Lecture 3

Material behavior: Constitutive

equations
Field of the game
Print version Lecture on Theory of Elasticity and Plasticity

Dr. D. Dinev, Department of Structural Mechanics, UACEG

3.1

Contents
1 Uniaxial behavior 1

2 Generalized Hooke’s law 3

2.1 Anisotropy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.2 Orthotropy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.3 Transversal isotropy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.4 Isotropy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3.2

1 Uniaxial behavior
Uniaxial behavior

Tensile test
• The mechanical behavior of the real materials commonly is studied by an experimental
testing. The simple tension test is a technique which established the uniaxial behavior
of the material. The test consists of a specially prepared cylindrical specimen which is
loaded axially in a testing machine. The strain is determined by change in length between
prescribed reference marks.
3.3

Uniaxial behavior

1
Stress-strain diagram
• Yield point
• Before the yield point- elastic zone
• After the yield point- large plastic deformation begins
3.4

Uniaxial behavior
Constitutive equations
• The tensile test leads to

σxx = Eεxx
σyy = σzz = 0
σxz = σyz = σzx = 0

where E is the Young’s modulus

• The shear strains are εxz = εyz = εzx = 0
• The remaining normal strain components are

εyy = εzz = −νεxx

• Poisson’s ratio
lateral strain εyy
ν =− =−
axial strain εxx
3.5

Uniaxial behavior

Stress-strain relation
• Robert Hooke (1635-1703)
• Original formulation of the Hooke’s law as a Latin anagram
– CEIINOSSITTUV = UT TENSIO, SIC VIS
– As is the extension, so is the force
– In modern language ”the extension is proportional to the force”
3.6

2
Uniaxial behavior

Stress-strain relation
• Thomas Young (1773-1829)
3.7

Uniaxial behavior

Stress-strain relation
• Siméon Denis Poisson (1781-1840)
3.8

2 Generalized Hooke’s law

Generalized Hooke’s law
3D-case
• 3D-constitutive law for linear elastic material

σxx = C11 εxx +C12 εyy +C13 εzz + 2C14 εxy + 2C15 εyz + 2C16 εzx
σyy = C21 εxx +C22 εyy +C23 εzz + 2C24 εxy + 2C25 εyz + 2C26 εzx
.............................................
σzx = C61 εxx +C62 εyy +C63 εzz + 2C64 εxy + 2C65 εyz + 2C66 εzx

    
σxx C11 C12 C16 εxx
 σyy   C21  εyy 
    

 σzz  
=

 εzz 


 σxy  
 

 2εxy 

 σyz    2εyz 
σzx C61 C66 2εzx
3.9

3
Generalized Hooke’s law
3D-case
• In tensor and index notations

σ =C:ε or σi j = Ci jkl εkl

where Ci jkl is forth-order elasticity tensor with the elastic moduli (constants) of the mate-
rial
• In general case 9 strains are related to 9 stresses by 81 elastic constants
• The elastic tensor is a symmetric tensor due to the symmetry of the σ and ε
• Thus the elastic moduli can be reduced up to 21 independent constants
3.10

2.1 Anisotropy
Generalized Hooke’s law
3D-case
• Anisotropy
    
σxx C11 C12 C13 C14 C15 C16 εxx

 σyy  
  C22 C23 C24 C25 C26 
 εyy 


 σzz  
= C33 C34 C35 C36 
 εzz 


 σxy  
  C44 C45 C46 
 2εxy 

 σyz   sym. C55 C56  2εyz 
σzx C66 2εzx
3.11

2.2 Orthotropy
Generalized Hooke’s law
3D-case
• Orthotropy
    
σxx C11 C12 C13 0 0 0 εxx

 σyy  
  C22 C23 0 0 0 
 εyy 


 σzz  
= C33 0 0 0 
 εzz 


 σxy  
  C44 0 0 
 2εxy 

 σyz   sym. C55 0  2εyz 
σzx C66 2εzx

Note
There is no interaction between normal stresses and shear strains
3.12

2.3 Transversal isotropy

Generalized Hooke’s law
3D-case
• Transversal isotropy
    
σxx C11 C12 C13 0 0 0 εxx
 σyy  
   C11 C13 0 0 0 
 εyy 

 σzz   C33 0 0 0  εzz 
 σxy  = 
    
   C44 0 0 
 2εxy 

 σyz   sym. C44 0  2εyz 
C11 −C12
σzx 2
2εzx
3.13

4
2.4 Isotropy
Generalized Hooke’s law
3D-case
• Isotropy- the material moduli are the same in all directions (independent of the orientation
of the coordinate system)
• Only two independent elastic constants are needed to describe the material behavior
– Young modulus- E
– Poisson’s ratio- ν
• Normal strains
σxx σyy σzz
εxx = −ν −ν
E E E
σxx σyy σzz
εyy = −ν + −ν
E E E
σxx σyy σzz
εzz = −ν −ν +
E E E
3.14

Generalized Hooke’s law

Isotropy
• In matrix form
    
εxx 1 −ν −ν σxx
1
 εyy  =  −ν 1 −ν   σyy 
E
εzz −ν −ν 1 σzz

• Inverse relation is
    
σxx 1−ν ν ν εxx
E
 σyy  =  ν 1−ν ν   εyy 
(1 + ν)(1 − 2ν)
σzz ν ν 1−ν εzz
1
• Limits of the Poisson’s ratio- −1 ≤ ν ≤ 2
3.15

Generalized Hooke’s law

Isotropy
• Auxetics material- a material that has a negative Poisson’s ratio
3.16

5
Generalized Hooke’s law

Isotropy
• Shear strains
σxy = Gγxy = 2Gεxy
• Shear modulus
E
G=
2(1 + ν)
3.17

Generalized Hooke’s law

Isotropy
• Complete stress-strain relation is
1 −ν −ν 0 0 0
    
εxx σxx
 εyy   1 −ν 0 0 0  σyy 
 1
1 0 0 0
  
 εzz σzz
= 
   
 2εxy 2(1 − ν) 0 0
  
 E  σxy 
 2ε
yz
  sym. 2(1 − ν) 0  σyz 
2εzx 2(1 − ν) σzx
3.18

Generalized Hooke’s law

Isotropy
• Inverse relation
 
σxx
 σyy 

σzz
 E
= ×
 
 (1 + ν)(1 − 2ν)
 σxy

 σyz 
σzx
1−ν 0 0 0
  
ν ν εxx
 1−ν ν 0 0 0   εyy 

 1−ν 0 0 0 
  εzz


1−2ν

 2 0 0   2εxy
 

1−2ν   2ε
 sym. 2 0 yz

1−2ν 2εzx
2

3.19

Generalized Hooke’s law

Isotropy
• Another representation of the constitutive equations
    
σxx 2µ + λ λ λ 0 0 0 εxx

 σyy  
  2µ + λ λ 0 0 0 
 εyy 


 σzz  
= 2µ + λ 0 0 0 
 εzz 


 σxy  
  2µ 0 0 
 εxy 

 σyz   sym. 2µ 0  εyz 
σzx 2µ εzx
3.20

6
Generalized Hooke’s law
Isotropy
• Where
E
µ =G= − Shear modulus
2(1 + ν)
νE
λ= − Dilatation constant
(1 + ν)(1 − 2ν)

• The above coefficients are known as Lammé coefficients

3.21

Generalized Hooke’s law

Isotropy
• Gabriel Lamé (1795-1870)
3.22

Generalized Hooke’s law

Example
• The isotropic material was tested with two states of stress
– State 1- A shear stress σxy = 80000 gives a shear strain εxy = 10
– State 2- A normal stress σxx = 360000 gives normal strains εxx = 20, εyy = 15 and
εzz = 15
• Calculate the Lamé constants
• Calculate the Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio
• Determine the remaining normal stress components
3.23

Generalized Hooke’s law

The End
• Any questions, opinions, discussions?
3.24