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05 Communication Fundamentals B PDF
05 Communication Fundamentals B PDF
Communication
Fundamentals in Computer
Networks
M. Adnan Quaium
Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology
Room – 4A07
Email – adnan.eee@aust.edu
URL- http://adnan.quaium.com/aust/cse4295
◦ Circuit-Switched Networks
◦ From Circuit Switching to Packet Switching
◦ The Principle of Packet Switching
◦ Advantages of Packet Switching
◦ Packet header
◦ Disadvantages of Packet Switching
In the worst case scenario it can happen that after the failure
of just one exchange, entire subnets of the whole network
become separated and inaccessible.
● Special routing algorithms serve to find the best path through the
network.
● On their path through the network, packets can able to avoid any
congestion and interference occurring at the exchanges.
● Although their way might be longer, they can reach their target faster
than packets traveling on a shorter but blocked path. In addition, the
entire network can also be utilized.
● A connection is never occupied for a long time and as a result all
potential senders have equal and fair access to the network.
● Every packet switch has its own intermediate storage (input buffer and
output buffer) for its incoming and outgoing data lines.
● If an incoming packet is to be forwarded via an output that is
momentarily occupied with sending another packet, the packet is
buffered in the output buffer until the output is free again.
● This type of exchange is thus called store-and-forward.
● The latency that occurs is variable and depends on the network load.
● The order in which the packets are sent from the output buffer
corresponds to their arrival.
Because packets can arrive from different inputs arbitrarily, i.e., in random
order, this bundling of different inputs to one output queue at the packet switch
is referred to as statistical multiplexing or as asynchronous multiplexing.
The procedure contrasts to regular time division multiplexing (TDM), in which
alternately each participant receives an equally large time slot.
In this example we can see that data transmission in the packet-switched network is
three times faster than in the message-switched network.
CSE 4295 : Multimedia Communication prepared by M. Adnan Quaium 14
Advantages of Packet Switching
● Packet number
The individual data packets have to be numbered consecutively.
● Padding data
It is possible that the amount of data sent is smaller than the required packet size. In this
case, the data packet must be supplemented with padding data.
● Overload (Congestion)
Because there are no dedicated, exclusive connections fixed in packet switching, it can
happen that an exchange is not able to handle a sudden rush of incoming data packets,
i.e., the available buffer overflows and as a result data packets are lost.