Technical College of Engineering

Department of Petrochemical
COURSE: transportation phenomena

Name of Experiment : loss in pipe system

Submitted by: Soran Najeb

Stage : 4
Group : B
Experiment No: 1
Date of experiment: / 11 /2020

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

EVALUATION

Activity During Experiment & Procedure

Data & Results

Discussion, Conclusion & Answer to the Questions

Neat and tidy report writing

Overall Mark
Abstract:
We did this test to investigate the head loss due to friction across bends and
elbows, and to find the bend/elbow constant for given pipe

Introduction
A typical piping system involves pipes of different diameters connected to
each other by various fittings or elbows to direct the fluid, valves to control the
flow rate, and pumps to pressurize the fluid. Piping systems involve changes in
direction without a change in diameter, and such flow sections are called bends or
elbows. The losses during changes of direction can be minimized by making the
turn easy on the fluid by using circular arcs (like 90° elbow) instead of sharp turns
(like the miter bends). Sudden or gradual expansion or contraction sections are also
involved to accommodate changes in flow rates or properties such as density and
velocity. Valves are commonly used to control the flow rates by simply altering the
head loss until the desired flow rate is achieved.

Bernoulli’s equation relates pressure, velocity and elevation between any two
points in the flow. But since the equation have some restriction, a new term must
be introduce.

P1/ρg + V1/2g + z1= P2/ρg + V2/2g + z2 + hL

Head loss is added because in real life situation there are losses. The head loss will
increase when the fluid flow through fittings (elbows or bends) due to the friction
effect that caused by the viscosity. This situation can be proved by calculation of
the drop in the flow rate. Minor losses expressed in terms of loss coefficient, Kι and
defined as: Kι = hι / (V²/ (2g). The values of Kι are related to the pipe friction
factors by a constant which is dependent on the ratio of the bend radius to the pipe
diameter R/D
Objectives
1. Influence of pipe diameter, flow velocity, flow rate change.
2. Losses from pipe components such as angles, bends and T-pieces.
3. Losses due to changes of cross section and shut-off fittings of various types.
4. Determination of pump characteristics, system characteristics and the operating
point

Procedure:
1) Firstly pump is activated with opening the valve of pipe line to be worked on.
2) Flow velocity in line is arranged to determinate value with controlling of the
relevant valve.
3) Inlet valve of line is opened with specifying the line of element to be analyzed
on and connecting the manometer on inlet-outlet pressure measuring points of
element.
4) Pressure difference (ΔP) between two end where the manometer is connected is
read from device screen.
5) ΔP values is repeated in 2 different flow rate and for at least 3 elements and
results are recorded to the data paper.
6) For ending the experiment, the pump firstly is closed, then inlet valves of all
lines are closed. The inlet valve of store equipment is completely left opened
Calculations:
1 liter/hour = 2.778 * 10-7 m3/s
𝟒𝐐
Q=A.V v=
𝐩𝐢 .𝐝^𝟐

Heater valve
Measured results for pipe section 2 and pipe section 3
Copper pipe 28 × 1, 𝑑𝑖 = 26 𝑚𝑚
Volumetric Head loss in Velocity m/s
3
flow m /s (Q) hi hf mm
-5
4.8611 × 10 1345 1295 50 2.4×10-3
5.6 × 10-5 1345 1285 60 2.74×10-3

Bend T-piece
Measured results for pipe section 5 and pipe section 6
Copper pipe 28 × 1, 𝑑𝑖 = 16 𝑚𝑚
Volumetric Head loss in Velocity m/s
3
flow 𝑚 /s (Q) hi hf mm
-5
4.8611 × 10 1285 1280 5 3.87×10-3
5.6 × 10-5 1270 1265 5 4.46×10-3

Gate valve
Measured results for pipe section 8 and pipe section 9
Copper pipe 28 × 1, 𝑑𝑖 = 16 𝑚𝑚
Volumetric Head loss in Velocity m/s
3
flow 𝑚 /s (Q) hi hf mm
-5
4.8611 × 10 1175 1165 10 3.87×10-3
5.6 × 10-5 1145 1142 3 4.46×10-3
Discussion
we are using (bend , heater , gate) valves the investigate the head loss in
the pipe Difference from other sections and the heater valve make head
loss more than others valve . the diameter of pipes also has a big effect
on head loss in pipes .when we use straight pipe, bends and elbows pipe
will contribute to minor loss in the head loss. The losses in the bends and
gate are caused by the flow separation on the inner side of the pipes.
System consists of 6 different flow line could be opened and closed
separately. These parts are equipped with several pipe sections and
fittings. Pressure differences are determined in inlet and outlet of
selected fitting element via 2 manometers. There is flowmeter
(rotameter), elbow, “T” connection, ball valve, disk valve, gate valve,
ball valve with drain, silt trap, swing check valve, spring check valve,
counter, pressure regulator, “U” connection (return connection)

Conclusion:
Oure dives in the lab not give us as well as because of impurities in the
pipes or manometers so our calculation will not be perfectly true