\AOC[CYC K@A

GKNYCGCP VAE@K@KOCE

Vae`k`koce Ocrcotar `cncj Vajlanchcrce

Ecjc 8 NKXC GAL\KCEPK DQECTCE

Ekj 8 <3;93<36<1

Oancs 8 @ KO @

@msae Vaedcjpu 8 @rc. Ycrkcec Jcrlue

V\M@K VAE@K@KOCE LCBCYC KEDD\KY

GCOQNPCY LCBCYC @CE YAEK

QEKWA\YKPCY EADA\K JA@CE

<63;
 OCPC VAEDCEPC\

Vuhk `ce syuour ctcs oabc`krct Pubce [ced Jcbc Asc ctcs nkjpcbce rcbjct `ce ceudarcb `crk-Eyc
sabkeddc paeunks `cpct jaeyanasckoce tudcs raocycsc k`a kek.

Ycyc scedct larsyuour ocraec `cpct jaeyanasckoce tudcs raocycsc k`a yced jaehc`k scncb sctu
tudcs wchkl `crk jctc ounkcb Gknscgct Vae`k`koce `k Qekvarsktcs Eadark Ja`ce.
@kscjpked ktu, scyc jaeduicpoce lceyco tarkjc ocskb oapc`c pkbco yced tancb jajlcetu paeunks `cncj
jaeyanasckoce tudcs kek.

@ajkokce yced `cpct scyc scjpckoce, sajmdc `aedce tarsanasckoceeyc tudcs kek `cpct
larjcegcct lcdk pajlcic obususeyc lcdk scyc sae`krk. Ycyc sae`krk scedct jaedcbcrcpoce orktko
`ce scrce tarbc`cp ncpmrce kek cdcr scyc ecetkeyc `cpct jaekedoctoce oajcjpuce scyc nalkb

lcko ncdk. Ocraec scyc sc`cr, ncpmrce kek jcskb lceyco oaourcedce `ce oanalkbce yced juedoke tk`co
scyc sc`crk.

Ja`ce, 61 Emvajlar <63;

Vaeyusue
@CGPC\ KYK

OCPC VAEDCEPC\ ..............................................................................................

@CGPC\ KYK ............................................................................................................. K.
VAE@CBQNQCE .................................................................................................

3.3 Nctcr Lancoced Jcscncb .......................................................................... 3.<

\ujusce Jcscncb ...................................................................................

3.9 Puhuce ....................................................................................................

KK. VAJLCBCYCE ...................................................................................................

<.3 Vaedartkce Vae`k`koce Ocrcotar...............................................................

<.< Guedsk `ce Puhuce Vae`k`koce Ocrcotar..................................................

<.9 Vaetkedeyc Vae`k`koce Ocrcotar..............................................................

<.0 Vancoscecce Vae`k`koce Ocrcotar `cncj Vajlanchcrce...........................

KKK. OAYKJVQNCE @CE YC\CE............................................................................ @CGPC\

VQYPCOC ...............................................................................................

K. VAE@CBQNQCE

3.3 Nctcr Lancoced Jcscncb

Qe`ced-Qe`ced \apulnko Ke`measkc Emjmr <6 Pcbue <669 taetced Ykstaj Vae`k`koce
Ecskmecn (Yks`koecs) tancb jarujusoce guedsk `ce tuhuce pae`k`koce ecskmecn. Vcscn 9 QQ tarsalut
jaeyctcoce, „Vae`k`koce ecskmecn larguedsk jaedajlcedoce oajcjpuce `ce jajlaetuo wctco sartc
parc`clce lcedsc yced larjcrtclct `cncj rcedoc jaeiar`csoce oabk`upce lcedsc, lartuhuce uetuo
laroajlcedeyc pmtaesk pasartc `k`ko cdcr jaehc`k jceuskc yced larkjce `ce lartcqwc oapc`c Pubce [JA,
larcobnco junkc, sabct, larknju, icocp, jce`krk, `ce jaehc`k wcrdc eadcrc yced `ajmorctks sartc
lartceddued hcwcl.‚ Vcscn tarsalut jarupcoce `cscr lcdk paedajlcedce pae`k`koce ocrcotar uetuo
pajlaetuoce ocrcotar jceuskc obususeyc daearcsk ju`c. Vajlkecce ocrcotar jceuskc sancou daearcsk
ju`c `cpct `ktajpub `aedce larlcdck upcyc, tarjcsuo jancnuk pae`k`koce yced `kncouoce saicrc
tarprmdrcj, lartcbcp, `ce laroaskecjluedce (Bcsce, <63687).

Vae`k`koce ocrcotar jajpueyck tuhuce paececjce eknck `cncj `krk skswc `ce pajlcruce tctc
oabk`upce larscjc yced nalkb jaedbcrdck oalalcsce ke`kvk`u. Yancke ktu, pae`k`koce ocrcotar
 lartuhuce jaekedoctoce jutu paeyanaeddcrcce `ce bcskn pae`k`koce `k saomncb yced jaedcrcb pc`c
paeicpckce pajlaetuoce ocrcotar `ce cobnco junkc skswc saicrc utub, tarpc`u, `ce sakjlced sasuck
`aedce stce`cr omjpataesk nunusce (Ycjcek `ce Bcrkycetm, <6338 0<-09).

3.< \ujusce Jcscncb

Lcdckjcec pae`k`koce ocrcotar yced `ktarcpoce mnab duru `ce saomncb `cncj pajlanahcrce lcdk
pasartc `k`ko=

3.9 Puhuce

Qetuo jaedatcbuk pae`k`koce ocrcotar yced `ktarcpoce mnab duru `ce saomncb `cncj
pajlanchcrce `k oancs `ce nkedouedce saomncb
KK. VAJLCBCYCE

<.3 Vaedartkce Vae`k`koce Ocrcotar

Octc „ibcrcitar‚ larcscn `crk lcbcsc [uecek ibcrcssake, yced larcrtk tm aedrcva (januoks,
jaeddcjlcr), sapartk mrced yced januoks oartcs, jajcbct lctu ctcu jatcn. Larcocr `crk
paedartkce yced sapartk ktu, ibcrcitar oaju`kce `kcrtkoce salcdck tce`c ctcu ikrk obusus. @cncj ocjus
tarlcru Lcbcsc Ke`measkc, ocrcotar crtkeyc skgct, cobnco, lu`k paoartk yced jaehc`k ikrk obcs sasamrced.
K.\ Va`hcwcwkhctec jaedajuococe8 „Tctco ctcu ocrcotar kcncb sanurub cou yced tareyctc `cncj
tke`coceeyc (kescek, hc`k `aedce pknkbce) tarnklct `cncj sktucsk, hc`k jajced `k lcwcb paedcrub `crk
pkbco lcoct, tajparcjae, oac`cce tulub, `ce ncke salcdckceeyc‚ (Vurwcetm, 3;;;).

Vae`k`koce crtkeyc prmsas paedulcbce skocp `ce parkncou sasamrced ctcu oanmjpmo `cncj uscbc
jae`awcscoce jceuskc. Jaeurut @kee Tcbyu`ke, pae`k`koce c`cncb bujcekscsk (upcyc jajceuskcoce jceuskc)
ycktu suctu upcyc `cncj rcedoc jajlcetu jceuskc (pasartc `k`ko) cdcr jcjpu bk`up sasuck `aedce jcrtclct
oajceuskcceeyc (Tcbyu`ke, <66;). T.Y. Tkeoan `cncj luoueyc yced larhu`un Vskomnmdk Vaedchcrce,
jae`agkekskoce pae`k`koce kcncb lcetuce yced
`klarkoce mrced `awcsc oapc`c mrced yced lanuj `awcsc, cdcr `kc jaeicpck oa`awcscce
(Tkeoan, 3;29). Vajarketcb `cncj QQ \K Em. <6 tcbue <669 jajuct paedartkce pae`k`koce,
pae`k`koce c`cncb uscbc sc`cr `ce taraeicec uetuo jawuhu`oce sucscec lanchcr `ce prmsas pajlanchcrce
cdcr pasartc `k`ko saicrc cotkg jaedajlcedoce pmtaesk `krkeyc uetuo jajknkok oaouctce spkrktucn
oacdcjcce, paedae`cnkce `krk, oaprklc`kce, oaiar`csce, cobnco junkc, sartc oatarcjpknce yced `kparnuoce
`krkeyc, jcsycrcoct, lcedsc `ce eadcrc (Oaj`koecs, <669).
 Vae`k`koce ocrcotar jarupcoce larlcdck uscbc yced `kncouoce mnab larlcdck parsmekn saomncb,
lcboce yced `kncouoce larscjc-scjc `aedce mrced tuc `ce ceddmtc jcsycrcoct uetuo jajlcetu ceco-ceco `ce
rajchc cdcr jaehc`k ctcu jajknkok skgct pa`unk, larpae`krkce, `ce
lartceddued hcwcl (@crycetm, <639). Lar`cscroce paedartkce `k ctcs `cpct `ktcrko oaskjpunce lcbwc
pae`k`koce ocrcotar c`cncb prmsas paedulcbce skgct, oahkwcce, cobnco, lu`k paoartk sasamrced ctcu
oanmjpmo mrced cdcr jaehc`k `awcsc (jceuskc sautubeyc/kesce ocjkn) sajuceyc `khkwck mnab kjce `ce
tcowc oapc`c Pubce [ced Asc lar`cscroce pceicsknc.
<.< Guedsk `ce Puhuce Vae`k`koce Ocrcotar

Yasuck `aedce guedsk Vae`k`koce Ecskmecn yced tartuced `cncj QQ \K Em. <6 Pcbue <669
taetced Yks`koecs jaeyctcoce lcbwc Vae`k`koce ecskmecn larguedsk jaedajlcedoce oajcjpuce `ce jajlaetuo
wctco sartc parc`clce lcedsc yced larjctclct `cncj rcedoc

jaeiar`csoce oabk`upce lcedsc, lartuhuce uetuo laroajlcedeyc pmtaesk pasartc `k`ko cdcr jaehc`k jceuskc
yced larkjce `ce lartcowc oapc`c Pubce [ced Jcbc Asc, larcobnco junkc, sabct, larknju, icocp, oractkg,
jce`krk, `ce jaehc`k wcrdc eadcrc yced `ajmorctks sartc lartceddued hcwcl. Vae`k`koce ocrcotar pc`c
ketkeyc lartuhuce jajlaetuo lcedsc yced tceddub, omjpatktkg, larcobnco junkc, larjmrcn, lartmnarce,
lardmtmed rmymed, larhkwc pctrkmtko,
laroajlced `kecjks, larmrkaetcsk knju paedatcbuce `ce taoemnmdk yced sajuceyc `khkwck mnab
kjce `ce tcowc oapc`c Pubce [ced Asc lar`cscroce pceicsknc.

<.9 Vaetkedeyc Vae`k`koce Ocrcotar

Jaeurueeyc oucnktcs jmrcn `cncj oabk`upce jceuskc Ke`measkc `awcsc kek, tarutcjc `k ocncedce
skswc, jaeuetut `ksanaeddcrcoceeyc pae`k`koce ocrcotar. Yaomncb `ktuetut uetuo jajckeoce parce `ce
tcedduedhcwcleyc uetuo jaececjoce `ce jaedajlcedoce eknck-eknck yced lcko `ce jajlcetu pcrc skswc
jajlaetuo `ce jajlcedue ocrcotar jaraoc `aedce eknckeknck yced lcko.

Vae`k`koce ocrcotar `kcrcboce uetuo jajlarkoce taocece pc`c eknck-eknck tartaetu sapartk rcsc
bmrjct, tcedduedhcwcl, huhur, pa`unk, `ce c`kn `ce jajlcetu skswc uetuo jajcbcjk, jajparbctkoce, `ce
jancouoce eknck-eknck tarsalut `cncj oabk`upce jaraoc sae`krk uetuo jaeicpck oasuosasce bk`up. Bcskn
paeanktkce pskomnmdk smskcn jaeuehuooce lcbwc mrced yced suosas `k `uekc `ktaetuoce mnab
parcece knju salascr 32%, sksceyc 2<% `ktaetuoce mnab oatarcjpknce ajmskmecn, smgt soknn
(ocrcotar), `ce sahaekseyc (Angke`rk, <633).
<.0. Vancoscecce Vae`k`koce Ocrcotar `cncj Vajlanchcrce

Jaeurut Pcrjcesycb, `oo. (<63<831) @cncj pae`k`koce ocrcotar yced `kketadrcskoce

`k`cncj jctc panchcrce, c`c bcn-bcn yced parnu `kparbctkoce sapartk8

c. Oalkhcoce saomncb `ce `uouedce c`jkekstrcsk saomncb tarbc`cp pae`k`koce ocrcotar yced jankputk8
Wksk `ce jksk pae`k`koce ocrcotar, smskcnkscsk, `moujae pae`k`koce ocrcotar `nn.
l. Ome`ksk nkedouedce saomncb jankputk8 scrcec `ce prcscrcec yced jae`uoued, nkedouedce yced
larskb, ocetke oahuhurce, ruced oacdcjcce `nn.
i. Vaedatcbuce `ce skocp duru yced jankputk8 omesap pae`k`koce ocrcotar, icrc jajluct paraeicecce
pajlanchcrce, parcedoct pajlanchcrce, ourkounuj, sknclus, \VV, lcbce chcr, paeknckce, pancoscecce
pae`k`koce ocrcotar tarketadrcsk `cncj jctc panchcrce `nn.
`. Vaekedoctce omjpataesk duru.
a. @uouedce jcsycrcoct.

@cncj bcn jaracnkscskoce upcyc ’ upcyc pae`k`koce ocrcotar sapartk yced `khclcroce `k ctcs,
paeunks jajknkok lalarcpc k`a uetuo jaedajlcedoce pae`k`koce ocrcotar pcrc skswc, salcdck larkout.

3. Yatkcp duru lk`ced stu`k bcrus jaearcpoce pae`k`koce ocrcotar pc`c pasartc `k`ko `k satkcp
partajuceeyc. Yatkcp duru salckoeyc jajknkok parcturce yced bcrus `kpctubk

sancjc duru tarsalut jaedchcr `k hcj panchcrce tarsalut. Duru jajluct oasapcoctce
larscjc `aedce jurk` `cncj bcn parcturce kek. @k `cncj jajluct parcturce, tarhc`k jusycwcrcb yced
jarupcoce scncb sctu upcyc jajlaetuo pae`k`koce ocrcotar. Duru
hudc bcrus jajluct buoujce cpclknc jurk` janceddcr parcturce tarsalut. Yancke
parcturce uetuo jurk`, duru hudc bcrus jaedutcrcoce prkeskpeyc salcdck samrced duru `ce
laruscbc jaehcnceoce prkeskpeyc tarsalut. Duru bcrus jaeapctk hcehkeyc oapc`c jurk` cdcr jurk`
hudc lanchcr `crk ocrcotar duru.
<. @cncj jajlaetuo ocrcotar yced huhur, pcrc duru lksc jaeimlc jajlarkoce uhkce oapc`c skswc tcepc
`kcwcsk. Bcn kek juedoke tarncnu laraskom ocraec pcrc skswc lascr oajuedokece coce tatcp
jaeymetao `ce tk`co coce c`c yced jaedcou oatkoc `ktceyc skcpc yced larluct iurced. Bcn kek lksc
`kskcsctk `aedce icrc satancb uhkce sanasck, duru lartceyc pc`c skswc skcpc yced larluct iurced
`ce larluct huhur, `aedce jaehcehkoce eknck 366 pc`c skswc yced larluct huhur `ce jajketc skswc
yced larluct huhur jaedctcoce skcpc schc yced larluct iurced. Bcn kek `kncouoce uetuo janctkb
jaraoc jancoscecoce uhkce saicrc huhur ocraec oahuhurce jarupcoce bcn yced nalkb utcjc
`klce`kedoce eknck uhkce.
9. Oapcnc Yaomncb jajluct prmdrcj jkedduce `ce luncece `cncj pae`k`koce ocrcotar

pcrc skswc. Bcn kek lksc `kncouoce `aedce jajluct pcrc skswc lardmtmed rmymed `k
satkcp bcrk Ycltu. Lardmtmed rmymed jajlarskboce nkedouedce saomncb `ce jajluct
nkedouedce saomncb tatcp tarhcdc cdcr sancnu eycjce larc`c `k saomncb. Oapcnc Yaomncb
hudc lksc jajluct nmjlc satkcp jkeddu jaedaeck oalarskbce `ce oarcpkce oancs. Jajlarkoce
cpraskcsk pc`c oancs yced sancnu larskb `ce rcpk hudc jajlaetuo ocrcotar skswc cdcr jaraoc
sancnu larskb `ce rcpk. Yancke ktu, laetuo puhkce `crk oapcnc saomncb yced `kscjpckoce oa
sanurub wcrdc saomncb hudc `cpct jajlcedoktoce sajcedct skswc yced jaeced jcupue ocncb `cncj
bcn oalarskbce `ce oarcpkce. Vrmdrcj luncece hudc
`cpct `kncouoce `aedce jajluct sajkecr jmtkvcsk `ce pae`k`koce jaedaeck
pajlaetuoce ocrcotar skswc. Bcn kek `kncouoce cdcr skswc tarus tarjmtkvcsk uetuo jaehc`k
ocrcotar yced nalkb lcko `aedce jajlarkoce jmtkvcsk `crk larlcdck mrced lcko ktu oapcnc
saomncb, duru, cnujek yced larbcskn, jcupue mrced yced larpaedcrub `k jcsycrcoct.
 KKK. OAYKJVQNCE @CE YC\CE

Oaskjpunce

Vae`k`koce ocrcotar c`cncb c`cncb prmsas paedulcbce skgct, oahkwcce, cobnco, lu`k paoartk
sasamrced ctcu oanmjpmo mrced cdcr jaehc`k `awcsc (jceuskc sautubeyc/kesce ocjkn). Vae`k`koce
ocrcotar pc`c ketkeyc lartuhuce jajlaetuo lcedsc yced tceddub, omjpatktkg,
larcobnco junkc, larjmrcn, lartmnarce, lardmtmed rmymed, larhkwc pctrkmtko, laroajlced `kecjks,
larmrkaetcsk knju paedatcbuce `ce taoemnmdk yced sajuceyc `khkwck mnab kjce `ce tcowc oapc`c
Pubce [ced Asc lar`cscroce pceicsknc.

Vae`k`koce ocrcotar `kcrcboce uetuo jajlarkoce taocece pc`c eknck-eknck tartaetu sapartk rcsc
bmrjct, tcedduedhcwcl, huhur, pa`unk, `ce c`kn `ce jajlcetu skswc uetuo jajcbcjk, jajparbctkoce, `ce
jancouoce eknck-eknck tarsalut `cncj oabk`upce jaraoc sae`krk uetuo jaeicpck oasuosasce bk`up.
Vae`k`koce ocrcotar `k saomncb `cpct `ktarcpoce jancnuk oatanc`cece yced `kncouoce duru `ce hudc
`cpct `ktcecj jancnuk pajlkcscce saicrc tarus jaearus.

Ycrce

@cncj jajlaetuo ocrcotar yced lcko lcdk pcrc pasartc `k`ko, saomncb parnu uetuo tarus ’ jaearus
jancouoce larlcdck upcyc jancnuk pae`k`koce ocrcotar. Bcn kek bcrus `ktarcpoce saicrc
pcstk mnab saomncb `ce satkcp duru lk`ced stu`k. Cpclknc tar`cpct oaourcedce pc`c upcyc yced
`kncouoce, saomncb parnu jaeicrk smnusk yced nalkb lcko cdcr pae`k`koce ocrcotar lksc `ksarcp

`aedce lcko `ce jaeyanurub pc`c satkcp skswc.

@CGPC\ VQYPCOC

Lketk Jcuecb. (<631). KJVNAJAEPCYK VAE@K@KOCE OC\COPA\ @CNCJ

VAJLAEPQOCE OAV\KLC@KCE BMNKYPKO YKYTC. Hurecn Vae`k`koce Ocrcotar. @kcjlkn

`crk bttps8//hmurecn.uey.ci.k`/ke`ax.pbp/hpoc/crtkina/vkaw/2731

[unkc Iktrc. (<63<). VANCOYCECCE VAE@K@KOCE OC\COPA\ @CNCJ

VAJLANCHC\CE. Hurecn Knjkcb Vae`k`koce Obusus. 3(3). <94-<0;. @kcjlkn `crk
bttp8//ahmurecn.uep.ci.k`/ke`ax.pbp/hupaobu

Avkeec Ike`c Bae`rkcec. Cremn` Hcimlus. (<637). KJVNAJAEPCYK VAE@K@KOCE

OC\COPA\ @K YAOMNCB JANCNQK OAPANC@CECE @CE VAJLKCYCCE. Hurecn
Vae`k`koce @cscr Ke`measkc. 3(<) <1-<;. @kcjlkn `crk

bttps8//hmurecn.stokpskedocwced.ci.k`/ke`ax.pbp/HV@K/crtkina/vkaw/<7<

bttps8//kjcescetmsm49.wmr`prass.imj/<639/61/36/pae`k`koce-ocrcotar-`cncj-pajlanchcrce/ (`kcosas pc`c

60 Emvajlar <63;)