1.

Solar System
Kepler Laws
Ecliptic, Orbit and Seasons
Day/Daylight – Night/Twilight
UTC/LMT – Sunrise/Sunset
061 – General Navigation
Prepared By : Mustafa Can TOPRAK
SOLAR SYSTEM
Planets

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SOLAR SYSTEM
Kepler Laws 1

1st law;
• All planets have an elliptical orbit around the Sun. Sun is placed in one of the foci of the ellipse!
• The nearest point → PERIHELION (4th January)
• The furthes poing → APHELION (3rd July)

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SOLAR SYSTEM
Kepler Laws 2

2nd law;
• The line connecting the planet and Sun covers the same area in same time!!! So orbital velocity
changes continously.
• The maximum velocity at → PERIHELION (4th January)
• The minimum velocity at → APHELION (3rd July)
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SHAPE of THE EARTH
North / South and East / West

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SOLAR SYSTEM
Plane of Ecliptic

All planets are on almost the same plane according to Sun!!!

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SOLAR SYSTEM
Plane of Ecliptic

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SOLAR SYSTEM
Plane of Ecliptic – The Main Reason of Seasons

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SOLAR SYSTEM
Plane of Ecliptic – The Main Reason of Seasons

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SOLAR SYSTEM
Plane of Ecliptic – The Main Reason of Seasons

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SOLAR SYSTEM
Plane of Ecliptic – The Main Reason of Seasons

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SOLAR SYSTEM
Length of Day Light

When the equator pass through the night; At summer;

• Daylight is still at the 40 North. • High latitude has more daylight!!!
• This is caused by Ecliptic Angle. • It is important which hemisphere is living summer

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SOLAR SYSTEM
Length of Day Light

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SOLAR SYSTEM
Length of Day Light

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SOLAR SYSTEM
Siderial Day and Apperant Solar Day

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SOLAR SYSTEM
Siderial Day and Apperant Solar Day

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 Kepler Laws

ATPL Questions

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TIME
Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) and Local Mean Time (LMT)

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TIME
Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) and Local Mean Time (LMT)

Why the GMT cannot be used for all countries?

• GMT is the real time for only Greenwich-London

• If all countries use the GMT, some countries have
a day when the others are in midnight!!!
• So that all meridians have their own local time
which is called Local Mean Time (LMT)

1 degree Chlong = 4 minutes time difference

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TIME
Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) and Local Mean Time (LMT)

If GMT is 13:00; Find the LMT at;

Istanbul ( 𝟒𝟎𝒐 𝟓𝟖′ 𝑵 , 𝟎𝟐𝟖𝒐 𝟒𝟖′ 𝑬 )

GMT
IST 28 degree → 28x4 = 112 min.
48 minute → (48x4)/60 = 3 min 12 sec.

• Istanbul is at eastern of London, so local time is

before (+) 115 minutes the GMT;
• LMT → 13:00 + 01:55
→ 14:55

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TIME
Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) and Local Mean Time (LMT)

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TIME
Local Mean Time (LMT) and Date Change

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TIME
Local Mean Time (LMT) and Date Change

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TIME
Local Mean Time (LMT) and Date Change

If GMT is 19:00 at 18 of March; What is the date at;

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Hong Kong ( 𝟐𝟐𝒐 𝟏𝟕𝑵 , 𝟏𝟏𝟒𝒐 𝟏𝟎𝑬 )
135W 135E 114 degree → 114x4 = 456 min.
10 minute → (10x4)/60 = 40 sec.
90W 90E • Hong Kong is at eastern of London, so local time is
75E before (+) 457 minutes the GMT;
24:00
• LMT → 19:00 + 07:37
45W 45E +1 Day
→ 02:37 , 19 of March

0 22:00

19:00

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TIME
Local Mean Time (LMT) and Date Change

GMT: Date:
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90W 90E

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TIME
LMT to LMT

Location: LMT:
180 2nd Location: LMT:

90W 90E

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TIME
LMT – Offical Time

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TIME
Local Mean Time (LMT) and Date Change

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TIME
LMT – Offical Time

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TIME
LMT – Offical Time

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TIME
LMT – Offical Time

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TIME
LMT – Offical Time

From:
To:
Flight Duration:

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TIME
Sunrise – Twilight - Sunset

Just before the SUNRISE Just after the SUNSET

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TIME
Sunrise – Twilight - Sunset

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TIME
Day / Night

SUNRISE SUNSET SUNRISE

Morning Eveining Morning

DAY NIGHT DAY
Twilight Twilight Twilight

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TIME
Sunrise / Sunset Tables

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TIME
Sunrise / Sunset Tables – Length of Twilight

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 TIME

ATPL Questions

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