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Bus Admittance Matrix
Bus Admittance Matrix
Bus Admittance Matrix
BY
DR AZIAH KHAMIS
Introduction
To determine the steady state analysis of an interconnected power
system during normal operation
} It also determine if system voltages remain within specified limits under various contingency
(unforeseen event) conditions, and whether the equipment such as transformers and conductors
are overloaded.
} Load-flow studies are often used to identify the need for additional generation, capacitive, or
inductive VAR support, or the placement of capacitors and/or reactors to maintain system
voltages within specified limits.
} Losses in each branch and total system power losses are also calculated.
} Necessary for planning, economic scheduling, and control of an existing system as well as
planning its future expansion
THE IMPORTANTANCE OF POWER FLOW ANALYSIS
Ø Back bone of power system
Ø Planning
Ø Operation
Ø Economic scheduling
Ø Transient stability
Ø Contingency studies
REQUIREMENT FOR SUCCESSFUL OPERATION OF POWER SYSTEM
§ Generator supplies the demand & cater for the losses
§ Bus voltages magnitudes à close to rated values
§ Generators operates within specified real & reactive power
limit
§ Transmission lines & transformers are not overloaded
§ The way to analyze these are using “network equations” such as:
§ If analyze Voltages & Current only and formulate the admittance matrix à”Node-
Voltage Method” (if currents known and want to solve for voltages only , or vice versa)
§ If analyze Power Flow à “Iteration Method” (if power are known, and will become non-
linear) thus, is called power flow/load flow equations. E.g. Gauss Seidel, Newton Raphson
§ TO APPLY THE PER UNIT SYSTEM IN ORDER TO GENERATE THE IMPEDANCE,
REACTANCE AND ADMITANCE DIAGRAM FROM ONE LINE DIAGRAM.
§ TO FURTHER DETERMINE THE ADMITANCE MATRIX IN ORDER TO USE FOR
FURTHER PERFORMANCE IN THE POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS.
G1 G2
T1 T2
Line 1
Bus 1 Bus 2
Line 2 Line 3
Bus 3
Using per unit
system taught
earlier
Bus 4
OR Using Nodal-
4) bus admittance
voltage method
Analysis using matrices (I=YV)
Nodal Voltage
again to solve V
&I
3) Admittance diagram
NOTE : Figure 2,3 & 4 are in PER UNIT!
§ The most common way to represent a power system network is
to use the node-voltage method:
“Given the voltages of generators at all generator nodes, and
knowing all impedances of machines and loads, one can solve for
all the currents in the typical node voltage analysis methods using
Kirchoff's current law (KCL)”.
§ The equations which result are called the node-voltage equations and
are given the "bus" subscript in power studies thus:
or [I] = [Y][V]
DERIVATION OF NODE VOLTAGE EQUATION
In order to obtain the
node voltage equations :
Rearrange,
!
Bus Admittance Matrix
Diagonal element è self-admittance / driving point admittance
Off-diagonal element è mutual admittance / transfer admittance
è equal to the negative of the admittance between the node
EXAMPLE (TO FIND THE Y BUS)
Ibus = Ybus Vbus
3 4
§ Figure above shows the one line diagram of a simple four-bus system. Table below gives
the line impedances identified by the buses on which these terminate. The shunt
admittance at all the buses is assumed negligible.
(a) Find the Ybus assuming that the line shown dotted is not connected.
(b) What modifications need to be carried out in Ybus if the line shown dotted is connected.
Line, R, pu X, pu
Bus to bus
1-2 0.05 0.15
1-3 0.10 0.30
2-3 0.15 0.45
2-4 0.10 0.30
3-4 0.05 0.15
SOLUTION:
§ (a) Ybus without dotted line.
Line, G, pu B, pu
Bus to bus
1-2 2.0 - 6.0
1-3 1.0 - 3.0
2-3 0.666 - 2.0
2-4 1.0 - 3.0
3-4 2.0 - 6.0
Ybus = 1 – j3 0 -1 + j3 0
0 1.666 – j5 -0.666 + j2 -1 + j3
-1 + j3 -0.666 + j2 3.666 – j11 -2 + j6
0 -1 + j3 -2 + j6 3 – j9
SOLUTION
§ (b) Ybus with dotted line.
Line, G, pu B, pu
Bus to bus
1-2 2.0 - 6.0
1-3 1.0 - 3.0
2-3 0.666 - 2.0
2-4 1.0 - 3.0
3-4 2.0 - 6.0
Ybus = 3 – j9 -2 + j6 -1 + j3 0
-2 + j6 3.666 – j11 -0.666 + j2 -1 + j3
-1 + j3 -0.666 + j2 3.666 – j11 -2 + j6
0 -1 + j3 -2 + j6 3 – j9
EXAMPLE 2
SOLUTION:
Solution: