the demand
for parking in an area without
much development either
commercial or residential will
be low.
• Another issue related to the
demand for parking is the
duration -an important
variable.
5/7/2013 Parking Study by CSP,Yr-4
• The duration of parking
in an area is also a
function of the land-use
in that area.
– i.e The average vehicle
parking duration in front of a
post office will be much less
than that in front of a
restaurant.
• Every 80 sq.m of floor area:
shop& market.= 1 Parking Space
• There are three major types
of parking demand studies:
1. Comprehensive
2. Limited
3. Site Specific
3
 On-Street Parking
• On-street parking means  On-street parking should not be
vehicles are parked on the sides the first choice as it reduce road
of the street itself. capacity and accidents.
• Four issues related to  Two types of on street parking
on-street parking 1. Parallel parking
which are relevant to 2. Angle parking (varying from 20
to 900)
a transportation
engineer:-
i. Whether requirement for on-
street parking exists in a
particular location
ii. Whether the capacity of
roadway will be enough to
cater the traffic on the road
iii. Whether on street parking will
increase safety hazards
substantially, and
iv. What kind of on-street
parking should be provided

5/7/2013 Parking Study by CSP,Yr-4 4

 L

parallel parking

• The classification of parking 5m

2.5m

is based on the angle in which

the vehicles are parked with
Angle parking
respect to the road alignment.
– Parallel parking
– 300 parking Right angle parking

– 450 parking
• Length of available to park N
– 60 parking
0
number of vehicles
– 900 parking N
L For parallel parking
5.9
L  0.58  5N For 30o parking
Standard dimension of a car
is taken as 5 x 2.5 meter and L  3.54 N  1.77 For 45o parking
a truck is 3.75 x 7.5 meter
L  2.89 N  2.16 For 60o parking
L  2.5N For 90o parking
• Both types of on-street parking have
their negative and positive aspects.
 Parallel parking, the requirement for
lateral parking is about 2.5 m from
the kerb and hence less carriageway
width is occupied by the parked
vehicles.
 Parallel parking also involves
difficult driving maneuvers- when a
vehicle has to be parked between
two parked vehicles caused flow
interruptions on the road.
 As for, angle parking occupied
more carriageway width. Parking
space provided: 2.5 m by 7 m
5/7/2013 Parking Study by CSP,Yr-4
 Driving maneuvers required in
angle parking are also less
complicated, however, it should
be observed that angle parking
cause a lot more accidents than
parallel parking.
• It is generally suggested that
parallel parking space should be
first considered and only in
special cases angle parking should
be used if carriageway width is
large as angle parking can park
more vehicles over a small length.
6
 Off-Street Parking
• Off-street parking
 Such facilities must
facilities built solely for
the purpose of parking
vehicles.
– Open paved space
– Multi-storeyed parking
garage
– Park and Ride facilities
and so forth
 In addition to these, some
concentrate on providing
space so as to:
 Allow easy and independent
parking
 Allow easy vehicle circulation
in the parking area
 Utilize the space most
effectively.
special requirements must be
met, i.e a multi-storeyed
parking facility must have
elevators for drivers and
passengers.
(Interested book for reading more
detail Pls refer to O’Flaherty
[177])
 Parking Stalls
• Stalls are spaces for
parking vehicles. At BBU
• Various kinds of
arrangements of parking
stalls.
• In general, the stall width
can be taken as about
2.5m, stall length as
about 6m and aisle width
as
i. About 4m for 450 and 600
parking stall on one-way
aisles
ii. about 6m for 900 parking
stalls on one-way aisles,
iii. about 7m for two-way
aisles.
5/7/2013 Parking Study by CSP,Yr-4 8
 Vehicle Circulation
• Vehicle circulation within
area (surface or
multistoried) is another
important aspect of an off-
street parking facility.
• The circulation is designed
based on access facilities to
the parking garage, size and
shape of parking facility and
also based on factors like
pedestrian considerations,
orientation of parking stalls,
fee collection system, etc.

5/7/2013 Parking Study by CSP,Yr-4 9

5/7/2013 Parking Study by CSP,Yr-4 10
5/7/2013 Parking Study by CSP,Yr-4 11
5/7/2013 Parking Study by CSP,Yr-4 12
 Demand Study
• Comprehensive studies
cover an entire area, such
as the CBD
– A major objective is to
estimate demand for
parking.
• In comprehensive studies,
the future parking demand is
estimated with the use of
forecasting model including:
– Population growth
– Demographic (Study of Pop.figure)
– Socio and Economic Trends
– The use of transportation
modes
5/7/2013 Parking Study by CSP,Yr-4 forecast.
• Limited studies are similar
to comprehensive studies
but with reduced geographic
coverage and fewer
requirements.
– Typical in limited studies
only one type of parking
investigated (curb-side
parking)
• Site specific studies are
geographically narrow but
analytically extensive.
– Focus sites may include:
• Existing, Planned, or
expanding hospitals,
campus, shopping mall and
industrial development.
• Detailed inventories of
existing supply and
utilization are taken and
future demands are
13
 Definitions of Parking Terms

Space-hour A unit of parking defining the use of a single parking

space for a period of 1 hr.
Parking volume The total number of vehicles that park in a study area
during specific length of time (usually a day)
Parking The number of parked vehicles in a study are at any
accumulation specified time.
Parking load The area under the accumulation curve between two
specific times. (space-hours)
Parking duration The length of time a vehicle is parked at a parking bay.

Parking turnover The rate of use of a parking space. Divide the parking
volume for a specified period by the number of parking
spaces.
5/7/2013 Parking Study by CSP,Yr-4 14
 Parking Statistics
• Parking Volume
• Turnover
• Duration Load
• Parking Load
• Accumulation
 Parking Volume
• # vehicles parked/1hour
– 28/hr (example)
 Turnover
• # vehicles parked/# parking spots
– 28/20 =1.4 veh./space (example)
 Duration Load
• Total vehicle-minutes/# of vehicles
– 945/28 =33.75 min/parked vehicle
 Parking Load
• Total vehicle-minutes /Total space-minutes
available x 100
– (945/1200) x 100=79 %
 Accumulation
Time # vehicles
4:00-4:15 16
4:15-4:30 15
4:30-4:45 17
Accumulation 4:45-5:00 13

18
16
No. Vehicles

14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
4:00-4:15 4:15-4:30 4:30-4:45 4:45-5:00
Time
 Four Steps of Parking Studies

1. Inventory of existing parking facilities

2. Collection of data on parking accumulation,
parking turnover, and parking duration
3. Identification of parking generators
4. Collection of information on parking
demand

5/7/2013 Parking Study by CSP,Yr-4 21

 Info included in Parking Studies

• Parker characteristics (when, where, why and

how many people park)
• Parking supply characteristics (number,
location and cost of spaces, who provides and
how spaces are controlled and used)
• Parking needs for new or existing
developments

5/7/2013 Parking Study by CSP,Yr-4 22

 Parking Condition Survey
Case Study, P-Penh
I- Design of the survey Frequency
– Survey locations
– Survey method and Everyday No Once Twice Three times Four times Five times Six times

Duration
• Inventory Survey
• Vehicle Counting
13%
• Interview 23%

II- Survey Output 19% 0%

– General
– Summary of Parking 6%
Condition
11%
• Parking style 15%
13%
• Payment method
• Amount paid
• Frequency
• Distance
• Purpose

5/7/2013 Parking Study by CSP,Yr-4 23

 No. Survey Item Contents
• A parking condition survey was 1 Inventory Survey -Number of Parking Space
carried out to collect necessary data -Fee (if charge)
and information for estimating 2 Vehicle Counting -Number of parking
parking demand and other relevant vehicles by time
figures regarding present parking 3 Interview -Vehicle types
situations, especially CBD. -Parking style
• The survey includes: -payment method &
– An inventory survey amount paid
-Frequency of parking
– Vehicle counting
-Distance to destination
– Interview -Trip purpose

Item Figures
Car Motorbike Cyclo
Total Number of observed parking spaces 100 675 675
Total number of observed vehicles (per 6 hrs) 619 3,322 1,829
Average duration of parking (minutes) 26.2 18.1 14.9

5/7/2013 Parking Study by CSP,Yr-4 24

 Example
1. An office has the following characteristics: hours
of operation 6 a.m to 8 p.m. (14 hours), number of
parking spaces in the garage are 500, 80% are
commuters with average parking duration of 8 hours,
10% are visitors parking for an average 2 hours, and
the balance are shoppers parking for an average 3
hours. However, observations made at the garage
indicate that 15% of visitors during peak hours (10-12
noon and 1 to 3 p.m.) do not find parking spaces.
How many additional spaces should be added to the
garage to meet the demand? Ans: 75 spaces (space-hours demand
& space-hour not served)

5/7/2013 Parking Study by CSP,Yr-4 25

 2. From an in-out survey conducted for a parking area
consisting of 40 bays, the initial count was found to be 25.
Table gives the result of survey. The number of vehicles
coming in and out of the parking lot for a time interval of 5
minutes is as shown in the table below. Find accumulation,
total Time In Out
1. Accumulation 5 3 2
2. Total parking load 10 2 4
3. Average occupancy 15 4 2
20 5 4
25 7 3
30 8 2
35 2 7
40 4 2
45 6 4
50 4 1
Parking load=accumulation x Time interval 55 3 3
Occupancy=(accumulation/number of bay)*100 60 2 5

5/7/2013 Parking Study by CSP,Yr-4 26

3. Over the course of an 8-hour day, 96 vehicles enter electronics
store’s parking lot. The parking lot has 5 spaces and the average
customer stays in the grocery store for 15 minutes. Calculate the
probability that an incoming car will be rejected. Ans:11%
Glue: first calculate the incoming vehicle flow rate, QA (traffic load) P (probability of
rejection) . A=Q*T, P=(AM/M!)/(1+A+A2/2!+A3/3!+…+AM/M!) (T: average parking duration,
M: number of parking stalls)

4. A new sandwich shop is nearing completion and a parking lot

needs to be designed. The store owners anticipate that on the
average 12-hour day, 360 vehicles will visit the sandwich shop.
The owner also anticipate that the average vehicle will remain
parking for 10 minutes. How many parking spaces need to be
provided in order to guarantee that no more than 1 vehicle in 50
will be unable to find a parking space? Ans: 10 spaces

5/7/2013 Parking Study by CSP,Yr-4 27

5/7/2013 Parking Study by CSP,Yr-4 28
5/7/2013 Parking Study by CSP,Yr-4 29
 The illustration shows a Floor Area Ratio (FAR) of 1.0.
This simply means that, if the area of the plot is 100 square
meters, then 100 square meters of gross floor area has been
built on the plot. The illustration shows a 4-story building
covering 1/4 of the site, giving a FAR of 1.0. Four floors of
25 square meters each are built on a site of 100 square
meters.

5/7/2013 Parking Study by CSP,Yr-4 30

• Dwelling unit. A dwelling unit includes a house, apartment, condominium,
mobile home, boat, vacation home, or similar property. It also includes all
structures or other property belonging to the dwelling unit. A dwelling unit has
basic living accommodations, such as sleeping space, a toilet, and cooking
facilities.
• A dwelling unit does not include property (or part of the property) used solely as a
hotel, motel, inn, or similar establishment. Property is used solely as a hotel, motel,
inn, or similar establishment if it is regularly available for occupancy by paying
customers and is not used by an owner as a home during the year.

5/7/2013 Parking Study by CSP,Yr-4 31

5/7/2013 Parking Study by CSP,Yr-4 32