ABSTRACT

The policy of Non-Alignment movement and its relevance.

MEANING

The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) is an international organization who do not want to be

officially aligned  with or against any major power bloc. In 2018, the movement had 125
members and 24 observer countries. All the first post-colonial generation of leaders from the
two continents have joined in this movement with the aim of identifying and assessing world
issues at the time and pursuing out joint policies in international relations. The Founders of
NAM have preferred to declare it as a movement but not an organization in order to avoid
bureaucratic implications of the latter.

PURPOSE

The purpose of the study is to know what is the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) and also to
know how far this international movement had achieved its plans and objectives.

CONCLUSION

I hope that through this project I get a better understanding of the topic and I would like to
study briefly about the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) and specifically with reference to
India.

https://mea.gov.in/in-focus-article.htm?20349/History+and+Evolution+of+NonAligned+Movement

Ewenfeldt B, "Ozonlagret mår bättre", Arbetarbladet 12-9-2014, p. 10.

Shindell, D.T., Rind, D. and Lonergan, P. (1998) Increased Polar Stratospheric Ozone Losses and
Delayed Eventual Recovery Owing to Increasing Greenhouse-Gas Concentration. Nature, 292, 589-
592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/33385.

Antarctic ozone hole

British Antarctic Survey scientists Farman, Gardiner and Shanklin (first reported in a paper in
Nature in May 1985) discovered the Antarctic "ozone hole" as a shock to the scientific
community because the decline in polar ozone observed was far larger than anyone had
anticipated. At the same time, satellite measurements showing massive ozone depletion were
becoming available around the southern pole. However, these were primarily forbidden as
irrational by data value control procedures (they were riddled out as blunders as the standards
were surprisingly low); the ozone hole was only detected in satellite data when the raw data
were reprocessed as a result of the depletion of ozone in observations. The ozone shack was
understood as far back as 1976 when the software was repeat deprived of the streamers.
Susan Solomon, an atmospheric chemist at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA), recommended that, although limited and seasonal, chemical
responses in the cold Antarctic stratosphere on glacial stratospheric clouds (PSCs) triggered a
massive increase in chlorine levels in active, ozone-destructive forms. Antarctica's polar
stratospheric clouds are formed only when very low temperatures, as low as −80 ° C, and
early spring conditions are present. The ice minerals of the cloud deliver a appropriate
surface below these circumstances to change unreactive chlorine complexes into sensitive
chlorine complexes that can simply diminish ozone.

In addition, the polar vortex formed over Antarctica is very tight and the cloud crystal surface
reaction is far different from when it occurs in the atmosphere. In Antarctica, these conditions
have led to the formation of ozone hole. This hypothesis was confirmed decisively, first by
laboratory measurements and then by direct measurements of very high concentrations of
chlorine monoxide (ClO) in the Antarctic stratosphere from the ground and from high altitude
aircraft. Alternative hypotheses that attributed the ozone hole to variations in solar UV
radiation or changes in patterns of atmospheric circulation were also tested and demonstrated
to be unsustainable. Meanwhile, analyzing ozone measurements from the worldwide ground-
based Dobson spectrophotometer network led an international panel to conclude that the
ozone layer was actually depleted at all latitudes outside the tropics. Satellite measurements
confirmed these trends. As a result, the major halocarbon-producing nations agreed to phase
out the manufacture of CFCs, halons and related compounds, a process completed in 1996.
Since 1981, the United Nations Environment Program sponsored a series of technical reports
on the Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion, based on satellite measurements, under the
auspices of the World Meteorological Organization. The report of 2007 showed the recovery
of the hole in the ozone layer and the smallest it had been for about a decade. The 2010 report
found, "In the past decade, global ozone and ozone in the Arctic and Antarctic regions are no
longer declining but are not yet increasing. The ozone layer outside the Polar regions is
expected to recover some time before the middle of this century to its pre-1980 levels. In
contrast, the springtime ozone hole across the Antarctic is expected to recover much later.

The hole in the Earth's ozone layer over the South Pole has affected atmospheric circulation
in the Southern Hemisphere all the way to the equator. The ozone hole has influenced
atmospheric circulation all the way to the tropics and increased rainfall at low, subtropical
latitudes in the Southern Hemisphere.

Arctic ozone hole The Nature newspaper published an article on March 3, 2005, linking the
unusually large Arctic ozone hole in 2004 with solar wind activity. A record loss of ozone
layer was observed on March 15, 2011, with approximately half of the ozone present over the
Arctic being destroyed. The change was attributed to increasingly cold winters in the Arctic
stratosphere at an altitude of about 20 km (12 mi), a change in a relationship still under
investigation associated with global warming. By March 25, with the possibility that it would
become an ozone hole, the ozone loss had become the largest in comparison to that observed
in all previous winters. This would require the quantities of ozone from the 250 recorded over
central Siberia to fall below 200 Dobson units. The thinning layer is predicted on March 30–
31 to affect parts of Scandinavia and Eastern Europe. A study was published in the journal
Nature on October 2, 2011, which said that up to 80 percent of the ozone in the atmosphere
was destroyed at approximately 20 kilometers (12 mi) above the surface between December
2010 and March 2011. The level of depletion of ozone was severe enough for scientists to say
it can be compared with the ozone hole that forms every winter over Antarctica. According to
the study, "a sufficient loss occurred for the first time to be reasonably described as an Arctic
ozone hole." The study analyzed data from the Aura and CALIPSO satellites and found that
the larger-than-normal loss of ozone was due to an unusually long period of cold weather in
the Arctic, some 30 days longer than typical, which enabled more ozone-destroying chlorine
compounds to develop. According to Lamont Poole, a co-author of the study, cloud and
aerosol particles on which the chlorine compounds are found "were abundant in the Arctic
until mid-March2011—much later than usual— with average amounts similar to those
observed in the Antarctic and dramatically higher than the near-zero values seen in most
Arctic winters in March."