Biology

2020-21
VERSION
ু বি িযিীি এই Materials পন
বিশেষ দ্রষ্টিযঃ অনম ু ন িা ফশটাকবপ করা অথিা সফট কবপ তিবর কশর অনলাইশন আদান প্রদান করা আইনি দ্ডননী।
ু ঃমদ্র
জীবববজ্ঞান ১ম পত্র
অধ্যায় ১
5 5
3 3
3 5
১। A B
A †_‡K B ˆZwi cÖwµqvwU wPÎmn eY©bv K‡iv Rx‡ei †¶‡Î চিত্রে †`Lv‡bv ˆRe AYy¸‡jvi ¸iZ¡ Av‡jvPbv K‡iv|
উত্তরঃ A n‡jv DNA Ges B n‡jv RNA| GLv‡b A †_‡K B ˆZwii cÖwµqv ej‡Z DNA †_‡K mRNA ˆZwii UªvÝwµckb cÖwµqv‡K
wb‡`©k Kiv n‡q‡Q| B
cÖwµqvwU wbæwjwLZ avivevwnK av‡c m¤úbœ nq :
i. RNA cwjgv‡iR GbRvB‡gi wµqvq DNA AYyi GKwU wbw`©ó As‡ki nvB‡Wªv‡Rb eÜb¸‡jv †f‡½ wM‡q Wvej †nwj‡·i cu¨vP Ly‡j
hvq| d‡j DNA AYyi G As‡ki cÖwZwU m~Î‡Ki bvB‡Uªv‡Rb ¶viK¸‡jv Dš§y³ n‡q c‡o|
ii. cu¨vP Ly‡j hvIqv DNA AYyi 35 m~Î‡Ki Dš§y³ cÖwZwU bvB‡Uªv‡Rb ¶viK Zvi m¤ú~iK RNA wbDwK¬IUvBW‡K AvKl©Y K‡i A_©vr
DNA m~Î‡Ki Dš§y³ ¸qvwbb ¶viK mvB‡Uvwmbhy³ RNA wbDwK¬IUvBW‡K Ges A¨v‡Wwbb ¶viK BDivwmjhy³ RNA wbDwK¬IUvBW‡K
AvKl©Y K‡i|
iii. RNA cwjgv‡iR GbRvBg µ‡g DNA AYyi wbw`©ó w`K eivei avweZ n‡q Wvej †nwj· wew”Qbœ K‡i Ges Mg++ ev Mn++ Avq‡bi
mnvqZvq DNA AYyi 35 m~Î‡Ki Dš§y³ bvB‡Uªv‡Rb ¶vi‡Ki mv‡_ µgvMZ mwµq cwic~iK RNA wbDwK¬IUvBW hy³ K‡i mRNA
wkKj MVb K‡i|
iv. RNA cwjgv‡iR GbRvBg DNA AYyi †h w`‡K Wvej †nwj· wew”Qbœ K‡i cwic~iK RNA wbDwK¬IUvBW hy³ nIqvi ci GKB
GbRvB‡gi mvnv‡h¨ Zvi wecixZ w`‡K DNA AYyi cybM©Vb msNwUZ nq| A_©vr DNA AYyi 35 m~ÎKwU mRNA ˆZwii QuvP
wn‡m‡e eën„Z nq|
v. GKB mg‡q GKmv‡_ 12wU RNA wbDwK¬IUvBW hy³ mRNA wkKj MwVZ nq Ges RNA cwjgv‡iR GbRvBg AwZ `ªyZ DNA AYyi
wewfbœ AÂj †_‡K AmsL¨ mRNA wkKj MVb K‡i|
vi. ms‡kwlZ mRNA AYy DNA AYyi wbDwK¬qvi wQ‡`ªi gva¨‡g wbDwK¬qvm †_‡K †ei n‡q mvB‡UvcvR‡g P‡j Av‡m Ges †cÖvwUb ms‡kl‡Yi
¯’vb ivB‡ev‡Rv‡g hvq|
ms‡kwlZ mRNA AYy DNA AYyi †h AÂj n‡Z m„wó nq Zvi cwic~iK ¶viK wb‡q MwVZ nq| mRNA Gi †¶‡Î A¨v‡Wwb‡bi cwic~iK
wn‡m‡e _vBwg‡bi cwie‡Z© BDivwmj eën„Z nq| G Qvov wWAw·ivB‡ev‡Ri cwie‡Z© ivB‡evR kK©iv eën„Z nq|
wPÎ : DNA UªvÝwµckb

DwjwLZ A I B ˆRe AYy¸‡jv n‡jv h_vµ‡g DNA I RNA| Rx‡ei êwkó¨ cÖKv‡k DNA I RNA DfqB ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i
_v‡K| B
DNA-i cÖavb KvR n‡jv Rx‡ei êwkó¨ cÖKvk Kiv| wRb n‡jv DNA- Gi GKwU wbw`©ó LÊ hv‡Z mvaviYZ cwj‡ccUvBW †PBb MV‡bi
I wbqš¿‡Yi mKj Z_¨ msiw¶Z _v‡K| Avevi GB wR‡bi gva¨‡gB Rx‡ei êwkó¨ cÖKvk cvq| Rx‡ei wewfbœ êwkó¨ †hgb †Pv‡Li is,
Pz‡ji êwkó¨ BZ¨vw` `„k¨gvb nq H we‡kl cwj‡ccUvBW A_©vr †cÖvwUb ms‡kl‡Yi Rb¨B| G †¶‡Î wR‡bi gva¨‡g êwkó¨ cÖKv‡ki cÖ_g
avc n‡jv DNA AYyi Z_¨ eënvi K‡i RNA AYy ˆZwi| G RNA AYy g~jZ mRNA| mRNA AYy DNA †_‡K wew”Qbœ n‡q wbDwK¬qvm
†_‡K ivB‡ev‡mv‡g Av‡m| ivB‡ev‡mv‡g G‡m Zvi †`‡n †KvW K‡i Ges Z_¨ eënvi K‡i tRNA-i mnvqZvq wba©vwiZ wmKz‡qÝ Abyhvqx
cÖ‡qvRbxq A¨vwg‡bv A¨vwmW mshy³ K‡i cwj‡ccUvBW †PBb ˆZwi K‡i| GB cwj‡ccUvBW †PBb Z_v †cÖvwUb Rx‡ei êwkó¨ cÖKvk K‡i
_v‡K| r-RNA ivB‡ev‡mvg bvgK †Kvl-A½vYy m„wó‡Z Ae`vb iv‡L hvi gva¨‡g †Kv‡l †cÖvwUb ms‡kwlZ nq|
ZvB Dchy©³ Av‡jvPbvi †cÖw¶‡Z ejv hvq, DÏxc‡K DwjwLZ ˆRe AYy `ywU A_©vr DNA I RNA Rx‡ei †¶‡Î ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb
K‡i|
40s
5 3
২। A U G C C G U A U C G U U A U G C U C G C
cÖwµqvwUi cieZ©x avç‡jv wP‡Îi gva¨‡g †`LvI|
উত্তরঃ wPÎwU mRNA †_‡K UªvÝ‡jkb cÖwµqvq †cÖvwUb m„wói GKwU avc| cÖwµqvwUi cieZ©x avç‡jvi wPÎ wb‡P †Ìqv n‡jv A
৩। Dw™¢` weÁv‡bi wk¶K K¬v‡k †Kv‡li wewfbœ A½vYy m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv K‡ib| Gi g‡a¨ `ywU A½vYy wb‡q wZwb চিস্তাচিত Av‡jvPbv K‡ib
I †ev‡W© wPÎ AsKY K‡ib| hvi GKwU Dw™¢‡ì †`‡n eY© m„wó K‡i Ges AciwU k¦mb cÖwµqvq ¸iZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| wk¶K cÖ_‡g
†h A½vYywU wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡ib Zvi MVb wjL|wk¶‡Ki Av‡jvwPZ `ywU A½vYyi MVb I Kv‡Ri gv‡S Zzjbv K‡iv|
উত্তিঃ wk¶K cÖ_‡g †h A½vYywU wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡ib †mwU †K¬v‡ivপ্লা÷| A
wb‡P †K¬v‡ivপ্লা÷MVb eY©bv Kiv n‡jv cÖwZwU †K¬v‡ivcv‡÷ wjwcW I †cÖvwUb Øviv ˆZwi GKwU AveiYx ev wSwj _v‡K| AveiYxwU
†K¬v‡ivপ্লা÷ এি অভ্যন্তিসহ bvbvwea e¯‘i hvZvqvZ wbqš¿Y K‡i|
AveiYx Øviv Ave„Z †K¬v‡ivপ্লা÷ এি অভ্যন্তত্রি †h ¯^”Q, `vbv`vi, AmgmZ¡ Rjxq c`v_© _v‡K Zv‡K †÷ªvgv e‡j| †÷ªvgvi g‡a¨ PvKwZi g‡Zv
e¯‘ mn‡hv‡M 60-80wU XvK m`„k MVb †`Lv hvq| G iKg GK-GKwU MVb‡K MÖvbvg Ges GK-GKwU PvKwZ m`„k e¯‘‡K _vBjvK‡qW ev
MÖvbvg j¨v‡gjvg e‡j| `ywU cvkvcvwk Aew¯’Z MÖvbvg wKQy msL¨K m~² bvwjKv Øviv hy³ _v‡K| ms‡hvM mvabKvix Gme bvwji bvg †÷ªvgv
j¨v‡gjx| _vBjvK‡qW †gg‡eªb eû †MvjvKvi e¯‘ enb K‡i| Gi g‡a¨ ATP ˆZwii mKj GbRvBg _v‡K|
GQvov †gg‡eªb¸‡jv‡Z AmsL¨ d‡Uvwmb‡_wUK BDwbU _v‡K| Gme BDwb‡U †K¬v‡ivwdj-G, †K¬v‡ivwdj-we, K¨v‡ivwUb, R¨v‡š’vwdj Gi
300-400wU AYy _v‡K| cÖwZwU †K¬v‡ivcv‡÷ wbR¯^ DNA I ivB‡ev‡Rvg _v‡K|
wk¶‡Ki Av‡jvwPZ A½vYy `ywU h_vµ‡g †K¬v‡ivপ্লা÷Ges gvB‡UvKwÛªqv| wb‡P A½vYy `ywUi MVb I Kv‡Ri gv‡S Zzjbv Kiv n‡jv A
gvB‡UvKwÛªqv wØ-¯—i wewkó êlg¨‡f`¨ wSwj Øviv Ave„Z Ges †K¬v‡ivcv÷I wØ-¯—i wewkó êlg¨‡f`¨ wSwj Øviv Ave„Z| gvB‡UvKwÛªqvq
AveiYxi †fZ‡ii c`©v fuvR hy³ wKš‘ †K¬v‡ivcv‡÷ AveiYxi wfZ‡ii c`©v fuvRwenxb| gvB‡UvKwÛªqvi Avš—tAveiYx Mv‡Î wµw÷ we`¨gvb|
Aciw`‡K †K¬v‡ivপ্লা÷ এি †÷ªvgvi অভ্যন্তত্রি _vBjvK‡qW we`¨gvb| gvB‡UvKwÛªqv eY©nxb nq wKš‘ †K¬v‡ivcv÷ meyR ai‡bi nq|
gvB‡UvKwÛªqv †Kv‡bv iÄK c`v_© m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i bv wKš‘ †K¬v‡ivcv÷ iÄK c`v_© m„wó‡Z m¶g| mKj mRxe †Kv‡lB gvB‡UvKwÛªqv
we`¨gvb| wKš‘ †KejgvÎ mRxe Dw™¢` †Kv‡l †K¬v‡ivcv÷ eZ©gvb| gvB‡UvwKÛªqvq eskMwZi e¯‘ DNA we`¨gvb, Aciw`‡K †K¬v‡ivপ্লা÷I
eskMwZi e¯‘ DNA we`¨gvb| kw³ Drcv`b gvB‡UvKwÛªqvi KvR Avi Lv`¨ Drcv`b I mÂq †K¬v‡ivপ্লা÷ এি KvR|
Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbvq gvB‡UvKwÛªqv Ges †K¬v‡ivcv‡÷i MVb I Kv‡Ri Zzjbv cwijw¶Z nq|
৪। †K¬v‡ivপ্লা÷ এি wPwýZ wPÎ `vI|
উত্তরঃ
ewn:¯•i
Aš:¯i
†÷ªvgv
j¨v‡gjvg
wPÎ: †K¬v‡ivcv÷
অধ্যায় ২
১। A wefvR‡bi gva¨‡g Dw™¢‡ì cvZv I dzj m„wó nq Ges B wefvR‡bi gva¨‡g civM‡iYy Drcbœ nq| Dw™¢‡ì Rxe‡b GB `yB ai‡bi
wefvR‡bi ¸iZ¡ Amxg| A wefvR‡bi 4_© avcwUi eY©bv Ki| A wefvRb B wefvRb n‡Z wfbœ-বিশ্লেষণ Ki|
উত্তরঃ উবিবিত 'A' wefvRbwU n‡jv gvB‡Uvwmm †Kvl wefvRb| gvB‡Uvwmm †Kvl wefvR‡bi PZz_© avcwU n‡jv A¨vbv‡dR| A
†m‡›Uªvwgqvi c„_K nIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ A¨vbv‡dR ch©vq ïরু nq| G ch©v‡q AcZ¨ †µv‡gv‡mvg mg~n welyexq AÂj †_‡K মেরুমুিী Pj‡Z
শুরু K‡i| †m‡›Uªvwgqv‡ii c~Y© wefw³i d‡j cÖwZwU †µvgvwUW GKwU AcZ¨ †µv‡gv‡mv‡g cwiYZ nq Ges cÖwZwU AcZ¨ †µv‡gv‡mvg G‡ì
wbKU¯’ †gi“i w`‡K avweZ nq| AcZ¨ †µv‡gv‡mv‡gi †gরু AwfgyLx Pj‡b †m‡›UªvwgqviB AMÖMvgx _v‡K Ges evûØq AbyMvgx nq, d‡j
†m‡›Uªvwgqv‡ii Ae¯’vb Abyhvqx †µv‡gv‡mvg¸‡jv V, L, J, I Gi g‡Zv †`Lvq| AcZ¨ †µv‡gv‡mvg¸‡jv †gi“i KvQvKvwQ †cuŠQv‡jB
A¨vbv‡dR Z_v MwZch©v‡qi mgvwß N‡U|
DwjwLZ A I B Øviv h_vµ‡g gvB‡Uvwmm I wg‡qvwmm †Kvl wefvRb‡K wb‡`©k Kiv n‡q‡Q| A
gvB‡Uvwmm Rx‡ei n¨vc‡qW, wWc‡qW ev cwjc‡qW †`n‡Kv‡l N‡U, d‡j Rx‡ei ˆ`wnK e„w× nq| wg‡qvwmm mvaviYZ wWc‡qW Rx‡ei Rbb
gvZ…‡Kv‡l N‡U, dj GKevi wefvwRZ n‡q `ywU wbDwK¬qvm m„wó K‡i|
wg‡qvwm‡m gvZ…‡Kv‡li wbDwK¬qvmwU `yevi wefvwRZ n‡q PviwU AcZ¨ wbDwK¬qvm m„wó K‡i| gvB‡Uvwm‡m m„ó cÖwZwU AcZ¨ †Kv‡l †µv‡gv‡mvg
msL¨v gvZ…‡Kv‡li mgvb _v‡K| wg‡qvwm‡m m„ó cÖwZwU AcZ¨ †Kv‡l †µv‡gv‡mvg msL¨v gvZ…‡Kv‡li A‡a©K n‡q hvq| gvB‡Uvwm‡m m„ó AcZ¨
†Kv‡li ¸Yv¸Y gvZ…‡Kv‡li mg¸Y m¤úbœ nq| wg‡qvwm‡m m„ó AcZ¨ †Kv‡li ¸Yv¸Y gvZ…‡Kvl n‡Z wfbœ¸Y m¤úbœ nq| gvB‡Uvwm‡m
†µv‡gv‡mv‡g KvqvRgv m„wó ev µwmsIfvi N‡U bv| wg‡qvwm‡m †µv‡gv‡mv‡g KvqvRgv m„wó ev µwmsIfvi N‡U| gvB‡Uvwm‡m †µv‡gv‡mvg
†Rvoe× n‡q evBf¨v‡j›U m„wó K‡i bv| wg‡qvwm‡m †µv‡gv‡mvg †Rvoe× n‡q evBf¨v‡j›U m„wó K‡i| Rx‡ei cÖKiY, êwPÎ¨ m„wó I
Awfe¨w³‡Z gvB‡Uvwm‡mi †Kv‡bv f‚wgKv †bB| Rx‡ei cÖKiY, êwPÎ¨ m„wó I Awfe¨w³‡Z
wg‡qvwm‡mi f‚wgKv AZ¨š— ¸i“Z¡c~Y©| Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K GUv ¯úó †h, A wefvRb B wefvRb n‡Z m¤ú~Y© Avjv`v|
2n
2n
n n
2n 2n n n n n
২।
cÖwµqv ÔKÕ cÖwµqv ÔLÕ
cÖwµqv ÔLÕ Abymv‡i ÔevBf¨v‡j›UÕ I ÔKvqvRgvÕ hy³ ch©v‡qi wPwýZ wPÎ `vI|
2wU cÖwµqvB cÖK…Z‡Kvlx Rx‡ei RxebP‡µ mgvb ¸iZ¡ enb K‡i বি?
উত্তরঃ DwjwLZ cÖwµqv ÔLÕ Øviv gv‡qvwmm †Kvl wefvRb‡K wb‡`©k Kiv n‡q‡Q| gv‡qvwmm †Kvl wefvR‡bi ch©vq †cÖv‡dR-1 ch©v‡qi
ÔRvB‡MvwUbÕ Dc ch©vqwU evBf¨v‡j›U hy³ Ges Ôc¨vKvBwUbÕ Dcch©vqwU KvqvRgv hy³| Dcch©vq `ywUi wPwýZ wPÎ wbæiƒc A
†µvgvwU
W
DwjwLZ A n‡jv gvB‡Uvwmm †Kvl wefvRb Ges B n‡jv gv‡qvwmm †Kvl wefvRb| gvB‡Uvwmm I gv‡qvwmm Dfq †Kvl wefvRbB Rxe‡Kv‡li
Rb¨ ¸iZ¡c~Y©| A
gvB‡Uvwmm †Kvl wefvR‡bi gva¨‡gB RvB‡MvU †_‡K åƒY Ges åƒY †_‡K eû‡Kvlx Rx‡ei m„wó nq| mKj Rx‡ei ˆ`wnK e„w× I weKvk GB
wefvR‡bi gva¨‡gB nq| Rxe‡`‡n †Kvb ¶Z m„wó n‡j Zv gvB‡Uvwmm †Kvl wefvR‡bi gva¨‡g c~iY n‡q _v‡K| ïay ZvB bq, Rx‡ei Rbbv½
m„wó‡ZI gvB‡Uvwmm †Kvl wefvRb Ae`vb iv‡L| ZvB ejv hvq, gvB‡Uvwmm †Kvl wefvRb bv NU‡j DwjwLZ welq¸‡jv e¨vnZ n‡e Ges
åƒY Z_v Rxe‡`‡ni †Kv‡bv e„w× NU‡e bv|
Ab¨w`‡K, gv‡qvwmm †Kvl wefvR‡bi gva¨‡g cÖ‡Z¨KwU Rx‡e †µv‡gv‡mvg msL¨v wbw`©ó _v‡K, GgbwK avivevwnKfv‡e Ges eskvbyµ‡g mš—
vb-mš—wZi †`n‡Kv‡l †µv‡gv‡mv‡gi wbw`©ó msL¨v AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K| gv‡qvwm‡mi gva¨‡g µwms Ifv‡ii Kvi‡Y cÖRvwZi Aš—M©Z
Rxemg~‡ni g‡a¨ ¯^vZš¿¨ I êwPÎ¨ Av‡m| †hme Rx‡ei RxebP‡µ Rbyµg Av‡Q †mLv‡b gv‡qvwmm cÖZ¨¶ f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| ZvB Dc‡ii
Av‡jvPbv †_‡K ejv hvq, gvB‡Uvwmm I gv‡qvwmm Dfq †Kvl wefvRbB Rx‡ei Z_v cÖK…Z‡Kvlx Rx‡ei RxebP‡µ mgvb ¸iZ¡ enb K‡i|
৩। gvB‡Uvwmm †Kvl wefvR‡bi cÖ_g ch©vq ব্যাখ্যা িশ্ল া।

উত্ত ঃ gvB‡Uvwmm †Kvl wefvR‡bi cÖ_g ch©vq n‡jv †cÖv‡dR| A
†µv‡gv‡mvg
wbDwK¬Ijvm
wPÎ-†cÖv‡dR
†cÖv‡dR ch©v‡q wbDwK¬qvm AvKv‡i eo nq I †µv‡gv‡mvg¸‡jv Rj-we‡qvRb K‡i| †µv‡gv‡mvg¸‡jv µgvMZ Rj-we‡qvR‡bi d‡j msKzwPZ
n‡q Lv‡Uv I †gvUv nq| †µv‡gv‡mvg¸‡jv ¯úó †_‡K ¯úóZi nq Ges is aviY ¶gZv e„w× cvq| †gg‡eª‡Yi GB ch©v‡qi †kl w`‡K
wbDwK¬Ijvm Ges wbDwK¬qvi †gg‡eª‡bi wejywß nq| G ch©v‡q †µv‡gv‡mvg †m‡›Uªvwgqvi e¨ZxZ j¤^vjw¤^fv‡e `ywU m~‡Î wef³ _v‡K| cÖwZwU
m~Î‡K †µvgvwUW e‡j| G ch©v‡q বিন্ডল Zš‘ m„wói m~Pbv N‡U|
A B
৪।
wPÎ A I B-Gi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ †`LvI|
উত্তরঃ cÖ`wk©Z A wPÎwU wg‡qvwm‡mi †gUv‡dR-1 Ges B wPÎwU wg‡qvwm‡mi †gUv‡dR-2 Dcch©v‡qi| wb‡P G‡ì cv_©K¨ D‡jL Kiv
n‡jv A
†gUv‡dR-1 †gUv‡dR-2
i. †µv‡gv‡mv‡gi †m‡›Uªvwgqvi i. G `kvi †k‡l †µv‡gv‡mv‡gi
Awef³ _v‡K| †m‡›Uªvwgqvi wef³ nq|
ii. G `kvq †m‡›Uªvwgqvi ii. G `kvq †m‡›Uªvwgqvi
welyexq AÂj n‡Z †gi“i welyexq AÂ‡j Ae¯’vb K‡i|
w`‡K mg`~i‡Z¡ Ae¯’vb K‡i|
iii. G `kvq †µv‡gv‡mv‡gi iii. †µv‡gv‡mv‡gi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv
g‡a¨ jyc m„wó nq| cÖKvi jyc m„wó nq bv|
iv. †µv‡gv‡mv‡gi cÖK…wZ iv. G av‡ci ïi“‡Z
cwiewZ©Z nq KviY c¨vKvBwUb †µv‡gv‡mv‡gi cÖK…wZ
av‡c µwmsIfvi nq| cwiewZ©Z nq bv|
v. G av‡c †µv‡gv‡mvg v. G av‡c †µv‡gv‡mvg¸‡jv
evBf¨v‡j›U wn‡m‡e w¯úÛj GKKfv‡e w¯úÛj dvBev‡ii
dvBev‡ii mv‡_ hy³ nq| mv‡_ hy³ nq|
vi. G av‡c w¯úÛj hš¿ MVb vi. G av‡c w¯úÛj hš¿ m„wó
m¤ú~Y© nq| nq|
G2 G1
S
৫।
DwjwLZ wP‡Îi G1, G2 I S AskwUi bvg I Av‡jvPbv Ki| DwjwLZ wP‡Îi ÒMÓ As‡ki avcmg~n e¨vL¨v Ki|
উত্তরঃ DwjwLZ G1, G2 I S Ask¸‡jv h_vµ‡g G1-†dR G2-†dR Ges S-†dR ev B›Uvi‡dR Ae¯’vi wZbwU avc bv‡g cwiwPZ| G1
†dR‡K M¨vc1 ejv nq| A
GKwU †Kv‡li cieZ©x‡Z wefvRb cÖwµqvq AskMÖnY Kiv bv Kivi wm×vš— G1 Dcch©v‡q wb‡q _v‡K| G1-Gi cÖ_‡gB mvBwK¬b bvgK GK
cÖKvi †cÖvwUb ˆZwi nq hv Cyclin dependent kinase-Gi mv‡_ hy³ n‡q mgMÖ cÖwµqvi MwZ Z¡ivwš^Z I wbqš¿Y K‡i| Cdk dm‡dvivB‡jkb
cÖwµqv wbqš¿Y K‡i| G mgq Ab¨vb¨ †cÖvwUb, RNA Ges DNA cÖwZwjc‡bi mKj Dcv`vb ˆZwi nq| †h †KvlwU wefvwRZ n‡e bv †mUv
G1-G Ave× n‡q _v‡K| S-†dR ev wmb‡_wmm †dR Dcch©v‡q wbDwK¬qv‡m †µv‡gv‡mvg¯’ DNA m~‡Îi
cÖwZwjcb nq| ch©v‡q cÖ‡e‡ki Av‡MB DNA cÖwZwjcb m¤úbœ nq| GB Dcch©v‡q 30-50 fvM mgq e¨q nq| G2-†dR ev M¨vc2 n‡jv
gvB‡UvwUK `kvq cÖ‡e‡ki cÖ¯‘wZ ch©vq| G ch©v‡q gvB‡µvwUDweDj MVbKvix c`v_© ms‡klY hv w`‡q gvB‡Uvwmm ch©v‡q w¯úÊj Zš‘
ˆZwi nq| †m‡›Uªvwgqvi gvB‡µvwUDweDj ˆZwii m~Pbv K‡i| G ch©v‡q mgq e¨q nq †gvU mg‡qi 10-20 fvM|
DwjwLZ wP‡Îi ÔMÕ Ask nj gvB‡Uvwmm Ask| avivevwnKZvi myweavi Rb¨ gvB‡Uvwmm‡K cÖavbZ cuvPwU av‡c fvM Kiv hvq| A
gvB‡Uvwmm Gi cÖ_g ch©vq‡K †cÖv‡dR e‡j| G ch©v‡q †Kv‡li wbDwK¬qvm AvKv‡i eo nq| †µv‡gv‡mvg¸‡jv‡Z Rj we‡qvRb ïi“ nq|
Rj we‡qvR‡b †µv‡gv‡mvg¸‡jv msKzwPZ nq| d‡j µgvMZ Lv‡Uv I †gvUv nq, is aviY ¶gZv e„w× cvq Ges †kl ch©v‡q wbDwK¬‡qvjvm
Ges wbDwK¬qvi †gg‡eª‡bi wejywß N‡U| †µv‡gv‡mvg †m‡›Uªvwgqvi e¨ZxZ j¤^vjw¤^fv‡e `ywU m~‡Î wef³ nq| G ch©v‡q w¯úÛj Zš‘ m„wói
m~Pbv N‡U| †cÖv‡dR ch©v‡qi cieZ©x avc‡K †cÖv-†gUv‡dR e‡j| G ch©v‡q w¯úÛj h‡š¿i Zš‘¸‡jvi AvNv‡Z wbDwK¬qvi †gg‡eªb wejyß n‡q
hvq| w¯úÛj hš¿ `yÕ†gi“i gvSvgvwS‡Z Ae¯’vb K‡i|
w¯úÛj h‡š¿i †h Zš‘¸‡jv GK †gi“ n‡Z Aci †gi“ ch©š — we¯—…Z _v‡K Zv‡ì‡K w¯úÛj dvBevi e‡j| †µv‡gv‡mvg¸‡jv GKUz
Av‡›`vwjZ nq hv‡K †µv‡gv‡mvgxq b„Z¨ e‡j|
†µv‡gv‡mv‡gi †m‡›Uªvwgqvi mshy³Kvix Zš‘‡K UªvKkb dvBevi e‡j| †gUv‡dR ch©v‡q †µv‡gv‡mvg¸‡jv me w¯úÊj h‡š¿i welyexq AÂ‡j
Ae¯’vb K‡i| w¯úÛj h‡š¿i welyexq AÂ‡j †µv‡gv‡mv‡gi web¨¯— nIqv‡K †gUvKvB‡bwmm e‡j| †µv‡gvwUW¸‡jv me‡P‡q †ewk Lv‡Uv,
†gvUv I ¯úó nq| cÖwZwU †m‡›Uªvwgqvi wef³ nq Ges `ywU AcZ¨ †m‡›Uªvwgqvi m„wó K‡i| A¨vbv‡dR ch©v‡q †m‡›Uªvwgqvi c„_K nIqvi mv‡_
mv‡_ †µv‡gv‡mvg¸‡jv welyexq AÂj †_‡K †gi“gyLx Pj‡Z _v‡K| †m‡›Uªvwgqv‡ii c~Y© wefw³i d‡j cÖwZwU †µv‡gvwUW GKwU †µv‡gv‡mv‡g
cwiYZ nq Ges wbKU¯’ †gi“i w`‡K avweZ nq| †U‡jv‡dR ch©v‡q AcZ¨ †µv‡gv‡mvg¸‡jv `ywU wecixZ †gi“‡Z Ae¯’vb †bq|
†µvgv‡mvg¸‡jvi Rj †hvRb N‡U| †µv‡gv‡mvg¸‡jv µgk mi“ I j¤^v n‡Z _v‡K Ges A`„k¨ A¯úó n‡Z _v‡K| `yB †gi“‡Z
†µv‡gv‡mvg¸‡jvi Pvwiw`‡K wbDwK¬qvi †gg‡eªY Ges m¨vU †µv‡gv‡mv‡gi †MŠYKzÂ‡b wbDwK¬‡qvjv‡mi cybtAvwef©ve N‡U| `yÕ†gi“‡Z `ywU
AcZ¨ wbDwK¬qv‡mi m„wó nq|
অধ্যায় ৩
১। এনজাইমমর Kv‡Ri †KŠkj e¨vL¨v K‡iv|

উত্তরঃ †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó GbRvB‡gi GK ev GKvwaK mwµq ¯’vb _v‡K| cwj‡ccUvBW †PB‡bi dwìs Gi gva¨‡g A¨vKwUf mvBU m„wó nq|
A¨vKwUf mvBU I mve‡÷ª‡Ui m¤úK© ZvjvPvwei g‡Zv mywbw`©ó| GbRvBg Gi wµqv †KŠkj wbæiƒc:
i. cÖ_‡g mve‡÷ªU AYy GbRvB‡gi mwµq ¯’vb Z_v A¨vKwUf mvBU G mshy³ n‡q GbRvBg mve‡÷ªU †hŠM m„wó K‡i|
ii. wØZxq ch©v‡q GbRvBg mve‡÷ªU †hŠM †f‡O wM‡q bZzb c`v_© m„wó nq Ges GbRvBg AcwiewZ©Zfv‡e c„_K n‡q hvq|
A¨vKwUf mvBU
A
GbRvBg
GbRvBg
mve‡÷ªU
GbRvBg
C
bZyb c`v_©
B D
wPÎ : GbRvB‡gi wµqv †KŠkj
†h‡Kv‡bv ivmvqwbK wewµqv m¤úbœ Ki‡Z wKQyUv AwZwi³ kw³i ìKvi nq| G AwZwi³ kw³‡K Kvh©Kix kw³ e‡j| GbRvBg mve‡÷ªU
Gi Kvh©Kix kw³ Kg| ZvB Kg Kvh©Kix kw³m¤úbœ mve‡÷ªU AYy GbRvB‡gi mv‡_ hy³ n‡q GbRvBg mve‡÷ªU †hŠM
m„wó K‡i| d‡j wewµqvi nvi †e‡o hvq| Gfv‡e GbRvB‡gi wµqv mgvß nq|
২। Avgiv ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b GK cÖKvi ˆRe †hŠM Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e eënvi K‡i _vwK hv‡Z Kve©b, nvB‡Wªv‡Rb I Aw·‡R‡bi AbycvZ 1 t 2 t
1| Gi mvaviY AvYweK ms‡KZ Cn(H2O)n; †hLv‡b n Gi gvb wfbœ I Awfbœ `y‡UvB n‡Z cv‡i। MVb Abymv‡i ˆRe †hŠMwUi †kÖwYweb¨vm
eY©bv K‡iv|
উত্তরঃ ˆRe †hŠMwU n‡jv Kv‡e©vnvB‡WªU| MVb Abymv‡i Kv‡e©vnvB‡WªU‡K cÖavbZ Pvi fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| G¸‡jv n‡jv- A
i. g‡bvm¨vKvivBW: †h me Kv‡e©vnvB‡WªU‡K Av`ª©we‡klY Ki‡j Avi †Kvb Kv‡e©vnvB‡WªU GKK cvIqv hvq bv †m¸‡jv‡K g‡bvm¨vKvivBW
e‡j| Kve©b msL¨v Abyhvqx g‡bvm¨vKvivBW‡K wZb Kve©bwewkó Uªv‡qvR, Pvi Kve©b wewkó †U‡UªvR, cuvP Kve©b wewkó †c‡›UvR, Qq Kve©b
wewkó †n‡·vR I mvZ Kve©b wewkó †n‡ÞvR BZ¨vw` fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq|
ii. WvBm¨vKvivBW: `ywU g‡bvm¨vKvivBW GK‡Î hy³ n‡q †h Kv‡e©vnvB‡WªU MVb K‡i Zv‡K WvBm¨vKvivBW e‡j| †hgb- my‡µvR,
†mjyev‡qvR, gj‡UvR, j¨vK‡UvR BZ¨vw`|
iii. Awj‡Mvm¨vKvivBW : 3 †_‡K 10wU g‡bvm¨vKvivBW wb‡q MwVZ nq Awj‡Mvm¨vKvivBW| †hgb : i¨vwd‡bvR, ùv‡W©vR BZ¨vw`|
iv. cwjm¨vKvivBW: A‡bK¸‡jv g‡bvm¨vKvivBW GK‡Î cwjgvifz³ n‡q MVb K‡i cwjm¨vKvivBW| †hgb: ÷vP©, †mjy‡jvR BZ¨vw`|
৩। A¨vgvB‡bv Gwm‡Wi mgš^‡q MwVZ cvwb‡Z `ªeYxq, eY©nxb  ˆRe ivmvqwbK c`v_©|
DwjwLZ c`v_©wUi †h †Kv‡bv GKwU fv‡Mi †kÖwYweb¨vm e¨vL¨v K‡iv|
উত্তরঃ DwjwLZ ˆRe ivmvqwbK c`v_©wU n‡jv †cÖvwUb| †cÖvwUb‡K wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v-
* mij †cÖvwUb * hyM¥ †cÖvwUb Ges * Drcvw`Z †cÖvwUb|
wb‡P mij †cÖvwU‡bi †kÖwYweb¨vm e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv-
†h †cÖvwUb‡K GbRvBg ev A¨vwmW w`‡q Av`ª© we‡klY Ki‡j ïaygvÎ A¨vwg‡bv A¨vwmW cvIqv hvq Zv‡K mij †cÖvwUb e‡j| mij †cÖvwUb‡K
7wU †kÖwY‡Z fvM Kiv hvq|
i. A¨vjeywgb: Gme †cÖvwUb cvwb‡Z ev je‡Yi `ªe‡Y mn‡R `ªexf‚Z nq| †hgb- wjD‡Kvwmb|
ii. †MvweDwjb: G RvZxq †cÖvwUb cvwb‡Z `ªexf‚Z nq bv, wKš‘ je‡Yi `ªe‡Y `ªexf‚Z nq| †hgb- wW‡gi Kzmyg|
iii. My‡Uwjb: Gme †cÖvwUb A¤ I ¶v‡i `ªexf‚Z nq| †hgb- AivB‡Rwbb|
vi. †cÖvjvwgb : †hme †cÖvwUb 70-80% A¨vj‡Kvn‡j `ªexf‚Z nq, Zv‡K †cÖvjvwgb e‡j| †hgb- evwj©i nviwWb|
v. wn‡÷vb: G RvZxq †cÖvwUb cvwb A_ev cvZjv ¶vi ev A¨vwmW `ªe‡Y `ªexf‚Z nq| G ai‡bi †cÖvwUb wbDwK¬K A¨vwm‡W cvIqv hvq|
vi. †cÖvUvwgb: G ai‡bi †cÖvwUb cvwb, cvZjv ¶vi I A¤ Ges A¨v‡gvwbqv `ªe‡Y mn‡R `ªexf‚Z nq| G‡ì‡K wbDwK¬qv‡m cvIqv hvq|
vii. †¯‹¬‡iv‡cÖvwUb: G¸‡jv cvwb‡Z A`ªeYxq wKš‘ jNy A¨vwmW ev ¶vixq `ªe‡Y `ªeYxq| †hgb- †Kvjv‡Rb|
৪। A I B `ywU †hŠM| 'A' †hŠMwU ¶z`ª †_‡K e„nr cÖvwY‡`n MV‡bi Ab¨Zg Dcv`vb| 'B' †hŠMwU Rxe‡`‡ni wewfbœ wbw`©ó wewµqvq Ask
wb‡q †`n‡K my¯’, mej I m‡ZR iv‡L| A I B †hŠ‡Mi g‡a¨ আন্তঃস¤úK© we`¨gvb|A' †hŠMwUi `ªeYxqZvi Dci wfwË K‡i †kÖwYweb¨vm
wjL|
উত্তরঃ 'A' †hŠMwUn‡jv †cÖvwUb| `ªeYxqZvi Dci wfwË K‡i mij †cÖvwUb‡K 7 fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v
A¨vjeywgb: G¸‡jv cvwb I jN jeY `ªe‡Y `ªexfzZ n‡q mv`v e‡Y©i `ªeY ˆZwi K‡i| Zvc cÖ‡qv‡M Giv RgvU euv‡a| D`vniY wW‡gi
mv`v A¨vjeywgb|
†MvweDwjb: G¸‡jv cvwb‡Z A`ªeYxq wKš‘ Mvp A¨vwmW ev ¶v‡ii jNy jeY `ªe‡Y `ªeYxq| Zvc cÖ‡qv‡M Giv RgvU euv‡a| Dw™¢‡ì
ex‡R G ai‡bi †cÖvwUb AwaK cwigv‡Y _v‡K|
My‡Uwjb: G¸‡jv cvwb‡Z A`ªeYxq wKš‘ jNy A¨vwmW ev ¶vi `ªe‡Y `ªeYxq| Zvc cÖ‡qv‡M Gi RgvU euv‡a bv| D`vniY M‡gi My‡Uwbb,
av‡bi AivB‡Rwbb|
†cÖvjvwgb: G¸‡jv 70-80% A¨vj‡Kvn‡j `ªeYxq| Av`©ª we‡kl‡Y Giv †cÖvwjb I A¨v‡gvwbqv Drcbœ K‡i| D`vniY- M‡gi wMqvwWb,
fzÆvi †RBb, evwj©i nvwW©b|
wn‡÷vb: G¸‡jv cvwb‡Z `ªeYxq ¶viag©x †cÖvwUb| Zvc cÖ‡qv‡M Giv RgvU euv‡a bv| G¸‡jv wbDwK¬I‡cÖvwUbiƒ‡c †µv‡gv‡mv‡g †_‡K
wR‡bi Kvh©Kjvc wbqš¿Y K‡i|
†cÖvUvwgb: G¸‡jv cvwb‡Z `ªeYxq, ¶viag©x Ges me‡P‡q ¶z`ª †cÖvwUb| Zvc cÖ‡qv‡M RgvU euv‡a bv|
†¯‹¬‡iv‡cÖvwUb: G¸‡jv cvwb‡Z A`ªeYxq wKš‘ jNy GwmW ev ¶vixq `ªe‡Y `ªeYxq| D`vniY- †K‡ivwUb I †Kvjv‡Rb|
অধ্যায় ৪
১। Rvwid I dvwng `yB eÜz, QywU‡Z K·evRvi †eov‡Z hvq Ges wd‡i G‡m Df‡qB R¡‡i Avµvš— nq| Rvwi‡di cÖPÛ R¡‡ii mv‡_ Nvo
I gvsm‡ckx‡Z e¨_v I Mv‡q i¨vk †`Lv †M‡Q| wKš‘ dvwn‡gi gv_v e¨_v, ewgewg fvemn wbw`©ó mgq Aš—i Aš—i Kuvcywb w`‡q R¡i
Av‡m| i³ cix¶vq Rvbv †Mj Df‡qi R¡‡ii KviY Avjv`v| i³ cix¶vq Kxfv‡e wbwðZ nIqv †Mj Df‡qi R¡‡ii KviY Avjv`v- e¨vL¨v
Ki|dvwn‡gi †iv‡Mi RxevYyi †hŠb Rbb cÖwµqv Av‡jvPbv Ki|
উত্তরঃ Rvwi‡di †ivM wbY©‡qi Rb¨ Zvi i³ cix¶vq †m‡ivjwR‡Z i‡³ 1gm A¨vw›UewW Dcw¯’Z _vK‡Z †`Lv hvq| cvwU‡jU †U‡÷
i‡³i AbyPwµKvi msL¨v 1,50,000/mm3 Gi A‡bK wb‡P †b‡g hvq| GQvov i³ KwYKv KvjPvi K‡i d¬¨vwffvBivm ev †W½x fvBivm
mbv³ Kiv nq| Gme cix¶v †_‡K †evSv hvq Rvwid †W½y R¡‡i Avµvš—| Aciw`‡K dvwn‡gi i‡³i wRgmv iÄ‡bi gva¨‡g AYyex¶Y
h‡š¿ ch©‡e¶Y K‡i †ivM RxevYyi wewfbœ `kvmn †jvwnZ KwYKvi ¶wqòz `kv †`Lv hvq| Gi d‡j i³k~b¨ZvI †`Lv hvq| G †_‡K †evSv
hvq dvwng g¨v‡jwiqv R¡‡i Avµvš—|
Gfv‡e i³ cix¶vi gva¨‡g wbwðZ nIqv hvq, Rvwid I dvwng Df‡qi R¡‡ii KviY Avjv`v|
dvwn‡gi †iv‡Mi g¨v‡jwiqv RxevYyi †hŠb Rbb gkKxi µ‡ci Af¨š—‡i M¨vwgU m„wói gva¨‡g K‡qKwU wbw`©ó av‡c nq| †hgb- M¨vwgU ev
Rbb‡Kvl m„wó ev M¨vwg‡Uv‡R‡bwmm: M¨vwg‡Uv‡R‡bwmm `yB cÖKvi| h_v-
¯úvg©v‡Uv‡R‡bwmm: gvB‡µvM¨vwg‡UvmvBU †_‡K gvB‡µvM¨vwgU ev ïµvYy MVb cÖwµqvB ¯úvg©v‡Uv‡R‡bwmm| G cÖwµqvq cÖ_‡g
gvB‡µvM¨vwg‡UvmvB‡Ui wbDwK¬qvmwU wef³ n‡q 4-8wU ¶z`ªvKvi wbDwK¬qv‡m cwiYZ nq| G mgq RxevYy (4-8)wU †Kvbv wewkó nq| cÖwZwU
†Kvbvi g‡a¨ GKwU K‡i ¶z`ª wbDwK¬qvm cÖ‡ek K‡i Ges wbDwK¬qv‡mi Pviw`‡K mvB‡UvcvRg Rgv nq| Gi ciciB RxevYyi †`nwU KZ¸‡jv
d¬¨v‡Rjv AvK…wZi mi“ gvKzi g‡Zv gvB‡µvM¨vwgU ev ïµvYy‡Z cwiYZ nq| ïµvYy¸‡jv cÖ_‡g GKmv‡_ _v‡K, c‡i Giv ci¯úi †_‡K
c„_K n‡q hvq|
DË‡R‡bwmm: G cÖwµqvq cÖ_‡g cÖwZwU g¨v‡µvM¨vwg‡UvmvBU Gi wbDwK¬qvm wef³ nq I GKwU K‡i mwµq †MvjvKvi g¨v‡µvM¨vwg‡U ev
wW¤^vYy‡Z cwiYZ nq| Gi ciciB g¨v‡µvM¨vwg‡Ui GKcÖvš— wKQyUv DPz n‡q I‡V| G AÂj‡K wb‡lK k¼z ev Af¨_©bv k¼z e‡j| wW¤^vYyi
wbDwK¬qvm G k¼zi Kv‡Q Ae¯’vb K‡i|
wb‡lK I RvB‡MvU MVb : gy³ gvB‡µvM¨vwgU¸‡jv Gici c„_K c„_K fv‡e g¨v‡µvM¨vwg‡U ev wW¤^vYyi wb‡lK k¼zi w`‡K AMÖmi nq Ges
cÖwZUv wW¤^vYy‡Z GKwU K‡i ïµvYy cÖ‡ek K‡i Ges wb‡lK m¤úbœ n‡q †MvjvKvi RvB‡MvU MwVZ nq| RvB‡MvU cÖ_‡g wbðj _v‡K| gkKx
i³ †kvl‡Yi 12-14 NÈv ci †Mvj I wbðj RvB‡MvUwU mPj nq Ges wKQyUv j¤^vK…wZ aviY K‡i DIwK‡bU G cwiYZ nq| cÖK…Zc‡¶
GLv‡bB †hŠb Rbb †kl nq|
২। Zgv I gybv DfqB AYyRxe wb‡q M‡elYv Ki‡Qb| Zgvi M‡elYvi welqe¯‘ n‡”Q A‡Kvlxq †ivM m„wóKvix AYyRxe, gybvi Avw`‡Kvlxq
AYyRxe| Zgvi ch©‡e¶‡Y Rvbv †Mj Zvi AYyRxe gybvi AYyRxe‡K f¶‡Yi gva¨‡g msL¨v e„w× cvq| Zgv Ges gybvi eën„Z AbyRxe
`ywUi cv_©K¨ K‡iv| Zgvi ch©‡e¶YwU we‡klY K‡iv|
উত্তরঃ Zgvi eën„Z AbyRxewU n‡jv fvBivm Ges gybvi eën„Z AYyRxewU n‡jv e¨vK‡Uwiqv| wb‡P G‡ì g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ †`qv n‡jv-
fvBivm e¨vK‡Uwiqv
i. fvBivm AwZ-AvYyex¶wYK| i. e¨vK‡Uwiqv AvYyex¶wYK|
ii. fvBivm A‡Kvlxq| G‡Z ii. e¨vK‡Uwiqv †Kvlxq| G‡Z
mvB‡UvcvRg, wewfbœ ¶z`ªv½ I mvB‡UvcvRg, wewfbœ ¶z`ªv½
wbDwK¬qvm †bB| I Avw` cÖK…wZi wbDwK¬qvm
Av‡Q|
iii. GwU mRxe †Kv‡li evB‡i iii. GwU mRxe †Kv‡li evB‡i
eske„w× Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| eske„w× Ki‡Z cv‡i|
iv. fvBivm †`‡n GbRvBg bv iv. G‡ì †`‡n GbRvBg _vKvq
_vKvq †Kv‡bv wecvK wµqv wecvK wµqv †`Lv hvq|
†`Lv hvq bv|
v. fvBivm †`‡n DNA A_ev v. e¨vK‡Uwiqv †Kv‡l DNA
RNA †h‡Kv‡bv GK cÖKvi A_ev RNA Dfq cÖKvi
wbDwK¬K GwmW _v‡K| wbDwK¬K GwmW _v‡K|
vi. fvBiv‡mi wbDwK¬K GwmW vi. e¨vK‡Uwiqvi wbDwK¬K GwmW
K¨vcwm‡Wi g‡a¨ Ae¯’vb K¨vcwm‡Wi g‡a¨ Ae¯’vb
K‡i| K‡i bv|
৩। ডেঙ্গু wbqš¿‡Y cÖwZKvi QvovI cÖwZ‡iva ¸i“Z¡c~Y© e¨vL¨v Ki|

উত্তরঃ †W½yR‡¡ ii cÖwZKv‡i Gmwcwib RvZxq Ilya gviv—K cwiYwZ e‡q Av‡b, ZvB Gmwcwib RvZxq Ilya †`qv hv‡e bv| e¨_v I R¡i
Kgv‡bvi Rb¨ c¨vivwmUvgj RvZxq Ilya w`‡Z n‡e| †ivMx‡K cÖPzi cvwb, d‡ji im I Zij Lvevi †L‡Z n‡e| gv_vq cvwb Xvjv, Mv‡qi
Nvg gy‡Q †djv, †fRv Kvco w`‡q kixi ¯úÄ Kiv Ges Ae¯’v RwUj n‡j Aek¨B nvmcvZv‡j †bIqv Ri“ix| ïay cÖwZKviB bq,
†W½y‡iv‡Mi cÖwZ‡ivaI Ri“ix| †W½y gkv wbab KivB cÖwZ‡iv‡ai cÖavb Dcvq| GB gkv w`‡bi †ejvq Kvgovq weavq w`‡bi †ejvq
gkvix Uvwb‡q Nygv‡bv, gkvi K‡qj A_ev B‡jKwUªK f¨vcvi g¨vU eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e| GB gkv evwoi Av‡kcv‡k wewfbœ Kb‡UBbv‡i
†hgb dz‡ji Ue, fv½v nuvwo cvwZj, Wv‡ei †Lvmv, Wªvg BZ¨vw`‡Z iw¶Z ev mwÂZ cwi®‹vi cvwb‡Z Rš§vq, ZvB cvwbi Gme Drm aŸsm
Ki‡Z n‡e| c~Y©v½ gkv wba‡bi Rb¨ cZ½bvkK †¯úÖ K‡i †ivM cÖwZ‡iva Kiv hvq| m¤úÖwZ Av‡gwiKv‡Z †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis cÖhyw³‡Z
cZ½bvkK QvovB †W½y gkv wba‡bi eë¯’v Avwe®‹…Z n‡q‡Q| Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K ejv hvq, †W½y R¡i cÖwZKv‡ii cvkvcvwk
cÖwZ‡ivaI AZ¨š— ¸i“Z¡c~Y©|
৪। মযালেবরয়া wKfv‡e †jvwnZ i³ KwYKv aŸsm K‡i Zv e¨vL¨v Ki|

উত্তরঃ jvwnZ i³KwYKvq mvB‡RvMwb ev Gwi‡_ªvmvBwUK mvB‡RvMwb ch©v‡q ম্যালেরিয়া RxevYy †jvwnZ i³ KwYKv aŸsm K‡i|
cÖ_‡g gvB‡µv-†gUvwµ‡Þv‡g‡ivR‡qU¸‡jv hK…Z †Kvl †_‡K †jvwnZ i³ KwYKvq cÖ‡ek K‡i Ges Lv`¨ MÖnY K‡i ùxZ I †MvjvKvi nq|
GB `kv‡K Uª‡dvR‡qU `kv e‡j| G Ae¯’vq RxevYyi †`‡n ¶z`ª GKwU †Kvl MnŸi I †QvU wbDwK¬qvm †`Lv hvq| GwU AZ¨š— ¶Y¯’vqx `kv|
†Kvl MneiwU ax‡i ax‡i eo nq Ges wbDwK¬qvmwU GK cv‡k m‡i hvq, d‡j RxevYywU GKwU AvswU AvK…wZ jvf K‡i| GB Ae¯’v‡K wmMb‡qU
wis ejv nq| G `kvq RxevYy ¶Yc`wewkó Amoeba Gi AvK…wZ cÖvß nq ZLb G‡K A¨vwge‡qW Uª‡dvR‡qU e‡j| G mgq †jvwnZ i³
KwYKvwU AvKv‡i ùxZ nq Ges mvB‡UvcvR‡g ¶z`ª ¶z`ª `vbv †`Lv hvq| G¸‡jv‡K mvdbvm© `vbv e‡j| A¨vwge‡qW Uª‡dvR‡qU `kvi †Kvl¯’
wbDwK¬qvm evievi wefvR‡bi gva¨‡g 12-14wU AcZ¨ wbDwK¬qvm m„wó K‡i| eû wbDwK¬qvm wewkó GB Ae¯’v‡K mvBR›U ejv nq| Gi
mvB‡UvcvR‡g wn‡gvR‡qb bvgK eR©¨ c`v_© Rgv nq| mvBR›U `kvi cÖwZwU wbDwK¬qvm mvB‡UvcvRg I cvRgv‡gg‡eªbmn wef³ n‡q 12-
18 wU †g‡ivR‡qU G cwiYZ nq| †g‡ivR‡qU¸‡jv †Mvjv‡ci cvcwoi b¨vq `yB ¯—‡i mw¾Z nq| G‡K †iv‡RU e‡j| cieZ©x Ae¯’vq
†jvwnZ i³ KwYKv¸‡jv †f‡O hvq Ges †g‡ivR‡qU¸‡jv cvRgvq †ei n‡q Av‡m| gy³ †g‡ivR‡qU bZzb †jvwnZ KwYKv‡K AvµgY K‡i
Ges GKBfv‡e PµwU cybive„wË NUvq|
৫।
bgybv A Rxe bv Ro e¨vL¨v K‡iv| bgybv A bgybv B Gi g‡a¨ eske„w× Ki‡Z ¯^v”Q›` †eva K‡iv রিলেষণ K‡iv|
উত্তরঃ bgybv A n‡jv T2 dvh fvBivm| A
fvBivm g~jZ Rxe I bq, RoI bv| fvBivm g~jZ Rxe I R‡oi gaëZ©x Ae¯’v| †Kbbv fvBivm †cvlK †`‡ni evB‡i, ùwU‡Ki b¨vq
Roe¯‘i g‡Zv AvPiY K‡i| ZvQvov fvBivm A‡Kvlxq| G‡ì mvB‡UvcvRg, †KvlwSjx, †KvlcÖvPxi, ivB‡ev‡mvg, gvB‡UvKwÊªqv cÖf…wZ
†Kvlxq A½vYy †bB| G‡ì †Kv‡bv wecvKxq GbRvBg †bB Ges Lv`¨ MÖnY K‡i bv e‡j †Kv‡bv cywówµqvI †bB| Aciw`‡K fvBivm g~jZ
†cÖvwUb I wbDwK¬K GwmW Øviv MwVZ| †cvlK †Kv‡li Af¨š—‡i fvBivm msL¨v e„w× K‡i| ZvQvov †cvlK †Kv‡li Af¨š—‡i fvBiv‡m gvZ…
fvBiv‡mi êwkó¨ eRvq _v‡K, A_©vr GKwU fvBivm Zvi Abyi“c fvBivm Rš§ w`‡Z cv‡i| GgbwK fvBiv‡mi Awf‡hvRb ¶gZvI i‡q‡Q|
myZivs Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K ejv hvq, fvBivm Rxe I bv Avevi RoI bv| GwU g~jZ Rxe I R‡oi †hvMm~Î|
bgybv A n‡jv T2 -dvh fvBivm Ges bgybv B n‡jv Escherichia coli e¨vK‡Uwiqv| A
GLb T2 dvh fvBivm E. coli e¨vK‡Uwiqvi g‡a¨ eske„w× Ki‡Z ¯^v”Q›` †eva K‡i| KviY T2 dvh Zvi †cvlK †`n E. coli e¨vK‡Uwiqvi
g‡a¨ msL¨ve„w× K‡i| wb‡P K‡qKwU av‡ci gva¨‡g E. coli e¨vK‡Uwiqvi g‡a¨ T2 dvh fvBiv‡mi eske„w× eY©bv Kiv n‡jv
msµgY ch©vq : e¨vK‡Uwiqv †Kv‡li ms¯ú‡k© Avmv n‡Z fvBivm DNA e¨vK‡Uwiqv‡gi †Kv‡li Af¨š—‡i cÖ‡ek ch©š— G ch©v‡qi রিস্তৃরি|
¯úk©K Zš‘i mvnv‡h¨ GwU E.coli e¨vK‡Uwiqv‡gi Mv‡q †j‡M hvq| †j‡M _vKv ¯’v‡bi †Kvl cÖvPxi wQ`ª n‡q hvq Ges fvBivm ïaygvÎ Zvi
†R‡bwUK e¯‘ (DNA) e¨vK‡Uwiqvg †Kv‡l Aš—t‡¶c Øviv cÖ‡ek Kwi‡q †`q|
msL¨ve„w× ch©vq : fvBivm DNA I †cÖvwUb AveiY MVb Ges bZzb fvBivm MVb ch©š— G ch©v‡qi we¯—…wZ| AwZ Aí mg‡qi g‡a¨
fvBivm DNA e¨vK‡Uwiqv‡gi GbRvBg‡K msMwVZ K‡i A‡bK bZzb fvBivm DNA Ges †mB mv‡_ †cÖvwUb AveiY ˆZwi K‡i| †kl ch©v‡q
DNA I †cÖvwUb AveiY wg‡j bZzb fvBivm m„wó K‡i|
weMjb ch©vq : e¨vK‡Uwiqv‡gi †Kvl cÖvPxi wQbœ K‡i bZzb fvBivm¸‡jvi †ei n‡q Avmv‡K weMjb ch©vq e‡j|
Gfv‡e gvÎ 30 wgwbU mg‡qi g‡a¨ 300 bZzb fvBivm m„wó n‡Z cv‡i|
†h‡nZz GZ Aí mg‡qi (30 wgwbU) g‡a¨ E. coli Gi †`‡n 300 bZzb T2 dvh fvBivm m„wó n‡Z cv‡i, ZvB ejv hvq, T2 dvh fvBivm E.
coli Gi g‡a¨ eske„w× Ki‡Z ¯^v”Q›` †eva K‡i|
অধ্যায় ৫
১। †gvnbvi evevi D”P i³Pvc Ges Wvqv‡ewUm †iv‡M fzM‡Q| Wv³v‡ii Kv‡Q †M‡j Wv³vi †gvnbvi evev‡K GK ai‡bi †K¬v‡ivdxjwenxb,
g„ZRxex, QvZvi b¨vq MVb wewkó Dw™¢` †L‡Z ej‡jb| Dw™¢`wUi MVb eY©bv K‡iv| Dw™¢`wU gvbe Kj¨v‡Y mnvqK বিশ্লেষণ K‡iv।
উত্তরঃ Wv³vi †gvnbvi evev‡K †h, †K¬v‡ivwdjwenxb,g„ZRxex, QvZvi b¨vq Dw™¢`wU †L‡Z ej‡jb, †mwU n‡jv gvki“g| gvki“g GKwU
QÎvK hvi êÁvwbK bvg n‡jv Agaricus|
GKwU c~Y©v½ Agaricus Gi †`n `ywU As‡k wef³| GKwU ˆ`wnK Ask Z_v gvB‡mwjqvg Ges AciwU Rbb Ask Z_v d«zUewW|
gvB‡mwjqvg AZ¨š— kvLv-cÖkvLv wewkó, m~ÎvKvi, `vbv`vi mvB‡UvcvRg, cÖwZ‡Kvl GKvwaK wbDwK¬qvmhy³ Ges cÖPzi MnŸi Gi mgš^‡q
MwVZ| gvB‡mwjqvg G mwÂZ Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e ˆZjwe›`y _v‡K| gvB‡mwjqv‡g `woi g‡Zv nvBdvj Ask _v‡K, G Ask‡K ivB‡Rvgd© ejv nq|
GKwU gvki“g GKw`‡b GK wK‡jvwgUvi `xN© nvBwd ˆZwi K‡i|
c~Y©v½ d«zUewW †`L‡Z QvZvi g‡Zv Ges GwU gvwUi Dc‡i evo‡Z _v‡K| cwiYZ Ae¯’vq d«zUewWi `ywU Ask _v‡K| †Mvovi w`‡K KvÛ ev
e„‡š—i b¨vq Ask‡K ÷vBc Ges Dc‡ii w`‡K QvZvi b¨vq Ask‡K cvBwjqvm ejv nq| ÷vB‡ci DaŸ©vs‡k AvswUi b¨vq GKwU c`©v _v‡K
hv‡K A¨vbyjvm e‡j| GQvovI cvBwjqv‡mi A¼xq Z‡j c`©vi g‡Zv AmsL¨ wMj Aixqfv‡e Szjš— Ae¯’vq _v‡K| wMj ev j¨vwgwj‡Z AmsL¨
e¨vwmwWqv m„wó nq| cÖwZwU e¨vwmwWqv‡gi kx‡l© Av½y‡ji b¨vq PviwU As‡ki gv_vq GKwU K‡i e¨vwmwWI‡¯úvi Drcbœ nq| †¯úvi¸‡jv
AbyK‚j cwi‡e‡k A¼zwiZ n‡q bZzb gvB‡mwjqvg ˆZwi K‡i|
Agaricus ev gvki“g gvbe Kj¨v‡Y wewfbœfv‡e eën„Z nq|
Ôgvki“gÕ wewfbœ wfUvwgb mg„× nIqvq c„w_exi eû‡`‡k GKwU mywcÖq Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| GRb¨ c„w_exi eû‡`‡k Gi Pvl nq| eZ©gv‡b
evsjv‡`‡kI Gi e¨vcK Pvl ïi“ n‡q‡Q| GwU UvUKv I msiw¶Z Dfq Ae¯’vq evRv‡i wewµ nq| evsjv‡`‡ki eo eo †nv‡Uj¸‡jv‡Z
Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e, we‡kl K‡i my¨c ˆZwi‡Z gvki“g eën„Z nq| eZ©gv‡b Avgv‡ì MÖvgxY mgv‡RI gvki“g eënvi RbwcÖq n‡q D‡V‡Q|
Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e evsjv‡`‡k K‡qKwU gvki“g cÖRvwZi Pvl n‡”Q| Av‡gwiKv I BD‡iv‡c gvki“‡gi cÖRvwZi e¨vcK Pvl nq| Ôgvki“gÕ Gi
Pvl †ek jvfRbK KzwUi wk‡í cwiYZ n‡q‡Q|
gvki“‡g Auvk †ewk _vKvq Ges kK©iv I Pwe© Kg _vKvq Wvqv‡ewUm †ivMxi Rb¨ GKwU Av`©k Lvevi| G‡Z kK©iv, †cÖvwUb, Pwe©, wfUvwgb,
LwbR jeY Ggb mgš^‡q Av‡Q hv kix‡ii BwgDb wm‡÷g‡K DbœZ K‡i| hvi d‡j Mf©eZx gv I wkïiv GwU wbqwgZ †L‡j †`‡ni †ivM
cÖwZ‡iva ¶gZv †e‡o hvq| G‡Z cÖPzi Dr‡mPK Av‡Q hv nR‡g mnvqK, Lvev‡i i“wP ev‡o Ges †c‡Ui cxov wbivgq K‡i| G‡Z
†jvfv÷vwbb, GbUv‡Wwbb I BwiUv‡Wwbb _v‡K hv kix‡ii †Kv‡j‡÷ij Kgv‡bvi Rb¨ Ab¨Zg Dcv`vb| gvki“g wbqwgZ †L‡j D”P
i³Pvc I n„`‡ivM wbqš¿‡b _v‡K|we‡k¦i A‡bK †`‡k gvki“g AZ¨š— `vwg Lvevi| e¨vcKfv‡e gvki“g Pvl I ißvwbi gva¨‡g Avgiv
A‡bK ê‡`wkK gy`ªv AR©b Ki‡Z cvwi|
২।
AI B Gi wg‡_vRxexZvq A I B `ywUB DcK…Z nq e¨vL¨v K‡iv|

উত্তরঃ A Øviv Ulothrix Z_v ˆkevj Ges DÏxcK B Øviv Agaricus Z_v QÎvK †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q| ˆkevj I QÎv‡Ki wg‡_vRxexZvq ˆZwi
nq jvB‡Kb| jvB‡K‡b ˆkevj I QÎvK GKB mv‡_ cvi¯úwiK jv‡fi wfwË‡Z evm K‡i| GKwU jvB‡Kb Dw™¢‡` QÎvK Pviw`K †_‡K
ˆkevj‡K wN‡i iv‡L| QÎvK cwi‡ek †_‡K cvwb, LwbR jeY, CO2 BZ¨vw` †kvlY K‡i ˆkevj‡K cÖ`vb K‡i, Avi ˆkevj ga¨¯’v‡b e‡m
mv‡jvKms‡klY cÖwµqvq Lv`¨ cÖ¯‘Z K‡i hv DfqB fvM K‡i MÖnY K‡i| QÎvK ˆkevj‡K AvkÖq cÖ`vb K‡i, ˆkev‡ji wbivcËv m~wPZ K‡i
Ges wewbg‡q ˆkevj KZ…©K Drcvw`Z Lv`¨ n‡÷vwiqv‡gi mvnv‡h¨ MÖnY K‡i| jvB‡K‡bi Rbb KvRwUI QÎvK wbqš¿Y K‡i _v‡K| ZvB ejv
hvq, ˆkevj I QÎv‡Ki wg‡_vRxexZvq DfqB DcK…Z nq|
৩। P I Q `ywU wfbœ RvZxq Dw™¢` GK m‡½ emevm K‡i| G‡K Ac‡ii DcKvi K‡i Ges GKwU bZzb ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© _¨vj‡qW Dw™¢` ˆZwi
K‡i| P I Q Dw™¢` `ywUi cv_©K¨ †j‡Lv|
উত্তরঃ P I Q Dw™¢` `ywU h_vµ‡g ˆkevj I QÎvK|
wb‡P ˆkevj I QÎv‡Ki g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ †`qv n‡jv
ˆkevj QÎvK
i. ˆkev‡ji †Kv‡l i. QÎv‡Ki †Kv‡l
†K¬v‡ivwdj Av‡Q| †K¬v‡ivwdj †bB|
ii. mv‡jvKms‡klY cÖwµqvi ii. mv‡jvKms‡klY cÖwµqvq
gva¨‡g wb‡Ri Lv`¨ wb‡Ri Lv`¨ wb‡R ˆZwi
wb‡RB ˆZwi K‡i| Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
iii.G‡ì Rb¨ Av‡jv iii.G‡ì Rb¨ Av‡jv

AZ¨vek¨K| AZ¨vek¨K bq|
iv. G‡ì †Kvl cÖvPxi iv. G‡ì †Kvl cÖvPxi
†mjy‡jvR w`‡q MwVZ| KvBwUb ev QÎvKxq
nvBwd Øviv MwVZ|
v. mwÂZ Lv`¨ †k¦Zmvi| v. mwÂZ Lv`¨ MvB‡Kv‡Rb
I ˆZj we›`y|
vi. †hŠb Rbbv½¸‡jv vi. †hŠb Rbbv½ RwUj
µgvMZ mij Ae¯’v Ae¯’v n‡Z µgvMZ
n‡Z RwUj Ae¯’vq mijZi Ae¯’v cÖvß nq|
cwiYZ nq|
vii. G‡ì AwaKvsk cvwb‡Z vii. G‡ì AwaKvsk ¯’‡j
evm K‡i| evm K‡i|
৪। Agaricus Gi e¨vwmwWIKvc© Gi MVb eY©bv Ki|
উত্তরঃ Agaricus Gi e¨vwmwWIKvc© wZbwU cÖavb Ask wb‡q MwVZ| h_v- A

i. ÷vBc : †Mvovi w`‡K `‡Ûi b¨vq Ask n‡jv ÷vBc|
ii. A¨vbyjvm: ÷vB‡ci gv_vq PµvKvi †h Ask †`Lv hvq, Zv n‡jv A¨vbyjvm|
iii. cvBwjqvm : A¨vbyjv‡mi Dc‡i QvZvi b¨vq Ask n‡jv cvBwjqvm| cvBwjqv‡mi wb‡P Szjš— c`©vi b¨vq Ask‡K ejv nq wMj|
অধ্যায় ৬
১। Rvbvjvi cv‡k GK ai‡bi meyR Acy®úK Dw™¢` †`wL‡q wk¶K QvÎ‡ì‡K ej‡jb, G‡K †XuwKkvK e‡j| DwjwLZ Dw™¢`wU‡Z A‡hŠb
Rb‡bi gva¨‡g wKfv‡e eske„w× N‡U eY©bv K‡iv| DwjwLZ Dw™¢` Rxeন্ত Rxevk¥ wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ Dw™¢` †_‡K †Kvb †Kvb w`K †_‡K
mv`„k¨c~Y© I êmv`„k¨cƒY© e‡j Zzwg g‡b K‡iv|
উত্তরঃ Dw™¢`wU n‡jv Pteris| Pteris Dw™¢‡ì A‡hŠb eske„w× wb‡æv³ Dcv‡q n‡Z cv‡i e‡j Avwg g‡b Kwi|
Pteris-Gi †¯úv‡ivdvB‡U gv‡qv‡¯úvi Drcv`‡bi gva¨‡g A‡hŠb Rbb N‡U| †¯úv‡ivwd‡ji De©i AbydjK¸‡jvi wbæZ‡j wKbviv eivei
cÖPzi †iYy¯’jx ev †¯úvivwÄqv MwVZ nq| †¯úvivwÄqv GK‡Î ¸”QvKv‡i Ae¯’vb K‡i, cÖwZwU ¸”Q‡K †mvivB e‡j| cvkvcvwk †mvivB¸‡jv
ci¯úi wg‡j `xN©vKvi wm‡bv‡mvivm MVb K‡i| K¨vcmy‡ji GK cvk w`‡q Dj¤^ mvwi‡Z A¨vbyjvm we`¨gvb| K¨vcmy‡j A¨vbyjv‡mi wecixZ
cv‡k¦© cvZjv †KvlcÖvPxi wewkó †÷vwgqvg _v‡K| K¨vcmy‡ji †fZ‡i 16wU †¯úvi gvZ…‡Kvl _v‡K| cÖwZwU †¯úvi gvZ…‡Kvl wg‡qvwmm
wefvR‡bi gva¨‡g †¯úvi †UUªvW m„wó K‡i| †¯úvi cwiYZ n‡j †¯úvivwÄqvg ï®‹ n‡Z ïi“ K‡i| G Kvi‡Y A¨vbyjvm msKzwPZ nq| wKš—y
A¨vbyjv‡mi †Kvl cÖvPxi ¯’‚j I A¨vbyjv‡mi w¯’wZ¯’vcKZvi Kvi‡Y A¨vbyjvm †mvRv n‡Z †Póv K‡i| d‡j cvZjv cÖvPxihy³ †÷vwgqvg Ask
wQ‡o hvq| GQvov A¨vbyjvm cvwbMÖvnx ¯^fv‡ei nIqvq A¨vbyjv‡mi Gw`K-Iw`K Pj‡bi gva¨‡g †¯úvi¸‡jv evB‡i wbM©Z nq|
Gfv‡eB D³ Pteris Dw™¢`wU †¯úvi m„wói gva¨‡g A‡hŠb Dcv‡q eske„w× K‡i|
Dw™¢`wU n‡jv Pteris hv †Uwi‡WvdvBUv MÖ“‡ci Aš—fz©³ Ges Rxeš— Rxevk¥ wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ Dw™¢`wU n‡jv Cycas hv bMœexRx MÖ“‡ci
Aš—fz©³|†Uwi‡WvdvBWv I bMœexRx Dw™¢‡ì g‡a¨ mv`„k¨ n‡jv G‡ì †`n †¯úv‡ivdvBwUK| Giv mRxe Ges G‡ì †`n‡K g~j, Kvন্ড I
cvZvq wef³ Kiv hvq|
G‡ì KwPcvZv KzÊwjZ Ae¯’vq _v‡K hv‡K ejv nq mviwm‡bU fvi‡bkb| G‡ì ïµvYy eûd¬v‡Rjv wewkó Ges G‡ì åƒY ˆZwi nq| G‡ì
wØwb‡lK N‡U bv| my¯úó Rbyµg we`¨gvb Ges Rbyµg heteromorphic cÖK…wZi|
†Uwi‡WvdvBUv I bMœexRx Dw™¢‡ì g‡a¨ êkv`„k¨ n‡jv †Uwi‡WvdvBUv Dw™¢‡` ¸”QvKvi A¯’vwbK g~j we`¨gvb wKš‘ bMœexRx Dw™¢‡` †hŠb
A¯’vwbK †Kvivj‡qW g~j we`¨gvb| †Uwi‡WvdvBUv Dw™¢‡ì cvZv mP‚oc¶j †hŠwMK wKš‘ bMœexRx Dw™¢‡ì cvZv c¶j †hŠwMK bMœexRx
Dw™¢`wU e„¶RvZxq Ges KvÊ Kvôj RvZxq, Aciw`‡K †Uwi‡WvdvBUv Dw™¢`wU ¸j¥ RvZxq Ges KvÊ ivB‡Rvg RvZxq| †Uwi‡WvdvBU Dw™¢‡`
cwienb wUmy¨ we`¨gvb Aciw`‡K bMœexRx Dw™¢‡` cwienb wUmy¨ we`¨gvb _vK‡jI RvB‡j‡g †f‡mj Ges †d¬v‡q‡g m½x‡Kvl _v‡K bv|
†Uwi‡WvdvBUv Dw™¢‡ì †¯úvi mg‡iYy cÖmy ev Amg‡iYycÖmy n‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ bMœexRx Dw™¢‡ì †¯úvi memgqB Amg‡iYycÖmy|
২।
wPÎ t K
চিÎwUi MVb êwkó¨ e¨vL¨v Ki| A I B Gi gva¨‡g GKwU bZzb Dw™¢‡ì Rš§ nq| e¨vL¨v Ki|
wPÎwU dvb© †cÖv_¨vjv‡mi| dvb© †cÖv_¨vjvm dvb© Dw™¢‡ì M¨vwg‡UvdvBwUK ch©v‡qi GKwU †ewkó¨c~Y© MVb| AbyK‚j cwi‡e‡k A_©vr cwiwgZ
ZvcgvÎv I Av`ª©Zv †c‡j cÖwZwU dvb© †¯úvi A¼zwiZ n‡q n„rwcÛvKvi I P¨vÞv GKwU meyR e‡Y©i kvwqZ M¨vwg‡UvdvBwUK Dw™¢‡ì Rš§
†`q| G‡K ejv nq dvb© †cÖv_¨vjvm| GB MV‡b †cÖv_¨vjv‡mi wKbviv GK †Kvl¯—iwewkó Ges †K›`ª¯’‡j eû‡Kvlx স্তরiwewkó| G‡Z †Kvb
cwienbZš¿ †bB| Gi AMÖfvM cÖk¯— Ges †mLv‡b GKwU Mfxi Luv‡Ri m„wó nq hv AMÖ¯’ LuvR bv‡g cwiwPZ| AMÖ¯’ Luv‡Ri wb‡P A‡bK¸‡jv
¯¿xRbbv½ ev AvwK©‡Mvwbqvg _v‡K| †cÖv_¨vjv‡mi wb‡Pi mi“ cÖv‡š— m~ÎvKvi GK‡Kvlx †Kvgj ivBR‡qW i‡q‡Q| ivBR‡qW gvwU †_‡K
Lv`ïm †kvlY K‡i| ivBR‡qW¸‡jvi gv‡S A‡bK¸‡jv e„š—nxb †MvjvKvi cysRbbv½ ev A¨v‡š’wiwWqvg _v‡K Ges †cÖv_¨vjv‡mi A¼xqZ‡j
Luv‡Ri Kv‡Q ¯¿xRbbv½ ev AvwK©‡Mvwbqvg _v‡K|
A n‡jv AvwK©‡Mvwbqvg hvi Af¨š—‡i wW¤^vYy m„wó nq Ges B n‡jv A¨v‡š’wiwWqvg hvi Af¨š—‡i ïµvYy ˆZwi nq| wW¤^vYy I ïµvYyi wgj‡b
wb‡lK m¤úbœ nq Ges cieZ©x‡Z bZzb Dw™¢‡ì Rš§ nq| A
wkwki we›`y ev e„wói cvwbi mvnv‡h¨ ïµvYymg~n AvwK©‡Mvwbqv‡g cwievwnZ nq| AvwK©‡Mvwbqvg KZ©„K wb:m„Z g¨vwjK GwmW Øviv ïµvYy
wW¤^vYyi cÖwZ AvK…ó nq Ges AvwK©‡Mvwbqv‡gi MÖxev bvjxc‡_ †fZ‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i wW¤^vYyi mv‡_ wgwjZ n‡q wb‡lK m¤úbœ K‡i d‡j wWc‡qW
E‡¯úvi MwVZ nq| RvB‡MvU ev E‡¯úvi †¯úv‡ivdvB‡Ui cÖ_g †Kvl| E‡¯úvi evievi gvB‡UvwUK wefvR‡bi gva¨‡g åƒY m„wó K‡i| å~Y
µgk weKwkZ n‡q g~j, KvÛ I cvZvwewkó bZzb †¯úv‡ivdvBU MVb K‡i| g~j gvwU‡Z cÖ‡e‡ki ci _¨vjvm ïwK‡q hvq Ges †¯úv‡ivdvBwUK
Dw™¢`wU c~Y© Pteris Dw™¢‡` cwiYZ nq|
৩। Rvwn` MÖv‡gi evwo‡Z Riccia Gi wKQy bgybv msMÖn Ki‡Z wM‡q bv †c‡q †diZ Avmvi c‡_ GKwU cy‡iv‡bv †`qv‡j †hŠwMK cvZv
wewkó †QvU Dw™¢` †`L‡Z †cj| Dw™¢`wUi KwP cvZv KzÛwjZ Ges eq¯‹ cvZvi wb‡Pi c„‡ô wKbvivq `vbv`vi Agm„b Ask we`¨gvb|
bgybvwU Kxfv‡e mbv³ Ki‡e? Rvwn` Amg„Y `vbv`vi †h AskwU †`‡LwQj, †mwU Dw™¢‡ì Rbyµ‡g ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f‚wgKv iv‡L †Zvgvi
gZvg‡Zi c‡¶ hyw³ `vI|
উত্তরঃ bgybvwU n‡jv Riccia| wb‡P D‡jwLZ êwkó¨¸‡jv †`‡L bgybvwU A_©vr Riccia kbv³ Kiv hv‡e-
i. Riccia i †`n _¨vj‡qW A_©vr †`n‡K g~j, KvÛ I cvZvq wef³ Kiv hvq bv|
ii. _¨vjvmwU meyR,kvwqZ Ges welgc„ô|
iii. _¨vjvm Ø¨vMÖ kvLvwš^Z|
iv. Riccia M¨vwg‡UvdvBwUK Dw™¢` Ges Giv mvaviYZ mu¨vZ‡mu‡Z gvwU Ges wfRv cÖvPxi Mv‡Î R‡š§ _v‡K|
v. Riccia _¨vjvm¸‡jv †Mvjv‡ci cvcwoi b¨vq PµvKv‡i Ae¯’vb K‡i|
vi. _¨vjv‡mi Dci c„‡ô j¤^vjw¤^fv‡e ga¨ wkiv _v‡K Ges wkiv eivei j¤^v LuvR _v‡K|
vii. _¨vjv‡mi cÖwZwU kvLvi kx‡l© GKwU LuvR _v‡K, hv‡K AMÖ¯’ LuvR e‡j|
viii. _¨vjv‡mi wb‡P eû‡Kvlx †¯‹j Ges GK‡Kvlx ivBR‡qW †`Lv hvq|
êwkó¨¸‡jv †_‡K eySv hvq cy‡iv‡bv †Ìqv‡ji Dw™¢`wU wQj Pteris Ges cÎK wKbv‡i Rvwn‡ì †`Lv Agm„Y `vbv`vi AskwU wQj
†¯úvivwÄqvg| GB †¯úvivwÄqvg Pteris Gi Rbyµ‡g ¸i“Z¡cyY© f‚wgKv iv‡L| Pteris Dw™¢‡ì RxebP‡µ my¯úó Rbyµg i‡q‡Q| KviY
GLv‡b †¯úv‡ivdvBwUK ch©v‡qi mv‡_ M¨vwg‡UvdvBwUK ch©v‡qi ch©vqµwgK Avwef©ve N‡U| c~Y©v½ Pteris Dw™¢` †¯úv‡ivdvBwUK (2n) ch©v‡qi
cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i| GLv‡b cÎK wKbv‡i †¯úvivwÄqv‡gi Af¨š—‡ii †¯úvi gvZ…‡Kvl (2n) wg‡qvwmm cÖwµqvq wefvwRZ n‡q n¨vc‡qW †¯úvi
ˆZwi K‡i| †¯úvi M¨vwg‡UvdvBUK ch©v‡q cÖ_g †Kvl| †¯úvi A¼zwiZ n‡q †cÖv_¨vjvm MVb K‡i †hLv‡b AvwK©‡Mvwbqv‡g wW¤^vYy Ges
A¨v‡š’wiwWqv‡g ïµvYy ˆZwi nq| ïµvYy I wW¤^vYyi wgj‡b m„wó nq wWc‡qW RvB‡MvU (2n)| RvB‡MvU evi evi wefvwRZ n‡q bZzb
†¯úv‡ivdvBwUK Dw™¢‡ì Rš§ †`q hv ax‡i ax‡i c~Y©v½ Pteris G cwiYZ nq| Gfv‡e Dw™¢`wUi Rbyµg m¤úbœ nq| Dw™¢`wUi Rbyµ‡g Agm„Y
`vbv`vi Ask A_©vr †¯úvivwÄqvg ˆZwi bv n‡j †mLvb †_‡K †¯úvi ˆZwi n‡Zv bv| †¯úvi ˆZwi bv n‡j †cÖv_¨vjvm Z_v ïµvYy I wW¤^vYyI
ˆZwi n‡Zv bv| d‡j Dw™¢`wUi Rbyµ‡g evav m„wó n‡Zv| ZvB Dw™¢`wUi Rbyµ‡g DÏxc‡Ki Agm„Y `vbv`vi Ask Z_v †¯úvivwÄqvg ¸i“Z¡c~Y©
f‚wgKv iv‡L|
৪। K Dw™¢` Ges L Dw™¢` DfqB Acy®úK| K Dw™¢‡ì RxebP‡µ M¨vwg‡UvdvBU cÖavb Ges †¯úv‡ivdvBU †MŠY| Acic‡¶ L Dw™¢‡`
†¯úv‡ivdvBU cÖavb Ges M¨vwg‡UvdvBU †MŠY| L Dw™¢‡ì Rbyµg wP‡Îi gva¨‡g †`LvI| K I L Dw™¢‡ì ˆ`wnK MV‡bi Zzjbvg~jK
Av‡jvPbv K‡iv|
উত্তরঃ L Dw™¢`wU Pteris Dw™¢‡ì ¯úó Rbyµg we`¨gvb, KviY GLv‡b †¯úv‡ivdvBwUK Rbyi mv‡_ M¨vwg‡UvdvBwUK Rbyi Abyµ‡gi gva¨‡g
Rbyµg m¤úbœ nq| wb‡P Gi Rbyµg wP‡Îi gva¨‡g †`Lv‡bv n‡jv-
†¯úv‡ii A¼z‡iv`Mg (n)
AvwK©‡Mvwbqvg (n)
†cÖv_¨vjvm (n)
†¯úvi (n) A¨v‡š’wiwWqvg
wW¤^vYy (n)
ïµvYy (n)
†¯úvi †UUªvW (n)
wb‡lK
M¨vwg‡UvdvBwUK Rby (n) RvB‡MvU (2n)
gv‡qvwmm
†¯úvi gvZ…‡Kvl (2n)
†¯úv‡ivdvBwUK Rby (2n)
DwjwLZ K Dw™¢`wU n‡jv Riccia hv eªv‡qvdvBUm Ges L
(2n)
bZzb †¯úv‡ivdvBU (2n)

†mvivm (2n)
†¯úv‡ivdvBU (2n) Dw™¢`
wPÎ t Pteris Dw™¢‡ì Rbyµg

Dw™¢`wU Pteris hv †Uwi‡WvdvBUm| G `ywU Dw™¢‡ì ˆ`wnK MV‡bi g‡a¨ †ek wKQy cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| Riccia Gi †`n _¨vj‡qW A_©vr †`n‡K
g~j, Kvন্ড I cvZvq wef³ Kiv hvq bv, Pteris Gi †`n‡K g~j, Kv‡ন্ড I cvZvq wef³ Kiv hvq| Riccia Gi _¨vjvmwU meyR, kvwqZ Ges
welgc„‡ôi _¨vjvm Ø¨vMÖ kvLvwewkó| mvaviYZ KZ¸‡jv Riccia Gi _¨vjvm GK‡Î †Mvjv‡ci cvcwoi g‡Zv †MvjvKvi Pµ K‡i Ae¯’vb
K‡i| G Ae¯’v‡K †iv‡RU e‡j| cÖwZwU kvLvi kx‡l© GKwU AMÖ¯’ LuvR i‡q‡Q| Avevi Pteris i cvZv wPimeyR Ges c¶j †hŠwMK| Gi
Giƒc cvZv‡K d«Û e‡j| Gi cvZv gyKzjve¯’vq KzÊjx cvKv‡bv Ae¯’vq _v‡K hv‡K ejv nq mviwm‡bU fvi‡bkb Ges KzÊwjZ KwP cvZv‡K
e‡j †µvwRqvi| Gi cÎ †hŠMcÎ Ges cÖwZwU cÎLÊ‡K wcbv e‡j| cÖwZwU cÎK Ae„š —K, mi“, j¤^v‡U Ges wKbviv gm„Y| Riccia i
_¨vjv‡mi wb‡Pi c„ô †_‡K eû‡Kvlx †¯‹j Ges GK‡Kvlx ivBR‡qW m„wó nq| ivBR‡qW gm„Y I Agm„Y GB `yÕai‡bi n‡q _v‡K| Aciw`‡K,
Pteris i cvZvi i¨vwKm ev A‡¶i wbæcÖvš— Ges ivB‡Rvg GK cÖKvi AmsL¨ ev`vwg i‡Oi kécÎ w`‡q Ave„Z _v‡K| G kécÎ‡K i¨v‡g›Uvg
e‡j|
৫। RxeweÁv‡bi wk¶K K¬v‡m GKwU Dw™¢` †`wL‡q ej‡jb GwU Acy®úK fv¯‹zjvi Dw™¢` †Mvôxq| Gi cvZv KuwP Ae¯’vq KzKz‡ii †j‡Ri
g‡Zv KzÛzwjZ _v‡K| G‡ì †¯úv‡ivdvBwUK Rby M¨vwg‡UvdvBwUK Rby A‡c¶v `xN©|DwjwLZ Dw™¢`wUi bZzb †¯úv‡ivdvB‡Ui wPwýZ wPÎ
AsKb Ki|
উত্তরঃ DwjwLZ wk¶‡Ki †`Lv‡bv Dw™¢`wU n‡jv Pteris ev dvb© Dw™¢` hv †Uwi‡WvdvBUv e‡M©i Aš—M©Z| GB Dw™¢`wUi bZzb †¯úv‡ivdvB‡Ui
wPwýZ wPÎ wb‡P †Ìqv n‡jv- A
cÖv_wgK cÎ
KvÊ
†cÖv_¨vjvm
ivBR‡qW
g~j
wPÎ : Pteris-Gi bZyb †¯úv‡ivdvBwUK Dw™¢`

অধ্যায় ৭
১। wk¶K ej‡jb, Òmvs‡KwZK wP‡ýi mvnv‡h¨ Dw™¢` †MvÎ‡K cÖKvk Kiv m¤¢e, Avevi cy®ú cÖZxK A¼b K‡iI †Kvb †MvÎ‡K cÖKvk Kiv
hvq|Ó GB K_v ï‡b gwbKv Revdz‡ji cy®ú cÖZxK A¼b K‡i GKwU †MvÎ‡K cÖKvk Ki‡jv Ges †mvnvbv gc. Dgc. % ♂ cy2 cys3+3 M1
+
mvs‡KwZK wP‡ýi mvnv‡h¨ Ab¨ GKwU †MvÎ‡K cÖKvk Ki‡jv। gwbKvi Dw™¢`wUi †Mv‡Îi bvg I cy®ú cÖZxK AsKb K‡iv| †mvnvbvi
†Mv‡Îi bvg, cy®ú ms‡KZwU e¨vL¨v K‡iv Ges Gi †Mv‡Îi êwkó¨ †j‡Lv|
উত্তরঃ gwbKv Rev dz‡ji cy®úcÖZxK A¼b Ki‡jv| Rev dzj Malvaceae †Mv‡Îi Dw™¢`| wb‡P Malvaceae †Mv‡Îi Dw™¢‡ì dz‡ji cy®ú
cÖZxK AsKb Kiv n‡jvÑ
gvZ…A¶
Dce„wZ
e„wZ
cvcwo
¯¿x¯—eK
cys¯—eK
wPÎ: Malvaceae †Mv‡Îi cy®ú cÖZxK

স োহোনো KZ…©K D‡jLK…Z Dw™¢`wUi cy®úms‡KZ n‡jvÑ gc. Dgc. %♂ cy2 cys3+3 M1, hv Poaceae †Mv‡Îi Dw™¢`|  Gi A_© cy®úwU eû
+
cÖwZmg| ♂ gv‡b cy®ú Dfwj½| cy2 gv‡b nj cy®úcyU 2wU, gy³| cy3+3 Gi gv‡b cys‡Kki 6wU, gy³, 3wU K‡i `yÕ Ave‡Z© mw¾Z| M1 Gi
+
gv‡b Mf©vkq GK cÖ‡Kvôwewkó Ges AwaMf©| Mf©cÎ 1wU, gy³|G †Mv‡Îi Dw™¢`mg~‡ni KvÛ mvaviYZ bjvKvi, ga¨ce© duvcv| Gi cvZv
wjwMDjwewkó| cy®úweb¨vm ¯úvBK‡jU| G †Mv‡Îi Dw™¢‡ì civMavbx me©gyL Ges Mf©gyÛ cvj‡Ki b¨vq| Agiv web¨vm g~jxq| dj
K¨vwiIcwmm|
২। `wbqv wek¦we`¨vjq K‡j‡Ri evMv‡b bvwi‡Kj Mv‡Qi g‡Zv wZbwU MvQ Av‡Q, wk¶v_x©iv Rvb‡Z cvi‡jv MvQwU bvwi‡Kj Mv‡Qi g‡Zv
n‡jI Avm‡j Dnv bMœexRx Dw™¢`| GB Dw™¢`wU †g‡mv‡RvwqK hyM †_‡K eZ©gvbKvj ch©š — Avw` êwkó¨ wb‡q wU‡K Av‡Q| bvwi‡Kj Mv‡Qi
mv‡_ D³ Dw™¢`wUi êwkó¨MZ cv_©K¨ †j‡Lv|Dw™¢`wUi g~‡ji êwkó¨ D‡jL K‡iv|
উত্তরঃ Dw™¢`wU n‡jv bMœexRx Dw™¢` Cycas| bvi‡Kj MvQ Ave„ZexRx Dw™¢`| Ave„ZexRx Dw™¢` I bMœexRx Dw™¢` `ywUi g‡a¨ êwkó¨MZ
cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| wb‡P Ave„ZexRx Dw™¢` I bMœexRx Dw™¢‡ì ga¨Kvi cv_©K¨ †Ìqv n‡jv
Ave„ZexRx Dw™¢` bMœexRx Dw™¢`
i. dz‡j Mf©vkq _v‡K| i. dz‡j Mf©vkq _v‡K bv|
ii. Mf©vkq d‡j cwiYZ ii. Mf©vkq bv _vKvq dj
nq| Drcbœ nq bv|
iii. dj nq ZvB exR iii. dj nq bv e‡j exR bMœ
d‡ji †fZ‡i _v‡K| Ae¯’vq _v‡K|
iv. AvwK©‡Mvwbqv m„wó nq iv. AvwK©‡Mvwbqv m„wó nq|
bv|
v. civM‡iYy Mf©gy‡Ê v. civM‡iYy mivmwi wW¤^K
cwZZ nq| i‡Üª cwZZ nq|
vi. wØ-wb‡lK nq| vi. mvaviYZ wØ-wb‡lK nq
bv|
vii. G‡Ûv¯úvg© wUªc‡qW| vii. G‡Ûv¯úvg© n¨vc‡qW|
wb‡l‡Ki c‡i Drcbœ wb‡l‡Ki c~‡e© Drcbœ
nq| nq|
viii. RvB‡j‡g myMwVZ viii. RvB‡j‡g myMwVZ
†f‡mj †Kvl Ges †f‡mj †Kvl Ges
†d¬v‡q‡g m½x‡Kvl †d¬v‡q‡g m½x‡Kvl †bB|
_v‡K|
Dw™¢`wU n‡jv bMœexRx Dw™¢`| bMœexRx Dw™¢` wn‡m‡e Cycas Dw™¢‡ì g~‡ji êwkó¨ wb‡P D‡jL Kiv n‡jv
Cycas-Gi cÖavb g~j ¶Y¯’vqx| cÖavb g~j bó nIqvi ci GwU KZ¸‡jv †MŠY A¯’vwbK g~j Øviv cÖwZ¯’vwcZ nq| Gme A¯’vwbK g~‡ji wKQy
Ask Lvovfv‡e gvwUi DcwiZ‡j D‡V Av‡m| †mLv‡b Giv AmsL¨ Lv‡Uv Lv‡Uv Ø¨MÖ kvLvi m„wó K‡i| gvwUi DcwiZ‡j g~j¸‡jv e¨vK‡Uwiqv
Øviv Avµvš— nIqvi d‡j G‡ì kxl© ùxZ n‡Z _v‡K| G mgq Anabaena I Nostoc bvgK mvqv‡bve¨vK‡Uwiqv g~‡j cÖ‡ek K‡i| d‡j,
g~‡ji AvK…wZ weK…Z n‡q mvgyw`ªK cÖevj ev †Kviv‡ji iƒc aviY K‡i| Gme g~j‡K Ô†Kvivj‡qW g~jÕ (coralloid root) ev Ôi“U wUDeviKjÕ
(root tubercle) e‡j| †Kvivj‡qW g~‡ji Aš—M©V‡b ga¨K‡U©‡· Anabaena Ges Nostoc Ae¯’vb K‡i, G Ask‡K ˆkevj¯—i e‡j|
৩। C dz‡ji cyócyU †`Lv hvq| D dz‡ji civM‡iYy e„°vKvi Ges cys‡Kki AmsL¨| D dzjwU †h †Mv‡Îi †mB †Mv‡Îi mbv³Kvix êwkó¨
†j‡Lv| C I D dzj †h †Mv‡Îi †mB †Mv‡Îi A_©‰bwZK ¸i“Z¡ we‡klY K‡iv|
উত্তরঃ D dzjwU n‡jv Malvaceae †Mv‡Îi Dw™¢‡ì dzj|
Malvaceae †Mv‡Îi kbv³Kvix êwkó¨¸‡jv n‡jvÑ A
Ñ Dw™¢‡ì KwP Ask †ivgk I wgDwm‡jR imc~Y©|
Ñ DccÎ gy³cvk¦©xq|
Ñ cy®ú GKK Ges mvaviYZ Dce„wZhy³|
Ñ cys‡Kki eû, GK¸”QK, cys‡Kkixq bvwjKv Mf©`‡Êi Pviw`‡K †ewóZ|
Ñ civMavbx GKcÖ‡Kvôx I e„°vKvi|
Ñ civM‡iYy e„nr Ges K›UwKZ|
C I D dzj `ywU n‡jv h_vµ‡g Poaceae I Malvaceae †Mv‡Îi| GB †MvÎ `ywU Lv`¨ Drcv`b †_‡K ïi“ K‡i Avgv‡ì A_©bxwZ‡ZI
¸i“Z¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K| Avgv‡ì cÖavb Lv`¨ fvZ hv cÖK…Zc‡¶ avb †_‡K †c‡q _vwK| gywo, wPov, ˆL BZ¨vwì cÖZ¨¶ Drm
n‡jv avb| GQvov Mg, f‚Æv, he, KvDb BZ¨vw` gvby‡li cÖavb Lv`¨ fv‡Zi cvkvcvwk Ae¯’vb Ki‡Q| G¸‡jv meB Poaceae †Mv‡Îi Dw™¢`
†_‡K Avgiv †c‡q _vwK| GQvov wPwb I ¸o †h AvL †_‡K ˆZwi nq, †mB AvLI Poaceae †Mv‡Îi Dw™¢`| ïay ZvB bq Poaceae †Mv‡Îi
Ab¨vb¨ Dw™¢‡ì g‡a¨ M„n wbg©v‡Yi mvgMÖxI i‡q‡Q †hgbÑ euvk, Qb, DjyLo BZ¨vw`| euvk wbwg©Z †`vjbv, †Ljbv cÖf…wZ we‡`‡k ißvwb K‡i
A_©bxwZ‡K MwZkxj Ki‡Z mnvqZv Ki‡Q| Aciw`‡K, Malvaceae †Mv‡Îi Dw™¢` Kvc©vm †_‡K Avgiv e¯¿ ˆZwii cÖavb DcKiY myZv cvB|
my¯^v`y mewR wn‡m‡e Avgiv †h †Xuom LvB Zv GB †Mv‡Îi Dw™¢` †_‡KB †c‡q _vwK| Malvaceae †Mv‡Îi Dw™¢` Avgv‡ì e¯¿ ˆZwii KuvPvgvj
Ges mewR mieivn K‡i hv Avgv‡ì A_©bxwZ‡ZI c‡iv¶fv‡e Ae`vb iv‡L| A
অধ্যায় ৮
১। wUmy¨ Kv‡Ri aiY

A cvwb I LwbR jeY cwienb Kiv
B Lv`¨ cwienb Kiv
C ewniveiY ˆZix Kiv
wewfbœ ai‡bi Dw™¢‡ì A‡½ DÏxc‡Ki A I B Gi mgš^‡q MwVZ wUmy¨¸”Q Gi wPwýZ wPÎ AuvK| Dw™¢‡ì †¶‡Î C Gi f‚wgKv e¨vL¨v Ki|
উত্তরঃ A I B n‡jv h_vµ‡g RvB‡jg I †d¬v‡qg| RvB‡jg I †d¬v‡qg wUmyï mgš^‡q MwVZ wUmy¨¸”Q ej‡Z fv¯‹zjvi evÛj‡K wb‡`©k Kiv
n‡q‡Q| wewfbœ cÖKvi fv¯‹zjvi evÛ‡ji wPwýZ wPÎ wbæiƒcÑ
†d¬v‡qg †d¬v‡qg †d¬v‡qg
K¨vw¤^qvg ewntK¨vw¤^qvg
RvB‡jg RvB‡jg
RvB‡jg
Aš—tK¨vw¤^qvg
Aš—t‡d¬v‡qg
wPÎ-K. mgcvk¦x©q e× wPÎ-L. mgcvk¦x©q gy³ wPÎ-M. mgwØcvk¦x©q (gy³)
†d¬v‡qg RvB‡jg †d¬v‡qg

RvB‡jg †d¬v‡qg RvB‡jg
K. RvB‡jg †Kw›`ªK L. †d¬v‡qg †Kw›`ªK M. Aixq

wPÎ: wewfbœ ai‡bi fv¯‹zjvi evÛj
C wUmy¨ Øviv GwcWvwg©m ev Z¡K †K wb‡`©k Kiv n‡q‡Q| Dw™¢‡ì evB‡ii ¯—i‡K GwcWvwg©m e‡j| GwU mvaviYZ GKmvwi c¨v‡ibKvBgv
†Kvl Øviv MwVZ| GwcWvwg©m Dw™¢‡` we‡kl K‡i Dw™¢‡ì Af¨š—ixY wUmy¨‡K evB‡ii AvNvZ †_‡K I Ab¨vb¨ cÖwZK‚j Ae¯’v n‡Z i¶v
K‡i| †ivghy³ Z¡K we‡kl K‡i welv³ MÖwš’Iqvjv †ivghy³ Z¡K wewfbœ cÖvYxi AvµgY n‡Z Dw™¢`‡K i¶v K‡i| Z¡K A‡bK mgq Dw™¢`
KZ…©K cvwbi AcPqI eÜ K‡i _v‡K| †gv‡gi Av¯—iY cov Z¡K QÎv‡Ki AvµgY n‡Z Dw™¢‡ì Af¨š—ixY wUmy¨‡K i¶v Ki‡Z cv‡i|
Z¡‡Ki wQ`ª w`‡q Dw™¢` Af¨š—i I evB‡ii cwi‡e‡ki g‡a¨ wewfbœ M¨v‡mi Av`vb cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K| †K¬v‡ivcv÷hy³ Z¡K Lv`¨ ˆZwi Ki‡Z
Dw™¢`‡K mvnvh¨ K‡i| Z¡K‡Kvl cÖ‡qvR‡b wefvwRZ n‡Z cv‡i Ges Dw™¢‡ì ¶Z¯’vb c~iY Ki‡Z cv‡i| GQvovI GwcWvwg©¯’ g~j‡ivg I
eywj‡dvg© †Kvl h_vµ‡g cvwb I LwbR jeY cwi‡kvlY Ges cvZvi cÖmviY I weKv‡k mnvqZv K‡i| ZvB Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv
†_‡K GUv ejv hvq †h, Dw™¢‡ì †¶‡Î GwcWvwg©m ev Z¡K Gi f‚wgKv Acwimxg|
২।
wPÎ-X wPÎ-Y
wPÎ "X" Gi MVb Øviv GKexRcÎx I wØexRcÎx KvÛ‡K kbv³ Kiv m¤¢e wPÎ A¼bc~e©K e¨vL¨v Ki| X I Y Gi Zzjbvg~jK MVb we‡k-
lYc~e©K Dw™¢‡ì Rxe‡b a I b Gi f‚wgKv AZ¨š— ¸i“Z¡c~Y© K_vwUi hyw³hy³Zv we‡klY Ki|
উত্তরঃ wPÎ X n‡jv wØexRcÎx Kv‡Ûi fv¯‹zjvi evÛj| A
wØexRcÎx Dw™¢‡ì GKexRcÎx Dw™¢‡ì

fv¯‹zjvi evÛj fv¯‹zjvi evÛj
KviY wØexRcÎx Dw™¢‡ì Kv‡Ûi fv¯‹zjvi evÛj mshy³, mgcvk¦x©q I gy³ n‡q _v‡K| wKQy †¶‡Î mgwØcvk¦x©q evÛj †`Lv hvq| Aciw`‡K
GKexRcÎx Dw™¢‡ì Kv‡Ûi fv¯‹zjvi evÛj mshy³, mgcvk¦x©q I e× n‡q _v‡K| wKQy †¶‡Î †j‡Þv‡mw›UªK evÛj †`Lv hvq| myZivs wPÎ X
Gi MVb Øviv GKexRcÎx I wØexRcÎx KvÛ mbv³ Kiv m¤¢e| A
X n‡jv cy®úK Dw™¢‡ì Kv‡Ûi fv¯‹zjvi evÛj Ges wPÎ Y n‡jv cy®úK Dw™¢‡ì g~‡ji fv¯‹zjvi evÛj| a n‡jv RvB‡jg I b n‡jv
†d¬v‡qg| RvB‡jg I †d¬v‡qg wUmy¨ wb‡q MwVZ wUmy¨Zš¿ n‡jv fv¯‹zjvi wUmy¨Zš¿| Dw™¢`v½‡K `„pZv cÖ`vb Ges Lv`¨ I KuvPvgvj cwienbB
Gi g~j KvR| UªvwKW, †f‡mj, RvB‡jg dvBevi Ges RvB‡jg c¨v‡ibKvBgv wb‡q RvB‡jg wUmy¨ MwVZ| RvB‡jg wUmy¨ cÖavbZ g~j †_‡K
cvZv ch©š— cvwb cwienb K‡i| Acic‡¶ mxfbj, m½x‡Kvl, †d¬v‡qg dvBevi I †d¬v‡qg c¨v‡ibKvBgv wb‡q †d¬v‡qg wUmy¨ MwVZ| cvZvq
cÖ¯‘ZK…Z Lv`¨ †d¬v‡qg wUmyï gva¨‡g Dw™¢`‡`‡ni me mRxe Kv‡R †cuŠ‡Q| GB fv¯‹zjvi wUmy¨Zš¿ Dw™¢`‡K `„pZv Ges hvwš¿K kw³ cÖ`vb
K‡i| GQvovI Dw™¢‡ì mKj ˆRewbK cÖwµqvi mv‡_B RvB‡jg I †d¬v‡q‡gi m¤úK© i‡q‡Q|
myZivs ejv hvq, Dw™¢‡ì Rxe‡b RvB‡jg I †d¬v‡q‡gi f‚wgKv AZ¨š— ¸i“Z¡c~Y©|
৩।
wPÎ-N wPÎ-O
wPÎ-O Gi g~‡ji wPÎ AsKb Ki| wPÎ-N we‡klY Ki|
উত্তরঃ wPÎ-O n‡jv Poaceae †Mv‡Îi Aš—fz©³ avb Mv‡Qi, †hwU GKwU GKexRcÎx Dw™¢`| wb‡P wPÎ-O Z_v GKexRcÎx Dw™¢‡ì g~‡ji
wPÎ AsKb Kiv n‡jvÑ A
g~j‡ivg
Gwc‡egv
K‡U©·
wc_ †i
G‡ÛvWvwg©m
†cwimvBKj
†cÖv‡UvRvB‡jg
†gUvRvB‡jg
g¾v †d¬v‡qg
wPÎ: GKexRcÎx Dw™¢`g~‡ji cÖ¯’‡”Q`
wPÎ-N n‡jv Ae¯’vb Abymv‡i fvRK wUmyï cÖKvi‡f`| Ae¯’vb Abymv‡i fvRK wUmy¨ wZb cÖKvi h_v:
(i) kxl©¯’, (ii) B›UviK¨vjvwi Ges (iii) cvk¦x©q|
g~j, KvÛ ev G‡ì kvLv cÖkvLvi kx‡l© Aew¯’Z fvRK wUmy¨B kxl©¯’ fvRK wUmy¨| KZK cvZv I d‡ji kx‡l©I fvRK wUmy¨ _vK‡Z cv‡i|
kxl©¯’ fvRK wUmyï wefvR‡bi gva¨‡gB Dw™¢`v½ e„w×cÖvß nq| Giv cÖv_wgK ¯’vqx wUmy¨ ˆZwi K‡i _v‡K| cy®úK Dw™¢‡` kxl©¯’ fvRK wUmy ¨
GKvwaK †Kvl wb‡q MwVZ| Giv cÖvBgvwi wUmy¨| `ywU ¯’vqx wUmyï gvSLv‡b Aew¯’Z fvRK wUmy¨B n‡jv wb‡ewkZ fvRK wUmy¨| A½mg~n e„w×i
mgq kxl©¯’ fvRK wUmy¨ n‡Z wKq`sk c„_K n‡q G cÖKvi fvRK wUmy¨ m„wó K‡i| Giv cÎg~‡j, ga¨c‡e©i †Mvovq ev ce©mwÜi wb‡P _vK‡Z
cv‡i| g~j ev Kv‡Ûi cvk¦© eivei j¤^vjw¤^fv‡e Aew¯’Z fvRK wUmy¨ n‡jv cvk¦x©q fvRK wUmy¨| G cÖKvi wUmyÏ `ywU ¯’vqx wUmyï gvSLv‡b
Aew¯’Z| Giv †m‡KÛvix fvRK wUmy¨| G‡ì wefvR‡bi Kvi‡Y Dw™¢‡ì †m‡KÛvwi e„w× N‡U| A
অধ্যায় ৯
১। Dw™¢‡` Lv`¨ ˆZwi GKwU cÖwµqv, hv Av‡jv I AÜKvi `yB gva¨‡gB nq| weÁvbxiv e‡j‡Qb Dw™¢‡` kK©iv Drcv`b cÖwµqvi AÜKvi
ch©v‡q wZbwU c_ i‡q‡Q| G‡ì g‡a¨ X Pµc‡_ CO2 Gi MÖvnK n‡jv ivBey‡jvR 1,5 wemdm‡dU, Y Pµc‡_i CO2 Gi MÖvnK
dm‡dvB‡bvj cvBi“wfK GwmW Ges Z c_wU n‡jv CAM| 'Y' Dw™¢` we‡kl ai‡bi Awf‡hvR‡bi Rb¨ AwaK ZvcgvÎvq CO2 weRvi‡Y
m¶g| GB Awf‡hvRbMZ êwk‡óï Rb¨ D³ Dw™¢`wU AvËxKi‡Yi †¶‡Î DbœZ| Y Dw™¢‡ì CO2 weRvi‡Yi MwZc_ †iLv wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨
†`LvI| X I Y Dw™¢‡ì Gi g‡a¨ Zzjbvg~jK Av‡jvPbv mv‡c‡¶ †KvbwU †ewk Kvh©KiÑ e¨vL¨v c~e©K we‡klY K‡iv|
উত্তরঃ DwjwLZ Dw™¢` n‡jv C4 Dw™¢`| C4 Dw™¢‡` CO2 weRvi‡Yi Rb¨ n¨vP I ¯¨vK Pµ ev C4 Pµ msNwVZ nq| wb‡P C4 P‡µi CO2
weRvi‡Yi MwZc_ †iLvwP‡Îi gva¨‡g †`Lv‡bv n‡jvÑ
ˆgGmvw
dj w
UmyÅ ev́£j w
m^ ˆKÑ
vGivµÏvÕ¡
NADPH+H+ NADP
AÝvGjv gÅvw
jK gÅvw
jK
AÅvw
mwUK AÅvw
mW gÅvwjK wWnvBGWÈ
vw
RGbR AÅvw
mW AÅvw
mW
H3PO4 AÕ©vqxGhŒ
M
fK
ÝGjR
dmGdvBGbvj cvBi ‚w
f b PKÌ
CO2
mWKveÆ
w
w
WKvGeÆ
NADP+
ˆKj w
vw
ÝGjR
AÅvw
CO2
NADH+H+ RUBP
dmGdvBGbvj cvBi ‚w
f K AÅvw bR cvBi ‚w
mWKvBG fK cvBi ‚w
fK
cvBi ‚w
f K AÅvw
mW AÅvwmW AÅvwmW
(PEP) ADP+Pi ATP
w
Pò : nÅvP-ÕÏvK c^
X I Y Dw™¢` n‡jv h_vµ‡g C3 I C4 Dw™¢`| CO2 weRvi‡Yi Rb¨ C3 Dw™¢‡` K¨vjwfb Pµ ev C3 Pµ Ges C4 Dw™¢‡` n¨vP I ¯vK Pµ
ev C4 Pµ msNwUZ nq| C4 Dw™¢‡` D”P ZvcgvÎvq mv‡jvKms‡klY msNwUZ n‡Z cv‡i, ZvB D”P ZvcgvÎvq Giv Kg©¶g _v‡K|
Aciw`‡K C3 Dw™¢‡` D”P ZvcgvÎvq mv‡jvKms‡klY nq bv| C4 Dw™¢‡ì CO2 MÖvnK dm‡dvBbj cvBi“wfK GwmW, C3 Dw™¢‡ì CO2
MÖvnK ivBey‡jvR 1,5 wemdm‡dU A‡c¶v AwaK Kvh©Ki _v‡K| Dw™¢‡` cÎiÜª AvswkKfv‡e eÜ _vK‡jI C4 MwZc_ Pvjy _v‡K|
evqygÊ‡j CO2 Gi NbZ¡ cÖwZ wgwjq‡b 0.10 ppm _vK‡jI C4 MwZc_ Pj‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ evqygÊ‡j CO2 Gi NbZ¡ cÖwZ wgwjq‡b 50
ppm Gi Kg _vK‡j C3 MwZc_ evavMÖ¯’ nq GgbwK eÜ I n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| C4 Dw™¢‡ì evÛjkx_ †Kv‡l CO2 Gi cwigvY †ewk Ges
O2 Gi cwigvY Kg _vKvq cÖ‡¯^`b I d‡Uv‡imwc‡ikb nq bv| d‡j CO2 Gi weRviY †ewk nq| wKš‘ C3 Dw™¢‡ì †K¬v‡ivcv‡÷ CO2 Gi
cwigvY Kg Ges O2 Gi cwigvY †ewk _vKvq d‡Uv‡imwc‡ikb nq e‡j CO2 Gi weRviY Kg nq| C4 Dw™¢‡` `yB ai‡bi †K¬v‡ivcv÷
†hgb MÖvbvhy³ †g‡mvwdj †K¬v‡ivcv÷ I MÖvbvwenxb evÛjkx_ †K¬v‡ivcv÷ _v‡K| wKš‘ C3 Dw™¢‡` GK ai‡bi †K¬v‡ivcv÷ _v‡K| ZvQvov
C4 Dw™¢‡ì cvZvq µ¨vÄ A¨vbvUwgi Rb¨ Gi Lv`¨ Drcv`b ¶gZv †ewk I AwZ mnRfv‡e GwU cwievwnZ n‡Z cv‡i|
myZivs Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbv mv‡c‡¶ G K_v wbtm‡›`‡n ejv hvq †h, Y Dw™¢` A_©vr C4 Dw™¢` †ewk Kvh©Ki|
২। Rxe‡Kv‡l RwUj ˆRe †hŠM ivmvqwbK kw³ (w¯’wZkw³) wn‡m‡e Lv‡`¨ Rgv _v‡K, hv GbRvBg Øviv av‡c av‡c cwiewZ©Z n‡q
MwZkw³ iƒ‡c wbM©Z nq| †h avcwUi wewµqvmg~n mvB‡Uvm‡j m¤úbœ nq Zvi †iLvwPÎ Dc¯’vcb K‡iv|
উত্তরঃ ˆRe ivmvqwbK cÖwKqvwUi bvg k¦mb| k¦m‡bi MvB‡KvjvBwmm avcwU mvB‡Uvm‡j msNwUZ n‡q _v‡K|MvB‡KvjvBwm‡m msNwUZ
wewµqvmg~n †iLv wP‡Îi gva¨‡g Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jvÑ
My‡KvR
†n‡·vKvB‡bR ATP
Mg++
ADP
My‡KvR-6 dm‡dU
dm‡dvMy‡Kv
AvB‡mvgv‡iR
d«–‡±vR-6 dm‡dU
dm‡dv ATP
d«–‡±vKvB‡bR Mg++
ADP
d«z‡±vR 1,6-wemdm‡dU
A¨v‡ìv‡jR
3-dm‡dv Uªv‡qvR
AvB‡mvgv‡iR WvBnvB‡Wªvw·
wMm¨vi¨vj&wWnvBW A¨vwm‡Uvb dm‡dU
2NAD + Pi
dm‡dvwMmvi¨vjwWnvBW
+H2O
wWnvB‡WªvwR‡bR 2NADH+H+
1,3-wemdm‡dv
wMmvwiK A¨vwmW
dm‡dvwMmvwiK 2ADP
A¨vwmW KvB‡bR
2ATP
3-dm‡dv wMmvwiK
A¨vwmW
dm‡dvwMmv‡iv
wgD‡UR
2-dm‡dv wMmvwiK
A¨vwmW
B‡bv‡jR
2H2O
2-dm‡dvB‡bvj
cvBi“wfK
A¨vwmW 2ADP
cvBi“wfK A¨vwmW
KvB‡bR 2ATP
cvBi“wfK A¨vwmW
wPÎ : MvB‡KvjvBwmm av‡ci †iLvwPÎ

৩। Dw™¢‡ì ˆZixK…Z Lv`¨ mevZ k¦m‡bi wewfbœ av‡c RvwiZ n‡q NADH + H+, FADH2 ˆZwi K‡i hvnv GKwU we‡kl av‡ci gva¨‡g †kl
ch©š— ATP I H2O Drcbœ K‡i| Aek¨ Aw·‡Rb Qvov we‡kl avcwU Av‡`Š NUv‡bv m¤¢e bq| we‡kl avcwU eY©bv K‡iv|†k‡li Dw³wU
we‡klY K‡iv|
উত্তরঃ cÖwµqvwU n‡jv B‡j±ªb UªvÝ‡cvU© †PBb| GB B‡j±ªb UªvÝ‡cvU© cÖwµqvq †cÖvwUb GKB †PBb Gi AvKv‡i PviwU gvwë-†cÖvwUb Kg‡c·
wn‡m‡e gvB‡UvKwÛªq‡bi Bbvi †gg‡eª‡b Ae¯’vb K‡i Ges B‡j±ªb ¯’vbvš—i K‡i †kl ch©š— Aw·‡R‡bi mgš^‡q cvwb ˆZwi K‡i| ATP
ˆZwi nq e‡j G cÖwµqvwU‡K Aw·‡WwUf dm‡dvivB‡jkb e‡j| G cÖwµqvi Kg‡c· I-av‡c wWnvB‡WªvwR‡bR GbRvBg _v‡K Ges FMN
†Kv-d¨v±i k³fv‡e mshy³ _v‡K| G‡¶‡Î Kg‡c‡· NADH+H+ RvwiZ nq Ges GKwU ATP ˆZwi nq| B‡j±ªb UªvÝ‡cvU© †PB‡bi Kg‡c·-
II G av‡c FADH2 hy³ nq Ges G Kg‡c·-G mshy³ mvKwm‡bU wWnvB‡WªvwR‡bR I 3wU Avqib-mvjdvi †cÖvwUb FADH2 †K BDweKzB‡bvb
†cvj Z_v †Kv GbRvBg Q †Z ¯’vbvš—i K‡i| cieZ©x Kg‡c· III cÖwµqvq BDweKzB‡bvb-mvB‡Uv‡µvg-C oxidoreductase wn‡m‡e KvR
K‡i hv BDweKzB‡bvb‡K RvwiZ K‡i Ges B‡jKUªb mvB‡Uv‡µvg -b Gi gva¨‡g mvB‡Uv‡µvg C †Z ¯’vbvš—i nq Ges G‡¶‡Î GKwU ATP
Drcbœ nq| cieZ©x‡Z Kg‡c‡· IV G Av‡Q mvB‡Uv‡µvg C Aw·‡WR, mvB‡Uv‡µvg a, mvB‡Uv‡µvg a3| GLv‡b GKwU ATP ˆZwi nq|
me©‡k‡l Kg‡c· IV G Aw·‡R‡bi B‡jKUªb weRvwiZ n‡q cvwb Drcbœ K‡i|
†k‡lv³ Dw³wU n‡jv Aw·‡Rb Qvov B‡j±ªb UªvÝ‡cvU© cÖwµqvwU Av‡`Š NUv‡bv m¤¢e bq| mevZ k¦m‡bi me ch©v‡q Aw·‡R‡bi cÖ‡qvRb nq
bv| Aw·‡R‡bi cÖ‡qvRb nq †KejgvÎ ETC-Gi †kl ch©v‡q mvB‡Uv‡µvg a3 †_‡K B‡jKUªb MÖnY Kivi Rb¨| GK civgvYy Aw·‡Rb `ywU
B‡j±ªb I g¨vwUª· †_‡K `ywU †cÖvUb MÖnY K‡i GK AYy cvwb ˆZwi K‡i| †Kv‡l Aw·‡R‡bi Afve n‡j ETC Gi B‡j±ª‡bi †kl evnK
mvB‡Uv‡µvg a3 †_‡K B‡jKUªb MÖnY Kivi †KD _v‡K bv, ZvB mvB‡Uv‡µvg a3 B‡j±ªb gy³ Ki‡Z bv †c‡i c~e©eZ©x evnK †_‡K B‡jKUªb
MÖn‡Yi ¶gZv nvivq| Gfv‡e µgvš^‡q †cQ‡bi me¸‡jv evnKB fvivµvš— n‡q hvq| Gi d‡j cÖ_‡g ETC, c‡i mvBwUªK A¨vwmW Pµ,
cvBi“wfK A¨vwm‡Wi Aw·‡Wkb Ges me©‡kl MvB‡KvjvBwmm cÖwµqvwUI eÜ n‡q hvq| Gi d‡j ATP Drcv`b eÜ n‡q hvq, ZvB †Kvl
Zvi MVb I Kvh©vewj Pvwj‡q hvevi g‡Zv kw³ bv †c‡q g‡i hvq| Avgv‡ì †cwk †Kvl¸‡jv j¨vKwUK A¨vwmW dv‡g©‡›Ukb cÖwµqvq mxwgZ
ATP ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡i wKš‘ cÖ‡qvRbxq GbRvBg bv _vKvq øvqy‡Kvl Zv cv‡i bv| d‡j Aw·‡R‡bi Afve n‡j cÖ_‡gB øvqy †Kv‡li g„Zz¨ N‡U|
Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbvi †cÖw¶‡Z ejv hvq †h, GB cÖwµqvi Rb¨ Aw·‡R‡bi f‚wgKv Ab¯^xKvh©|
৪। cÖ‡¯^`‡b cÎiÜª †LvjvI eÜ nIqvi e¨vcv‡i AvaywbK gZev` Abyhvqx, cUvwkqvg Avqb (K+) ¸i“Z¡cyY© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| w`‡bi
†ejvq cÖPzi cUvwkqvg Avqb (K+)
i¶x‡Kvl Øviv M„nxZ nq| d‡j i¶x‡Kv‡l AvMZ (K+) Avqb Avš—tAwfmÖewYK cÖwµqvq cÖ‡e‡ki ì“Y cvk¦©eZ©x †g‡mvwdj wUmy¨ †_‡K
i¶x‡Kv‡l cvwbi e¨vcb N‡U| GK ch©v‡q i¶x‡Kv‡l UviMvi †cÖmvi †e‡o hvevi d‡j Zv aby‡Ki gZ euvKv n‡q hvq Ges cÎiÜª Ly‡j hvq|
Avevi iv‡Zi †ejvq cUvwkqvg Avqb (K+) i¶x‡Kvl †_‡K ewntAwfmÖewYK cÖwµqvq †ei n‡Z _v‡K| G‡Z K‡i i¶x‡Kv‡l AwfmÖewYK
Pvc Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e cvk¦©eZx †g‡mvwdj wUmyï †P‡q A‡bK K‡g hvq| i¶x‡Kvl GKch©v‡q wkw_j n‡q c‡o Ges cÎiÜª eÜ n‡q hvq|
Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbvi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z ejv hvq †h, i¶x‡KvlØ‡qi ùxZ A_ev wkw_j nIqv Ges cÎiÜª †Lvjv I eÜ nIqvi †¶‡Î K+ Avq‡bi
f‚wgKv Acwimxg|
অধ্যায় ১০
১।
g‡bv‡¯úvwiK cÖwµqvq ¯¿x‡iYy gvZ…‡Kvl †_‡K A As‡ki weKv‡ki wewfbœ avc eY©bv K‡iv| wb‡lK wµqvi ci A As‡ki ga¨Kvi †h
cwieZ©b N‡U Zv †`LvI|
উত্তরঃ A AskwU åƒY_wj| g‡bv‡¯úvwiK cÖwµqvq åƒY_wji kZKiv 75 fvM MwVZ nq| GwU polygonum aib wn‡m‡eI cwiwPZ|
wW¤^‡Ki Af¨š—‡i åƒY‡cvlK wUmyï gv‡S GKwU wWc‡qW ¯¿x‡iYy gvZ…‡Kvl wg‡qvwmm wefvR‡bi gva¨‡g PviwU n¨vc‡qW ¯¿x‡iYy MVb
K‡i| GB 4wUi wZbwU bó n‡q hvq Ges GKwU gvÎ ¯¿x‡iYy Kvh©¶g _v‡K| cÖ_‡g wefvwRZ n‡q ¯¿x‡iYyi wbDwK¬qvmwU `ywU †gi“
wbDwK¬qvm ˆZwi K‡i| `yÕ†gi“‡Z wbDwK¬qvm `ywU `yevi wefvwRZ n‡q PviwU K‡i †gvU AvUwU wbDwK¬qvm m„wó K‡i| G Ae¯’vq
wbDwK¬qvm¸‡jv åƒY_wji Af¨š—‡i web¨¯— nq| `yÕ‡gi“i `ywU wbDwK¬qvm åƒY_wji gvSLv‡b wgwjZ n‡q wWc‡qW wbDwK¬qvm MVb K‡i|
G‡K †m‡KÛvwi wbDwK¬qvm e‡j| wW¤^Ki‡Üªi w`‡K Aew¯’Z †Kvl wZbwU‡K GK‡Î Mf©hš¿ e‡j Ges wW¤^Kg~‡ji †Kvl wZbwU‡K cÖwZcv`
†Kvl e‡j| Mf©h‡š¿i gv‡Si †KvlwU A‡c¶vK…Z eo I †MvjvKvi nq| G‡K ¯¿xM¨vwgU ev wW¤^vYy I cv‡ki `ywU‡K mnKvix †Kvl e‡j|
åƒY_wji gv‡S Aew¯’Z wW¤^vYy, mnKvix †Kvl, cÖwZcv` †Kvl I †m‡KÛvix wbDwK¬qvm‡K mw¤§wjZfv‡e ejv nq ¯¿xM¨vwg‡UvdvBU|
A Ask n‡jv åƒY_wj| wb‡lK wµqvi ci A Ask ev åƒY_wji wb‡l‡Ki d‡j dj I exR m„wó nq| Ave„ZRxex Dw™¢‡ì ¯¿x¯—e‡K wb‡lK
wµqv m¤úbœ nq| ¯¿x¯—e‡Ki Mf©vk‡q wW¤^vYyi mv‡_ cysM¨vwgU wgwjZ nIqvi gva¨‡g wb‡lK m¤úbœ nq| wb‡lK m¤úbœ nevi mv‡_ mv‡_B
wb‡l‡KvËi cwieZ©b¸‡jv msNwUZ n‡Z ïi“ K‡i| wbwl³ wW¤^vYy Z_v RvB‡MvU gvB‡UvwUK wefvR‡bi gva¨‡g cÖ_‡g GKwU wØ‡Kvlx Avw`åƒY
MVb K‡i| Avw`åƒYwU µgvMZ wefvwRZ n‡Z n‡Z GKwU c~Y©v½ åƒ‡Y cwiYZ nq| †m‡KÛvwi wbDwK¬qv‡mi mv‡_ ïµvYyi GKwU wbDwK¬qv‡mi
wgj‡bi gva¨‡g wUªc‡qW G‡Ûv¯úvg© wbDwK¬qvm MwVZ nq| GB wbDwK¬qvmwU evi evi wefvR‡bi gva¨‡g mm¨ MVb K‡i| wb‡l‡Ki ci
wW¤^‡Ki †fZi cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ wW¤^‡Ki Z¡K `ywU A‡c¶vK…Z KwVb I ï®‹ n‡q exRZ¡‡K cwiYZ nq| imv‡jv wW¤^KwU cvwb nvwi‡q
A‡c¶vK…Z KwVb I ï®‹ n‡q ex‡R cwiYZ nq| dj n‡jv iƒcvš—wiZ Mf©vkq| wb‡l‡Ki ci Mf©vkq d‡j cwiYZ nq| wb‡lK †k‡l cy‡®úi
¯—eK¸‡jv wb‡¯—R n‡q S‡i c‡o| Mf©`Ê I Mf©gyÊ ïwK‡q hvq| Mf©vkq d‡j cwiYZ nq| wb‡l‡Ki ci wW¤^KiÜª, wW¤^Kbvfx,
wW¤^Kbvox, wW¤^Kg~j h_vµ‡g exRiÜª, exRbvfx, exRe„š—, exRg~‡j cwiYZ nq| cieZ©x‡Z exRg~j bó n‡q hvq|
DcwiD³ Av‡jvPbvi †cÖw¶‡Z ejv hvq, Ave„ZRxex Dw™¢‡ì wb‡lK cÖwµqv KZ¸‡jv ch©vqµwgK av‡c †kl nq Ges Mf©vkq I wW¤^K
cwiewZ©Z n‡q h_vµ‡g dj I exR ˆZwi nq|
২। wgZz kx‡Zi mKv‡j PvPvi mv‡_ †eov‡Z mwilv †¶‡Zi avi w`‡q hvw”Qj| Zviv njy` mwilv dz‡j †gŠgvwQ QyUvQywU Ki‡Z †`L‡jv| PvPv
ej‡jv mwilv dz‡j †gŠgvwQ Ggb GKwU cÖwµqv NUvq hv RxeKz‡j DcKvi e‡q Av‡b|“cÖwµqvwU RxeKz‡j DcKvi e‡q Av‡bÓ K_vwUi
Zvrch© e¨vL¨v K‡iv|
উত্তরঃ cÖwµqvwU n‡jv civMvqb, hv Dw™¢‡ì wb‡lK cÖwµqv NUvq| RxeRM‡Z wb‡lKwµqv GKwU AZ¨š— ¸i“Z¡c~Y© ˆRweK cÖwµqv| G
cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g ¯¿xM¨vwg‡Ui mv‡_ cysM¨vwg‡Ui wgjb N‡U Ges M¨vwgU `ywUi †cÖv‡UvcvRg I wbDwK¬qv‡mi mshyw³ N‡U| wb‡lKwµqvq `ywU
n¨vc‡qW M¨vwg‡Ui wgj‡bi gva¨‡g GKwU wWc‡qW RvB‡MvU m„wó nq| RvB‡MvU n‡Z åƒ‡Yi m„wó nq| åƒ‡Yi myôz e„w×i Rb¨ wbwl³ wW¤^vYy‡Z
†cÖvwUb ms‡klY I wecv‡Ki nvi evov‡ZI wb‡lKwµqv mvnvh¨ K‡i| wb‡l‡Ki gva¨‡g cÖRvwZ‡Z wR‡bi mswgkÖb N‡U| Gi d‡j †h cÖKiY
N‡U Zv weeZ©‡bi KuvPvgvj wn‡m‡e eën„Z nq| wb‡l‡Ki d‡j cy‡®úi Mf©vk‡qi Af¨š—‡ii wW¤^K¸‡jv ex‡R cwiYZ nq Ges Mf©vkq
d‡j cwiYZ nq| Kv‡RB wb‡lKwµqvi d‡jB exR I d‡ji m„wó nq| exR Dw™¢‡ì esk i¶v K‡i| ex‡Ri m„wó bv n‡j AwaKvsk cy¯úK
Dw™¢`B nq‡Zv wejyß n‡q †hZ| Avevi Dw™¢‡ì dj I ex‡Ri DciB Lv‡`ï Rb¨ cÖvwYKzj we‡kl K‡i gvbyl m¤ú~Y©fv‡e wbf©ikxj| Kv‡RB
wb‡lKwµqv hZ bv ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Dw™¢` RvwZi Rb¨ Zvi †P‡qI ¸i“Z¡c~Y© gvbe RvwZi Rb¨| Avgiv Avg, Rvg, KuvVvj, wjPz, avb, Mg, evwj©
BZ¨vw` hv †L‡q _vwK Zv meB wb‡lKwµqvi d‡j m„wó nq| Avevi wb‡lKwµqv bv NU‡j Dw™¢`mg~n n¨vc‡qW Ae¯’v †_‡K cybivq wWc‡qW
Ae¯’vq wd‡i Avm‡Z cv‡i bv| d‡j cÖRvwZ‡Z Avg~j cwieZ©b N‡U †hZ| ZvB wb‡lKwµqvi Zvrch© Acwimxg| wb‡l‡Ki gva¨‡g cÖRvwZ‡Z
wR‡bi mswgkÖY N‡U| G‡Z wiKw¤^‡bk‡bi gva¨‡g †R‡bwUK êwPÎ¨ ˆZwi nq|
ZvB ejv hvq, DÏxc‡Ki cÖwµqv A_©vr civMvqb wb‡lKwµqv m¤úv`‡bi gva¨‡g RxeKz‡ji DcKvi e‡q Av‡b|
৩।
X
'X' wPwýZ AskwU e„w×i avcmg~n e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 'Y' åƒY_wji Dci Kx cÖfve we¯—vi K‡i we‡klY K‡iv|
উত্তরঃ X wPwýZ AskwU n‡jv civM‡iYy ev cysM¨vwg‡UvdvBU, cysM¨vwg‡UvdvBU e„w× K‡qKwU ch©v‡q m¤úbœ nq|
civMavbxi Af¨š—‡i wWc‡qW †iYy gvZ…‡Kvl (2n) †_‡K wg‡qvwmm wefvR‡bi gva¨‡g PviwU n¨vc‡qW (n) civM‡iYy ˆZwi nq| civM‡iYy
`ywU AveiY wewkó| evB‡ii Agm„Y AveiYwU n‡jv
ewntZ¡K ev G·Bb| †fZ‡ii cvZjv I gm„Y AveiYwU n‡jv B›UvBb| civMvq‡bi ci †fZ‡ii cvZjv AveiYwU †iYyi‡Üªi ga¨ w`‡q evB‡i
†ewi‡q Av‡m Ges civMbvwjKv m„wó K‡i| civM‡iYyi wbDwK¬qvmwU gvB‡Uvwmm †Kvl wefvR‡bi gva¨‡g `ywU Amg wbDwK¬qvm ˆZwi K‡i|
†MvjvKvi A‡c¶vK…Z eo wbDwK¬qvmwU bvwjKv wbDwK¬qvm Ges ¶z`ª wbDwK¬qvmwU Rbb wbDwK¬qvm| c‡i wbDwK¬qvm `ywU civMbvwj‡Z cÖ‡ek
K‡i| bvwjKv wbDwK¬qvmwU AMÖfv‡M _v‡K| Rbb wbDwK¬qvmwU cieZ©x‡Z wefvwRZ n‡q `ywU cysM¨vwgU m„wó nq| civM‡iYy, civMbvwjKv,
bvwjKv wbDwK¬qvm, Rbb wbDwK¬qvm G¸‡jvi mgš^‡q MwVZ nq cysM¨vwg‡UvdvBU|
Y wPwýZ AskwU n‡jv Rbb wbDwK¬qvm| civMbvwjKv Mf©`‡Êi †fZi w`‡q µgk evo‡Z _v‡K Ges Mf©vk‡qi †fZ‡i wW¤^KiÜª ch©š —
†cuŠQvq| Rbb wbDwK¬qvmwU gvB‡Uvwmm cÖwµqvq wef³ n‡q `ywU cysM¨vwgU ev ïµvYy m„wó K‡i| AwaKvsk Dw™¢‡` civMbvwjKv wW¤^KiÜªc‡_
wW¤^‡K cÖ‡ek K‡i| †Kvb †Kvb Dw™¢‡` civMbvwjKv wW¤^Kg~j w`‡q wW¤^‡K cÖ‡ek K‡i| mvaviYZ GKwUgvÎ bvwjKvB wW¤^‡K cÖ‡ek K‡i|
B‡Zvg‡a¨ wW¤^‡K Aew¯’Z ¯¿x‡iYy n‡Z wW¤^vYy m„wó nq| wW¤^vYy åƒY _wj‡ZB Ae¯’vb K‡i| civMbvwjKv †kl ch©š — åƒY_wj‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡i|
åƒY_wj‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡i GKwU mvnvh¨Kvix †Kv‡li Ici w`‡q wW¤^vYyi wbKU †cŠ‡Q| c‡i civMbvwjKvi AMÖfvM cÖmvwiZ n‡q †d‡U hvq Ges
ïµvYy ev cysM¨vwgU åƒY_wj‡Z wbw¶ß nq| civMbvwjKv n‡Z åƒY_wj‡Z wbw¶ß `ywU cysM¨vwg‡Ui g‡a¨ GKwU wW¤^vYyi mv‡_ wgwjZ n‡q
GKxf‚Z n‡q hvq Ges wb‡lK wµqv m¤úbœ K‡i| Aci cysM¨vwgUwU †m‡KÛvwi wbDwK¬qv‡mi mv‡_ wgwjZ I GKxf‚Z n‡q wÎwgjb NUvq|
A_©vr, åƒY_wji Af¨š—‡i wØwb‡lK m¤úbœ Ki‡Z D³ Y Z_v Rbb †Kvl (hv †_‡K `ywU cysM¨vwgU m„wó nq) we‡kl cÖfve we¯—vi K‡i|
অধ্যায় ১১
১। M‡elYvMv‡i we‡kl c×wZ‡Z RxevYygy³ cwi‡e‡k Dw™¢‡ì AmsL¨ AbyPviv Drcv`b Kiv n‡jv RxecÖhyw³i GKwU w`K| RxecÖhyw³i
Av‡iKwU w`K n‡jv GKwU wbw`©ó wRb enbKvix DNA LÊvYy c„_K K‡i wfbœ GKwU Rxe‡Kv‡li DNA-Gi mv‡_ †Rvov w`‡q G‡Z Kvw•¶Z
êwk‡óï cÖKvk NUv‡bv| Av‡jvwPZ 2q cÖhyw³wUi wPwKrmv †¶‡Î eënvi Av‡jvPbv K‡iv| cÖhyw³ `ywUi g‡a¨ †KvbwU K…wl †¶‡Î me©vwaK
Kj¨vY mvab K‡i‡Q †Zvgvi DË‡ii ¯^c‡¶ hyw³ †`LvI|
উত্তরঃ Dwj-wLZ 2q cÖhyw³wU n‡jv wiKw¤^‡b›U DNA cÖhyw³| wPwKrmv‡¶‡Î wiKw¤^‡b›U DNA cÖhyw³ B‡Zvg‡a¨B mdjfv‡e eën„Z
n‡”Q| G cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g †ivM wbY©q, †ivM cÖwZ‡iva, I †ivM wbivg‡qi DcKiY Drcv`b Kiv hvq| G cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g gvby‡li eskMZ
Î“wURwbZ †ivM wRb †_ivwc Øviv wbg~©j Kiv m¤¢e| ev‡qvdvwg©s Gi gva¨‡g Ab¨ Dw™¢` ev cÖvYx‡`‡n wRb ¯’vbvš—i K‡i gvby‡li cÖ‡qvRbxq
kK©iv, †cÖvwUb, ni‡gvb, Gw›U‡Rb, Gw›UewW Drcv`b Kiv hvq| wRb cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g M„ncvwjZ cïi i³, g~Î, wm‡gb I `y‡ai cÖ‡qvRbxq
Ilya I Dcv`vb Drcv`b Kiv hvq| wewfbœ cÖKvi e„w× ni‡gvb Drcv`b Kiv GgbwK wewfbœ †iv‡Mi wUKv ev Gw›Uev‡qvwUK ˆZwi Kiv hvq G
cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g| G cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g wewfbœ Ily‡ai ¸Yv¸Y I cwigvY e„w× m¤¢e n‡q‡Q| GQvovI my¯’ mej wkï Rš§`v‡bi †¶‡ÎI G cÖhyw³
wb‡q Avm‡Q Avkvi Av‡jv| A
DwjwLZ cÖ_g cÖhyw³wU n‡jv wUmy¨ KvjPvi Ges wØZxq cÖhyw³wU n‡jv wiKw¤^‡b›U DNA cÖhyw³| eZ©gv‡b wUmy¨ KvjPvi cÖhyw³i †P‡q
wiKw¤^‡b›U DNA cÖhyw³B K…wl‡¶‡Î me©vwaK Kj¨vY mvab Ki‡Q| KviY wUmy¨ KvjPvi cÖhyw³ AwaKvsk †¶‡ÎB ïaygvÎ Pviv Drcv`b K‡i
Dw™¢‡ì cÖRbb †¶‡Î f‚wgKv iv‡L| GgbwK Drcbœ Pviv¸‡jv ûeû gvZ…¸Ym¤úbœ nIqvq †Kv‡bv bZzb êwk‡óï Avwef©ve N‡U bv|
Aciw`‡K wiKw¤^‡b›U DNA cÖhyw³ n‡”Q eZ©gvb we‡k¦i eûj Av‡jvwPZ I AZ¨š— m¤¢vebvgq cÖhyw³| Rxeb-RxweKvi cÖvq me †¶‡ÎB
GB cÖhyw³i eënvi D‡jL‡hvM¨| †hgb Av‡gwiKvb Zzjv Mv‡Q †cvKvi Avµg‡Yi d‡j cÖwZ eQi wecyj cwigvY Drcv`b n«vm †c‡Zv|
GB mgm¨v `~i Ki‡Z Bacillus thuringiensis bvgK e¨vK‡Uwiqv †_‡K GKwU wRb †hvM Kivi gva¨‡g UªvÝ‡RwbK Zzjv MvQ m„wó Kiv
n‡q‡Q| Gi d‡j H Mv‡Q †cvKvi Rb¨ welv³ †cÖvwUb m„wó nq| ZvB GLb H †cvKvi AvµgY N‡U bv| hvi d‡j Zzjvi djb e„w×
†c‡q‡Q| Dw™¢‡ì ¸YMZ gvb Dbœq‡b A‡÷ªwjqv‡Z †fovi †jvg‡K DbœZgv‡bi Kivi Rb¨ mvjdvi mg„× †K¬vfvi Nvm wiKw¤^‡b›U DNA
cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g ˆZwi n‡q _v‡K hv †fovi Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e eënvi nq| GB cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g wfUvwgb A mg„× mycvi ivBm ˆZwi Kiv nq hv
Gwkqv, Avwd«Kv I j¨vwUb Av‡gwiKvi fvZwcÖq j¶ j¶ †Q‡j‡g‡qi wfUvwgb A Gi Afve c~iY K‡i| GQvov †ivM cÖwZ‡iva¶g RvZ
D™¢ve‡b wiKw¤^‡b›U DNA cÖhyw³ mdjfv‡e eën„Z n‡”Q| evqexq bvB‡Uªv‡Rb mseÜbKvix e¨vK‡Uwiqv n‡Z ÔwbdwRbÕ (hv bvB‡Uªv‡Rb
mseÜ‡bi Rb¨ `vqx) E.coli e¨vK‡Uwiqv‡Z ¯’vbvš—i Kiv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q| GB wbd wRbevnx e¨vK‡Uwiqvi eënvi Rwg‡Z bvB‡Uªv‡RbNwUZ
mvi cÖ‡qvM Kgv‡Z mvnvh¨ Ki‡e| wiKw¤^‡b›U DNA cÖhyw³ eënvi K‡i eZ©gv‡b we‡k¦i A‡bK †`‡k exRnxb dj m„wó Kiv n‡”Q| †hgb
Rvcv‡b exRnxb ZigyR m„wó| GQvov `y¨wZgq Dw™¢` I ¶wZKviK KxUcZ½‡ivax Dw™¢` m„wó‡Z wiKw¤^‡b›U DNA cÖhyw³ e¨vcKfv‡e
eën„Z n‡”Q| ZvB GK_v wbtm‡›`‡n ejv hvq †h, wiKw¤^‡b›U DNA cÖhyw³B K…wl‡¶‡Î me©vwaK Kj¨vY mvab Ki‡Q| A
২। W. Gg G Lv‡jK †U÷wUD‡e exR QvovB 'A' Dw™¢‡ì AmsL¨ Pviv ˆZwi K‡ib| GQvovI Kvw•¶Z êwk‡óï wRb eënvi K‡i B Dw™¢`
ˆZwi K‡ib| Bbmywjb ˆZwi‡Z DÏxc‡Ki 2q cÖwµqvwUi cÖ‡qvM mwPÎ eY©bv K‡iv| cÖwµqv `ywUi Zzjbv K‡iv|
উত্তরঃ wØZxq cÖwµqvwU wiKw¤^‡b›U DNA cÖhyw³| hv eënvi K‡i Bbmywjb ˆZwi Kiv nq| Bbmywjb ˆZwi‡Z wiKw¤^‡bU DNA-Gi cÖ‡qvM
mwPÎ eY©bv Kiv n‡jv
wPÎ: RxecÖhyw³i gva¨‡g gvbe Bbmywjb ˆZwi cÖwµqv

i. GKwU e¨vK‡Uwiqv (E.coli) cvRwgW wbw`©ó Kiv Ges gvby‡li AMœ¨vkq †Kvl †_‡K DNA c„_K Kiv|
ii. gvby‡li DNA †_‡K Bbmywjb Drcv`bKvix wR‡bi Ask c„_K Kiv nq Ges H gv‡c e¨vK‡Uwiqvi cvRwgW Ask †iw÷ªKkb GbRvBg
w`‡q KvUv nq|
iii. cvRwg‡Wi KvUv As‡k Bbmy¨wjb wRb cÖ‡ek Kiv‡bv I jvB‡MR GbRvBg w`‡q mshy³ Kiv nq| d‡j wiKw¤^‡b›U DNA ˆZwi n‡e|
iv. Gevi GKwU E. coli †Kv‡l wiKw¤^‡b›U DNA cÖ‡ek Kiv‡bv nq d‡j E. coli wU GM E. coli G cwiYZ nq|
v. GKwU Dchy³ cv‡Î (dv‡g©‡›Ukb U¨vsK hv‡Z Dchy³ ZvcgvÎv we`¨gvb| GM E. coli cÖ‡ek Kwi‡q ch©vß cwigv‡Y msL¨ve„w× Kiv
nq|
vi. dv‡g©‡›Ukb U¨vsK †_‡K Bbmywjb Drcv`bKvix E. coli wb‡q Bbmywjb msMÖn Ki‡Z n‡e|
A wPwýZ Dw™¢`wU n‡jv wUmy¨KvjPvi cÖhyw³| DÏxc‡K B wPwýZ Dw™¢`wU n‡jv wiKw¤^‡b›U DNA cÖhyw³| DÏxc‡Ki DwjwLZ Dw™¢` `ywUi
g‡a¨ Zzjbv wb‡P †Ìqv n‡jv A
wUmy¨ KvjPvi c×wZ cÖ‡qvM K‡i GKwUgvÎ Dw™¢` †_‡K Aí mg‡q AmsL¨ Pviv Drcv`b Kiv hvq| Ab¨w`‡K wiKw¤^‡b›U DNA cÖhyw³‡Z
Dw™¢‡ì weUv K¨v‡ivwUb ˆZwii wRb I AwZwi³ Avqib ˆZwi Kivi wRb cÖwZ¯’vcb Kiv n‡j †Q‡j‡g‡qiv wfUvwgb-G Gi AfveRwbZ Kvi‡Y
Avi AÜ n‡e bv Ges gv‡qiv †`‡n i³k~b¨Zvi Rb¨ m„ó †ivM †_‡K †invB cv‡eb| fvBivm, e¨vK‡Uwiqv, QÎvK I bvbv ai‡bi KxUcZ½
cÖwZ‡ivamg RvZ D™¢veb Kiv m¤¢e| G cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g we‡k¦i A‡bK †`‡k exRnxb dj m„wó Kiv n‡”Q, hv wUmy¨ KvjPvi cÖhyw³‡Z KL‡bvB
m¤¢e bq| GQvov wUmy¨ KvjPvi cÖhyw³‡Z evqexq bvB‡Uªv‡Rb mseÜbKvix e¨vK‡Uwiqv n‡Z ÔwbdÕ wRb E. coli e¨vK‡Uwiqvq ¯’vbvš—i Kiv
m¤¢e n‡q‡Q| d‡j wbd wRbevnx e¨vK‡Uwiqvi eënvi Rwg‡Z bvB‡Uª‡RbNwUZ mvi cÖ‡qvM Kgv‡Z ev G‡Kev‡iB eÜ Ki‡Z cvi‡e| d‡j
dm‡ji Drcv`b LiP Kg‡e Ges cwi‡ek `~lY †iva n‡e|
Dc‡iv³ eY©bv †_‡K DÏxc‡Ki DwjwLZ wUmy¨KvjPvi cÖhyw³ I wiKw¤^‡b›U DNA cÖhyw³i g‡a¨ Zzjbv K‡i m¤úK© ¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv|
৩। A B
wPÎwU †h cÖwµqvi Ask †mB cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g Drcvw`Z dmj cÖPwjZ dmj †_‡K DbœZ e¨vL¨v K‡iv| wP‡Îi cÖwµqvwUi gva¨‡g
RxeRM‡Zi eûwea mgm¨vi mgvavb Kiv m¤¢e  †Zvgvi hyw³ †`LvI|
উত্তরঃ wPÎwU wiKw¤^‡b›U DNA cÖhyw³i Ask| wiKw¤^‡b›U DNA cÖhyw³ eënvi K‡i Drcvw`Z dmj cÖPwjZ dmj †_‡K DbœZ nq|
KviY GB cÖhyw³ eënvi K‡i wewfbœ cÖRvwZi dm‡ji ¸YMZ gvb e„w× †c‡q‡Q| Bacillus thuringiensis e¨vK‡Uwiqvi GKwU wRb †hvM
K‡i UªvÝ‡RwbK Zzjv MvQ m„wó Kiv n‡q‡Q| hv †cvKvi AvµgY cÖwZ‡ivax| Av‡gwiKvq f‚Æv, Zzjv I mqvwe‡bi UªvÝ‡RwbK cÖKiY m„wó
Kiv n‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡k wewU KUb, ZvgvK, U‡g‡Uv, †cu‡c, f‚Æv, ivB, Zzjv, m~h©gyLx, bvkcvwZ, Mg, Av½yi cÖf…wZ‡Z UªvÝ‡RwbK cÖwµqv
mdjfv‡e cÖ‡qvM m¤¢e n‡q‡Q| GQvovI AvMvQv wbabKvix c`v_© mnbkxj Dw™¢` m„wó Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB cÖhyw³ eënvi K‡i A‡÷ªwjqvi
†K¬vfvi Nv‡m m~h©gyLxi mvjdvi A¨vwg‡bv GwmW ¯’vbvš—i Kiv n‡q‡Q hv Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i †fovi †jvg DbœZgv‡bi nq|
evsjv‡`kmn Gwkqvi wewfbœ †`‡k R¨v‡cvwbKv Rv‡Zi avb †_‡K wfUvwgb A mg„× mycvi ivB‡mi Pvl ïi“ n‡q‡Q| GB av‡bi fvZ †L‡j
ivZKvbvmn AÜZ¡ cÖwZ‡iva Kiv m¤¢e n‡e Ges gv‡qiv †`‡n i³k~b¨Zvi Rb¨ m„ó wewfbœ †ivM †_‡KI †invB cv‡e| GQvov †ivM
cÖwZ‡iva¶g RvZ D™¢ve‡b, `y¨wZgq Dw™¢` m„wó‡Z, exRnxb dj m„wó‡Z Ges KxUcZ½ cÖwZ‡ivax RvZ m„wó‡Z wiKw¤^‡b›U DNA cÖhyw³
we‡kl Ae`vb †i‡L‡Q| A
wP‡Îi cÖwµqvwUi gva¨‡g A_©vr wiKw¤^‡b›U DNA cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g RxeRM‡Zi eûwea mgm¨vi mgvavb Kiv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q| K…wl‡¶‡Î G
cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g AvMvQv I KxUcZ½ cÖwZ‡ivax RvZ D™¢veb Kiv hvq| jeYv³Zv, Liv, cÖLi Zvc cÖwZ‡ivax RvZ D™¢veb Kiv hvq| AwaK
†cÖvwUb, wfUvwgb I †jŠn mg„× dmj ˆZwi Kiv hvq| wPwKrmv †¶‡Î GB cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g †ivM wbY©q, †ivM cÖwZ‡iva I †ivM wbivg‡qi
DcKiY Drcv`b Kiv hvq| GB cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g gvby‡li eskMwZ Î“wURwbZ †ivM wRb †_ivwci gva¨‡g wbg©~j Kiv hvq| ev‡qvdvwg©s Gi
gva¨‡g Ab¨ Dw™¢` ev cÖvYx‡`‡n wRb ¯’vbvš—i K‡i gvby‡li cÖ‡qvRbxq kK©iv, †cÖvwUb, ni‡gvb, Gw›U‡Rb, Gw›UewW Drcv`b Kiv m¤¢e
n‡q‡Q| G cÖhyw³ eënvi K‡i wewfbœ KjKviLvbv †_‡K wbM©Z eR©¨ c`v_©‡K AYyRx‡ei mnvqZvq †f‡O mij Dcv`v‡b c„_K Kiv hvq|
G‡Z GKw`‡K cwi‡e‡ki `~lY K‡g Ges Ab¨w`‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq jvfRbK `ªe¨ cvIqv hvq| mgy‡`ª A`ªeYxq †Zj wbM©g‡bi d‡j m„ó `~lY
†iv‡a GB cÖhyw³ we‡klfv‡e mnvqK| cqteR©¨ ev wmD‡qR AvÍxKi‡Yi †¶‡Î G c×wZ eën„Z nq hvi d‡j wmD‡qR cwi‡kvab n‡q
weï× cvwb b`x ev n«‡` P‡j hvq| Gfv‡e wiKw¤^‡b›U DNA cÖhyw³ eënvi K‡i RxeRM‡Zi eûwea mgm¨v mgvavb Kiv nq| A
অধ্যায় ১২
১।
bgybv ÔKÕ bgybv ÔLÕ bgybv ÔMÕ
kvj MR©b †MvjcvZv
†m¸b QvwZg my›ìx
bgybv ÔKÕ, ÔLÕ I ÔMÕ Gi Dw™¢`¸‡jv evsjv‡`‡ki †h wZbwU wfbœ ebvÂ‡ji Zv‡ì bvg, Ae¯’vb Ges êwkó¨ QK AvKv‡i Dc¯’vcb Ki|
bgybv ÔMÕ Gi Dw™¢`¸‡jv evsjv‡`‡ki †h ebvÂ‡j R‡š§ D³ e‡bi msi¶Y AwaKZi Ri“wi- we‡klY Ki|
উত্তরঃ
bgybvi ebvÂ‡ji Ae¯’vb êwkó¨
bvg bvg
K cÎSov ev XvKv, MvRxcyi, i. kxZKv‡j G e‡bi
cY©‡gvPx gqgbwmsn, Uv½vBj, e„¶ivwRi cvZv S‡i
ebvÂj †kicyi, Kzwgjvi hvq|
gqbvgwZ Ges e‡i›`ª ii. evwl©K e„wócvZ Kg,
AÂj| ZvB evZv‡mi
Av`ª©Zv A‡c¶vK…Z
Kg|
iii. gvwUi eY© jvj, †ek
A¨vwmwWK|
L wPimeyR I PÆMÖvg, cve©Z¨ i. evwl©K e„wócvZ
Dc-wPimeyR PÆMÖvg I wm‡jU †ewk, ZvB evZv‡m
ebvÂj| AÂj| Rjxq ev‡®úi
cwigvYI †ewk|
ii. gvwU‡Z wnDgvm
AwaK, A¨vwmwWK|
iii. AwaKvsk Dw™¢`
wPimeyR cÖK…wZi|
M g¨vb‡MÖvf cUzqvLvwji i. G eb wPimeyR eb|
ebvÂj `w¶Yvsk, e„nËi e‡bi wbævÂj ˆ`wbK
Lyjbv, cwðge½ `yBevi †Rvqv‡ii
cvwb‡Z wm³ nq|
ii. gvwU‡Z Aw·‡R‡bi
Afve _vKvq
AwaKvsk e„‡¶i
k¦vmg~j nq|
iii. gvwU I cvwb
jeYv³| gvwUi PH
= 7-Gi KvQvKvwQ|
Dwj-wLZ bgybv ÔMÕ-Gi Dw™¢`¸‡jv evsjv‡`‡ki my›ìe‡b R‡š§ hv g¨vb‡MÖvf ebvÂ‡ji Aš—M©Z| GB ebvÂ‡ji msi¶Y AwaKZi
Ri“wi| KviY evsjv‡`‡ki `w¶YvÂ‡ji †Rjv¸‡jv we‡kl K‡i mvZ¶xiv, Lyjbv, ev‡MinvU, ei¸bv, cUzqvLvwj, †fvjv, PÆMÖvg, K·evRvi
BZ¨vw` †Rjv mivmwi mvMicv‡o `vwo‡q Av‡Q| G¸‡jv‡K ejv nq DcK‚jxq AÂj| A
Avi GB AÂj‡K wewfbœ `~‡h©vM †_‡K i¶v Ki‡Z DcK‚jxq meyR †eóbx M‡o †Zvjv n‡q‡Q| KviY meyR †eóbx mgy`ª †_‡K Avmv R‡jv”Q¡vm‡K
cÖv_wgKfv‡e cÖwZnZ K‡i Ges R‡jv”Q¡v‡mi MwZ, cÖPÊZv I D”PZv eûjvs‡k Kwg‡q †`q|
R‡jv”Q¡vmKvjxb fvUvi Uv‡b gvbyl, cï I Ab¨vb¨ m¤ú` †f‡m hvIqv †_‡K i¶v cvq| S‡oi MwZ‡eM, SvcUv I ¶wZi cwigvY Kwg‡q
†`q| D³ ebvÂj †_‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq R¡vjvwb, KvV, Lvevi I Ab¨vb¨ mvgMÖx cvIqv hvq| evm¯’vb Mfxi cvwb‡Z Zwj‡q †M‡j e„‡¶i Dci
D‡V AvÍi¶v Kiv hvq| A‡bK k¼Uvcbœ Rx‡ei cÖavb Avevm¯’j n‡jv g¨vb‡MÖvf ebvÂj| mgyw`ªK grm¨ m¤ú‡ì cÖavb cÖRbb †K›`ª ev
AvkÖq¯’j n‡jv g¨vb‡MÖvf ebvÂ‡ji wfZ‡i Aew¯’Z †QvU †QvU wgVv cvwbi Rjvavi| Rxe‰ewPÎ msi¶‡Y D³ ebvÂj ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f‚wgKv
cvjb K‡i|
২। c„w_exi e„nËg g¨vb‡MÖvf ebf‚wg my›ìe‡bi cv‡k wmWi weaŸ¯— kiY‡Lvjv MÖvg| MÖv‡gi gvby‡li g‡a¨ A‡bKw`b a‡i AvZ¼ weivR
Ki‡Q| cÖvqB iv‡Zi †ejv evN G‡m Zv‡ì Mi“, QvMj GgbwK gvbyl ch©š — a‡i wb‡q hvq| MÖvgevmx ivZ †R‡M cvnviv w`‡”Q wKš‘
ev‡Ni Dc`ªe w`b w`b †e‡oB Pj‡Q| Kx Kvi‡Y evN eb †Q‡o MÖv‡g Av‡m e¨vL¨v Ki|
evN hv‡Z iv‡Z MÖv‡g bv Av‡m Zvi Rb¨ Kx Kx c`‡¶c †bqv †h‡Z cv‡i e‡j Zzwg g‡b K‡iv|
উত্তরঃ my›ìeb GKwU e„nr g¨vb‡MÖvf ebvÂj| GLv‡b i‡q‡Q Mfxi ebf‚wg| i‡q‡Q bvbv cÖKvi MvQcvjv, eb¨ cïcvwL I RxeRš‘| wmWi
G weaŸ¯— nIqvi Kvi‡Y e‡bi A‡bK cÖvYx gviv †M‡Q hviv ev‡Ni Lv`¨ wQj| e‡bi H mKj cÖvYx aŸsm nIqvi Kvi‡Y evN eb †Q‡o
Lvev‡ii D‡Ï‡k¨ MÖv‡g P‡j Avm‡Q| †h‡nZz evN gvsmvkx cÖvYx †m‡nZz Zviv MÖv‡g G‡m K…l‡Ki nv‡ji Mi“, QvMj I †fov BZ¨vw` GgbwK
gvbyl ch©š— a‡i wb‡q hv‡”Q| Lv‡`ï Pvwn`v †gUv‡bvi Rb¨ eb †_‡K evN MÖv‡g Av‡m|
evN hv‡Z MÖv‡g bv Av‡m Zvi Rb¨ †h mKj c`‡¶c †bIqv †h‡Z cv‡i Zv wb‡P eY©bv Kiv n‡jv:
†h‡nZz wmW‡i e‡bi MvQcvjv, cïcvwL I Ab¨vb¨ cÖvYx aŸsm n‡q †M‡Q †m Kvi‡Y e‡bi wfZ‡ii AwaK MvQcvjv jvMv‡bvi eë¯’v Ki‡Z
n‡e| hv‡Z K‡i e‡bi MfxiZv Z_v Dw™¢ìvwRi cwigvY
Av‡iv ev‡o Ges eb AwaK MvQMvQvwj c~Y© nq| eb hw` †ewk Mnxb nq Zvn‡j †mLv‡b bvbvwea cïcvwL I Ab¨vb¨ RxeRš‘i cwigvY Av‡¯—
Av‡¯— evo‡e| hLb e‡b cïcvwk I RxeRš‘i cwigvY evo‡e ZLb Avi ev‡Ni Lv‡`ï Afve n‡e bv| e‡bi RxeRš‘ cïcvwL‡K Lv`¨
wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i evN Lv‡`ï Afve c~iY Ki‡e| hLb ev‡Ni Lv‡`ï Afve c~iY n‡e ZLb Avi evN MÖv‡g Lv‡`ï Rb¨ Avm‡e bv| ZvQvov
evN †hb MÖv‡g bv Av‡m †mRb¨ mvgvwRKfv‡e cÖwZ‡iva M‡o Zzj‡Z n‡e|
৩। Zby, wgk‡ii wcivwg‡Wi Dci WKz‡g›Uvwi †`LwQj| wcivwgW¸‡jvi wb‡Pi w`KUv cÖk¯— wKš‘ Dc‡ii w`KUv µgk mi“ Ges wb‡Pi
w`‡Ki cv_‡ii msL¨v I fi, ga¨ I †klfvM A‡c¶v †ewk| ewY©Z bKkvi mv‡_ m½wZc~Y© bKkv ev¯‘Z‡š¿I we`¨gvb- e¨vL¨v Ki|
cv_i¸‡jvi ga¨Kvi m¤ú‡K©i g‡Zv ev¯‘Z‡š¿i wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi fvimvg¨c~Y© m¤úK© _vK‡jB †KejgvÎ c„w_ex †UKmB n‡e- Dw³wU e¨vL¨v
Ki|
উত্তরঃ Zbyi †`Lv wgk‡ii wcivwgW Gi mv‡_ m½wZc~Y© bKkv ev¯‘Z‡š¿i msL¨vi wcivwgW I f‡ii wcivwg‡Wi Abyiƒc| msL¨vi wcivwg‡W
mvaviYZ cÖviw¤¢K Lv`¨¯—‡i Rx‡ei msL¨v †kl Lv`¨¯—‡ii Rx‡ei Zzjbvq A‡bK †ewk _v‡K| †Kvb B‡Kvwm‡÷‡gi Lv`¨¯—‡ii Rx‡ei
msL¨vwfwËK m¤úK© †`Lv‡bvi Rb¨ Aw¼Z bKkvB n‡jv msL¨vi wcivwgW| Z…Yf‚wgi GKwU wbw`©ó GjvKvq Rš§v‡bv Dw™¢‡ì msL¨vi Zzjbvq
H Z…Ymg~‡ni Dci wbf©ikxj cÖv_wgK Lv`‡Ki msL¨v Kg n‡e| Avevi H Lv`‡Ki msL¨vi Zzjbvq G‡ì Dci wbf©ikxj †m‡KÊvwi Lv`‡Ki
msL¨v AviI Kg n‡e| †m‡KÊvwi Lv`‡Ki msL¨vi Zzjbvq Uviwkqvwi Lv`‡Ki msL¨v AviI Kg n‡e| m‡e©v”P Lv`‡Ki msL¨v me‡P‡q Kg|
msL¨vi wcivwg‡W cÖwZwU Lv`¨¯—‡i Rx‡ei msL¨v †`Lv‡bv nq| A
Avevi, ev‡qvgvm n‡jv †Kvb GKwU B‡Kvwm‡÷‡g GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡q Aew¯’Z mKj ˆRee¯‘i †gvU fi ev †gvU cwigv‡Yi wnmve| RxeR
c`v‡_©i †gvU ï®‹ IRbB n‡jv ev‡qvgvm| †Kvb GKwU B‡Kvwm‡÷‡gi Lv`¨¯—i¸‡jvi ev‡qvgvm wbY©q K‡i G‡ì djvdj w`‡q Aw¼Z
îwLK wPÎB n‡jv ev‡qvgvm ev f‡ii wcivwgW|
D`vniY¯îƒc ejv hvq, GKwU e„‡¶i ev‡qvgvm Gi Dci wbf©ikxj cvwLi ev‡qvgvm n‡Z †ewk| Avevi, cvwL¸‡jvi ev‡qvgvm Zv‡ì Dci
wbf©ikxj ciRxex †cvKvgvKo¸‡jvi ev‡qvgvm A‡c¶v †ewk| ev‡qvgv‡mi wcivwg‡W cÖwZwU Lv`¨¯—‡i †gvU ev‡qvgv‡mi cwigvY †`Lv‡bv
nq|
wb‡Pi w`‡Ki cv_‡ii msL¨v I fi ga¨¯—‡ii cv_‡ii msL¨v I fi A‡c¶v †ewk| Avevi kxl©¯—‡ii cv_‡ii msL¨v I fi ga¨¯—‡ii
cv_‡ii msL¨v I fi A‡c¶v Kg| ev¯‘Z‡š¿ wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi g‡a¨ GB ai‡bi m¤úK© _vK‡jB †KejgvÎ c„w_exi cwi‡ek wVK _vK‡e|
mvaviYZ cÖviw¤¢K Lv`¨¯—‡i Rx‡ei msL¨v †kl Lv`¨¯—‡ii Rxe‡bi msL¨vi Zzjbvq A‡bK †ewk _v‡K| †hgb Z…Yf‚wgi GKwU wbw`©ó
GjvKvq Rš§v‡bv Dw™¢‡ì msL¨vi Zzjbvq H Z…Ymg~‡ni Dci wbf©ikxj cÖv_wgK Lv`‡Ki msL¨v Kg n‡e| Avevi H Lv`‡Ki msL¨vi Zzjbvq
G‡ì Dci wbf©ikxj †m‡KÊvwi Lv`‡Ki msL¨v AviI Kg n‡e| †m‡KÊvwi Lv`‡Ki msL¨vi Zzjbvq Uvwikqvwi Lv`‡Ki msL¨v AviI Kg
n‡e| Giƒc bv n‡j cÖRvwZ wU‡K _vK‡Z cviZ bv| †m‡KÊvwi ev Uviwkqvwi Lv`‡Ki msL¨v †ewk n‡j Drcv`K ev cÖ_g ¯—‡ii Lv`K
†KDB wU‡K _vK‡Z cvi‡e bv| Avevi Rxef‡ii †¶‡ÎI †`Lv hvq kxl©¯—‡i Rxef‡ii msL¨v Kg _v‡K| Giƒc bv _vK‡j ev¯‘Z‡š¿i
wbf©ikxjZv wewNœZ n‡Zv|
জীবববজ্ঞান ২য় পত্র
১।
wPÎ-1 wPÎ-2 wPÎ-2
1bs cÖvYxwUi c‡e©i kbv³Kvix êwkó¨ wj‡Lv| 2bs I 3bs cÖvYx `y‡Uvi †kÖwYZvwË¡K wfbœZv e¨vL¨v K‡iv|
উত্তরঃ 1bs cÖvYxwU n‡jv †K‡Puv, hvi ce© Annelida. Annelida c‡e©i mbv³Kvix êwkó¨ wbæiƒc :
i. †`n j¤^v, bjvKvi, wØcvk¦x©q cÖwZmg, Gwc‡_wjqvg wbtm„Z cvZjv wKDwUKj w`‡q Ave„Z Ges cÖK…Z wm‡jvghy³|
ii. cÖK…Z LWKvqb Dcw¯’Z; AvswUi g‡Zv A‡bK¸‡jv GKB iKg LÊK wb‡q †`n MwVZ|
iii. PjbA½ KvBwUbgq wmwU ev c¨viv‡cvwWqv|
iv. †`‡ni cÖvq cÖwZwU LÊ‡K we`¨gvb †bwd«wWqv bvgK cu¨vPv‡bv bvwjKv cÖ avb †iPb A½ wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
v. RxebP‡µ †Uªv‡Kv‡dvi jvf©v _vK‡Z cv‡i A_ev cwiùzUb mivmwi|
2bs I 3bs cÖvYx A_©vr e¨vO Ges cvwLi †kÖYx h_vµ‡g Amphibia I Aves| wb‡æ Amphibia I Aves Gi †kÖYxZvwËK wfbœZv e¨vL¨v Kiv
n‡jvt
i. Amphibia †kÖYxi cÖvYx‡ì †`nZ¡K bMœ wKš‘ Aves †kÖYxi cÖvYx‡ì †`n cvj‡K Ave„Z|
ii. Amphibia †kÖYxi cÖvYxiv åƒYxq Ae¯’vq RjPi, wKš‘ c~Y©v½ Ae¯’v RjPi ev ¯’jPi| Aves †kÖYxi cÖvYxiv AvKvkPvix|
iii. Amphibia †kÖYxi cÖvYx‡ì AMÖc` I cðvrc` Dcw¯’Z| Aves †kÖYxi cÖvYx‡ì AMÖc` Wvbvq iƒcvš—wiZ n‡q Dovi A½ wn‡m‡e
Kvh©Ki nq|
iv. Amphibia †kÖYxi cÖvYx‡ì n„rwcÊ wZb cÖ‡Kvôwewkó| Aves †kÖYxi cÖvYx‡ì n„rwcÊ Pvi cÖ‡Kvô wewkó|
v. Amphibia †kÖYxi cÖvYx‡ì RxebP‡µ jvf©v `kv Dcw¯’Z| Aves †kÖYx‡Z jvf©v `kv Abycw¯’Z|
২। mvgyw`ªK cÖvYx m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv cÖm‡½ wk¶K ej‡jb, nv½i I Bwjk gvQ evsjv‡`‡k cÖPzi cvIqv hvq| me‡P‡q eo cÖvYx wZwg
mgy‡`ª evm K‡i wKš‘ Giv gvQ bq|†k‡li cÖvYxwU gvQ bq e¨vL¨v Ki| 1g 2wU cÖvYxi Zzjbvg~jK Av‡jvPbv Ki|
উত্তরঃ †k‡li cÖvYxwU, A_©vr wZwg gvQ bq, ¯—b¨cvqx| †Kbbv ¯—b¨cvqx‡ì mKj êwkó¨ wZwg‡Z cwijw¶Z nq| G‡ì †`nZ¡K wewfbœ
MÖwš’hy³| cwiYZ ¯¿x cÖvYxi Kvh©Kwi ¯—bMÖwš’ †_‡K ¶wiZ gvZ… `y‡» beRvZK jvwjZ nq| †Pvqvj wewfbœ ai‡bi ùvZhy³| gvsmj Wvqvd«vg
ev ga¨”Q`v w`‡q e¶ I Dì MnŸi c„_K _v‡K| cwiYZ †jvwnZ i³KwYKv wbDwK¬qvmwenxb| G‡ì n„rwcÛ m¤ú~Y© Pvi cÖ‡Kvô wewkó Ges
Giv m‡gvò‡kvwYZ| AZGe, wZwg †Kv‡bv gvQ bq, eis ¯—b¨cvqx|
1g I 2q cÖvYx n‡jv h_vµ‡g nv½i I Bwjk| Df‡qB GKB c‡e©i nIqv m‡Ë¡I G‡ì †kÖYx m¤ú~Y© wfbœ, d‡j †ek wKQy cv_©K¨ cwijw¶Z
nq| †hgb
i. nv½i Chondrichthyes †kÖYxi Aš—M©Z| Bwjk Actinopterygii †kÖYxi Aš—M©Z|
ii. nv½‡ii †`n AmsL¨ ¶z`ª c¨vK‡qW AuvB‡k Ave„Z| Bwj‡ki †`n mvBK¬‡qW ev wUb‡qW ai‡bi AuvB‡k Ave„Z Ges Z¡K MÖwš’gq|
iii. nv½‡ii Aš—t¼vj Zi“Yvw¯’gq, wKš‘ Bwj‡ki Aš—t¼vj Aw¯’gq|
iv. nv½‡ii cy”QcvLbv †nUv‡ivmvK©vj ai‡bi| Bwj‡ki cy”QcvLbv †nv‡gvmvK©vj ai‡bi|
৩। kwdK Zvi eÜy †mv‡nj Gi mv‡_ wKQy cÖvYx m¤ú‡K© Avjvc KiwQj hv‡ì åƒYve¯’vq ev Rxe‡bi †h †Kvb `kvq b‡UvKW©, bvf©KW© _v‡K
e‡j Zviv GKwU we‡kl c‡e©i Aš—fz©³| kwdK ejj, GB we‡kl cÖvYx¸‡jv H we‡kl c‡e©i Aš—fz©³ n‡jI me mgq †gi“`Ûx bq|
A_©vr mKj †gi“`Ûx K‡W©U, wKš‘ mKj K‡W©U †gi`Ûx bq| kwd‡Ki D‡jwLZ cÖvYx‡ì‡K KLb †gi“`Êx cÖvYx ejv hv‡e? e¨vL¨v
K‡iv| kwd‡Ki Dw³wUi h_v_©Zv we‡klY K‡iv|
উত্তরঃ kwd‡Ki Dwj-wLZ cÖvYx‡ì ZLbB †gi“`Ûx ejv hv‡e hLb Zv‡ì b‡UvKW©wU †gi“`‡Ê iƒcvš—wiZ n‡e| KW©vUv c‡e©i
cÖvYx‡ì wZbwU Abb¨ êwkó¨ n‡jv åƒYve¯’vq A_ev AvRxeb c„ô ga¨‡iLv eivei `ÛvKvi I w¯’wZ¯úvcK wb‡iU b‡UvKW© _v‡K,
b‡UvK‡W©i wVK Dc‡i j¤^ A¶ eivei duvcv, bjvKvi, øvqyi¾y ev bvf©KW© _v‡K, Rxe‡bi †h‡Kv‡bv `kvq ev AvRxeb Mjwe‡ji `yÕcv‡k
K‡qK †Rvov dzjKviÜª _v‡K| KW©vUv c‡e©i GKwU Dcce© n‡jv Vertebrata. GB Dcc‡e©i cÖvYx‡ì †¶‡Î åƒYve¯’vq b‡U©vKW© _vK‡jI
c~Y©v½ Ae¯’vq Zv K‡ki“Kv wbwg©Z †gi“`Û w`‡q cÖwZ¯’vwcZ nq| ZLb Zv‡ì‡K †gi“`Ûx cÖvYx ejv nq|
wb‡æ kwd‡Ki Dw³wU A_©vr ÒmKj †gi“`Ûx K‡W©U, wKš‘ mKj K‡W©U †gi`Ûx bqÓ Gi h_v_©Zv we‡klY Kiv n‡jv :
K‡W©U cÖvYxi wZbwU Abb¨ êwk‡ó¨ n‡jvw¯’wZ¯’vcK b‡UvKW©, c„ôxq duvcv øvqyi¾y Ges Mjwejxq dzjKviÜª| Gme êwkó¨ me ai‡bi K‡W©U
cÖvYxi Rxe‡bi †h †Kv‡bv `kvq wKsev AvRxeb cvIqv hvq| Chordata c‡e©i `ywU Dcce© h_v- Urochordata I Cephalochordata -i
m`m¨‡ì †¶‡Î KW©vUvi êwkó¨¸‡jv
AvRxeb cvIqv hvq| wKš‘ Vertebrata Dcc‡e©i †¶‡Î åƒYve¯’vq b‡UvKW© _vK‡jI c~Y©v½ Ae¯’vq Zv K‡ki“Kv wbwg©Z †gi“`Û w`‡q
cÖwZ¯’vwcZ nq| †mRb¨ G‡ì †gi“`Ûx cÖvYx e‡j| ZvQvov øvqyi¾ywU gw¯—®‹ I mylævKvÊ w`‡q cÖwZ¯’vwcZ nq| dzjKviÜª jyß n‡q hvq
Ges dzjKv ev dzmdz‡mi Avwef©ve N‡U| ZvB ejv hvq mKj †gi“`Ûx cÖvYxB K‡W©U wKš‘ mKj K‡W©U †gi“`Ûx bq|
১।
cÖvwYwUi ceZvi¶vKvix A½wUi MVb I KvR D‡jL K‡iv| D‡jwLZ cÖvwYi cÖvK…wZK msi¶Y Av‡jvPbv K‡iv|
উত্তরঃ K D‡jwLZ cÖvwYwUi A_©vr i“B gv‡Qi ceZv¶vKvix A½ n‡”Q evqy_wj ev cUKv|
MVb: i“B gv‡Qi evqy_wjwU †`L‡Z PKP‡K mv`v _‡ji g‡Zv Ges wewfbœ ai‡bi M¨v‡m c~Y© _v‡K| GwU m¤§yL I cðvr cÖ‡Kv‡ô wef³|
`ywU cÖ‡Kv‡ôi gvSLv‡b GKwU Mfxi LuvR i‡q‡Q| m¤§yL cÖ‡Kvô GKwU mi“ bj w`‡q Abœbvwji mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K| G b‡ji bvg wbDg¨vwUK
bvwj| GwU Aš—tK‡Y©i I‡q‡ewiqvb AwmK‡ji mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K| evqy_wji m¤§yL cÖ‡Kv‡ôi Gwc‡_wjq AveiY GKwU Abb¨ jvj MÖwš’ MVb
K‡i| G jvj MÖwš’‡Z Nb mwbœweó RbmsL¨v ˆKwkKbvwj wb‡q KZK¸‡jv †iwUqv wgivevBjv MVb K‡i|
KvR: evqy_wj GKwU ceZvi¶vKvix A½ wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| GwU gv‡Qi Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡ wbqš¿Y K‡i cvwbi wb‡P wewfbœ MfxiZvq gvQ‡K
w¯’i _vK‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| evqy_wji cÖvPx‡i Aew¯’Z ˆKwkKbvwj †_‡K evqy_wj‡Z AwZwi³ M¨vm mieivn K‡i A_ev evqy_wj †_‡K i‡³
M¨vm †kvlY K‡i gvQ Zvi Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡ wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z cv‡i| kã m„wó Ki‡Z GwU mnvqK f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| Aw·‡R‡bi Avavi
wn‡m‡eI evqy_wj eën„Z nq|
DwjwLZ cÖvwYi A_©vr i“B gv‡Qi cÖvK…wZK msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ wewfbœ c`‡¶c MÖnY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| †hgb-
i. cÖRbb‡¶Î msi¶Y: wewfbœ b`-b`x I cvebf‚wgi cÖvK…wZK cÖRbb‡¶Î¸‡jvi mwVK mxgvbv wba©viY K‡i Gme AÂj‡K gv‡Qi
AfqvivY¨ †NvlYv Kiv|
ii. AwZgvÎvq AvniY cwinvi: cÖK…wZ †_‡K e¨vcKfv‡e i“B RvZxq gvQ msMÖn Kiv hv‡e bv|
iii. evRvi wbqš¿Y: wbw`©ó gv‡ci (mvaviYZ 9 BwÂ) wb‡P hv‡Z evRv‡i †Kv‡bv i“BRvZxq †cvbv gvQ wewµ bv nq †mwU ch©‡e¶Y †Rvo`vi
Kiv|
iv. cwiKwíZ euva I moK wbg©vY: cwiKwíZ Dcv‡q b`x ev DcK‚jxq euva ev moK wbg©vY Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z gv‡Qi cÖRbb I hvZvqv‡Zi
†Kv‡bv evav m„wó bv nq|
v. Rbm‡PZbZv: i“B RvZxq gvQ Pv‡li ¸i“Z¡, cÖRbb¶g gvZ… gv‡Qi ¸i“Z¡, gv‡Qi RxebPµ, gvQ msi¶‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv m¤úwK©Z
Ávb mvaviY gvbyl‡K AewnZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
২। i“B gv‡Qi eqm wKfv‡e wbY©q Kiv hvq?

উত্তরঃ i“B gv‡Qi AuvB‡ki †K›`ª‡K wN‡i Nb mwbœweó KZK¸‡jv †iLv _v‡K| G‡ì mviKzwj e‡j| mviKzwji g‡a¨ K‡qKwU †iLv †ek
¯úó I †gvUv n‡q _v‡K| G‡ì evwl©K e„w× †iLv e‡j| G¸‡jvi mvnv‡h¨ i“B gv‡Qi eqm I e„w×nvi wbY©q Kiv hvq|
৩।
'B' A½wUi MVY wPÎmn eY©bv K‡iv| 'B' A‡½i Kvh©c×wZ we‡klY K‡iv|
উত্তরঃ 'B' A½wU n‡jv g¨vjwcwRqvb bvwjKv hv g~jZ Nvmdwos-Gi †iPbA½ wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
†g‡m‡›Ui‡Yi †kl As‡k AmsL¨ m~² Pz‡ji g‡Zv meyR e‡Y©i nj‡` †h A½vYy _v‡K ZvB g¨vjwcwRqvb bvwjKv| GwU GK¯—i wewkó
Gwc‡_wjqvg †Kv‡l MwVZ| evB‡ii w`‡K GKwU †em‡g›U c`©vq Ave„Z _v‡K Ges †fZ‡ii w`‡K we‡kl êwkó¨c~Y© eªvk eW©vi m„wó K‡i|
gv¨jwcwRqv g¨vjwcwRqvb
b bvwjKv bvwjKv
gaÄš¿ cðvÀš¿
wn‡gvwjç wfwËc`©v
†iPb`ªe
¨ H2 eªvkeW©vi
O
cwienb ˆ`N©¨‡”Q`
cÖ¯’‡”Q`
wPÎ: g¨vjwcwRqvb bvwjKv
B AskwU n‡jv Nvmdwos Gi g¨vjwcwRqvb bvwjKv| G AskwUi gva¨‡g cÖvYxwU A_©vr Nvmdwos kvixiZvwË¡K cÖwµqv m¤úbœ K‡i|
†cŠwóKbvwji ga¨vš¿ I cðv`v‡š¿i mshvM¯’‡j AmsL¨ myZvi g‡Zv g¨vjwcwRqvb bvwjKv wn‡gvwm‡j we¯—…Z _v‡K| G¸‡jvi gy³cÖvš— e×
Ges wn‡gvwmj MnŸ‡i wn‡gvwj‡çi g‡a¨ wbgw¾Z _v‡K Ges Ab¨cÖvš— †cŠwóKbvwji MnŸ‡i Dš§y³| g¨vjwcwRqvb bvwjKvi †Kvl¸‡jv
cwi‡ekxq wn‡gvwjç n‡Z BDwiqv I BD‡iUm Gi g‡Zv wecvKxq eR©¨ †kvlY K‡i| bvwjKvq †fZ‡i G¸‡jv BDwiK A¨vwm‡W iƒcvš—wiZ
nq Ges g¨vjwcwRqvb bvwjKvi †Mvovq As‡k G †iPb c`v_© n‡Z cvwbi cybt‡kvlY N‡U| c‡i Zv Avwš¿K MnŸ‡i wb®µvš— nq I AcvP¨
e‡R©ï m‡½ wg‡k ï®‹ gj wn‡m‡e cvqy c‡_ †`n n‡Z †ewi‡q hvq| g¨vjwcwRqvb bvwjKv g~jZ wn‡gvwjç n‡Z BDwiqv, BD‡iUm, K¨vjwmqvg
Kve©‡bUmn wewfbœ ai‡bi jeY eR©¨ wn‡m‡e wb®‹vkb K‡i|
৪। mygb avb †¶‡Z wKQy meyR i‡Oi †cvKv †`Lj| c‡ii w`b †m Zvi RxeweÁv‡bi g¨vWv‡gi wbKU †cvKvwU m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z PvBj|
g¨vWvg ej‡jb, G †cvKv av‡bi KwP cvZv f¶Y K‡i dm‡ji e¨vcK ¶wZmvab K‡i Ges †cvKvwUi Av‡jv‡K ms‡e`x
A‡½i MVbI D‡jL‡hvM¨| g¨vWvg AviI ej‡jb †h, †cvKvwUi Rxeb BwZnv‡m wbç n‡jv ¸i“Z¡c~Y© `kv|†cvKvwUi `k©b GK‡Ki wPÎmn
MVb e¨vL¨v K‡iv|cÖvwYwUi RxebP‡µi avç‡jv we‡klY K‡iv ।
উত্তরঃ DwjwLZ †cvKvwU n‡jv Nvmdwos hvi `k©b GKK IgvwUwWqvg| cÖwZwU IgvwUwWqvg 10wU Ask wb‡q MwVZ| h_v-
i. KwY©qv: IgvwUwWqv‡gi me© evwn‡ii ¯^”Q, wKDwUKj wbwg©Z wØ-DËj I lof‚RvK…wZi A‡Kvlxq AveiYx‡K KwY©qv e‡j|
ii. KwY©qv‡Rb †Kvl: KwY©qvi wb‡P cvkvcvwk Aew¯’Z GK‡Rvov P¨vÞv AvK…w Zi †Kvl‡K KwY©qv‡Rb †Kvl e‡j|
iii. wµ÷vjvBb †KvY †Kvl: KwY©qv‡Rb †Kv‡li wb‡P PviwU j¤^v AvK…wZi †Kvl we`¨gvb| G‡ì wµ÷vjvBb †Kvb †Kvl e‡j|
iv. wµ÷vjvBb †KvY: wµ÷vjvBb †KvY †Kvlmg~n Øviv cwi‡ewóZ ¯^”Q, cÖwZmiYkxj, †gvPvK…wZi Ask‡K wµ÷vjvBb †KvY e‡j|
v. AvBwik AveiY: KwY©qv‡Rb †Kvl Ges wµ÷vjvBb †KvY †Kvlmg~n GKwU Kv‡jv e‡Y©i AveiYx Øviv cwie„Ë _v‡K| G‡K AvBwik
AveiY e‡j|
vi. †iwUbvj †Kvl: wµ÷vjvBb †Kvb †Kvl¸‡jvi wb‡P 7/8 wU †Kvl e„ËvKv‡i mw¾Z _v‡K| G‡ì †iwUbvj †Kvl e‡j|
vii. i¨ve‡Wvg: †iwUbvj †Kvl Øviv cwi‡ewóZ `ÊvK…wZi, ¯^”Q I j¤^v MVb‡K i¨ve‡Wvg e‡j|
viii. †iwUbvj AveiY: †iwUbvj †Kvl¸‡jv‡K cwi‡eób K‡i GKwU Kv‡jv e‡Y©i AveiY _v‡K hv †iwUbvj AveiY bv‡g cwiwPZ|
ix. wfwË c`©v: IgvwUwWqv‡gi wbæcÖvš— †h cvZjv c`©vi Dci Ae¯’vb K‡i Zv‡K wfwË c`©v e‡j|
x. স্নায়ুতন্ত্রঃ cÖwZwU †iwUbyjvi †Kvl †_‡K øvqyZš¿ †ei n‡q AcwUK øvqyi mv‡_ mshy³ _v‡K| Iiv IgvwUwWqv‡g m„ó cÖwZwe¤^ মস্তিষ্কে †cÖiY
K‡i|
Kwb©qv
wµ÷vjvBb †Kvb
cÖv_wgK iÄK †Kvl
†Kvb †Kvl
gva¨wgK iÄK †Kvl
i¨ve‡Wvg
†iwUby¨jvi †Kvl
†iwUby¨jvi AveiYx
7g i¨ve‡Wvg
8g i¨ve‡Wvg
wfwË c`©v
øvqyZš—y
wPÎ: Nvmdwos Gi IgvwUwWqv‡gi j¤^‡”Q`
DwjwLZ cÖvYxwU n‡jv Nvmdwos| ¯¿x Nvmdwos †hŠb wgj‡bi wKQyw`b ci j¤^v, ev`vgx is Gi wWg cv‡o| wbwl³ nevi ci wW‡gi †Lvj‡mi
†fZi cÖvq wZb mßvn ch©š— åƒYxq ea©b Pj‡Z _v‡K| G ch©v‡q cÖ_‡g wbwl³ wW¤^vYyi †Kvlxq wefvRb ïi“ nq Ges ev÷zjv I M¨v÷ª–jv
MV‡bi ci wewfbœ A½ ˆZwi n‡Z ïi“ K‡i| 20 w`‡bi wW‡gi g‡a¨ åƒYwU‡Z cÖvq me A½ MwVZ nq| evB‡ii cwi‡e‡ki VvÊv I Lv‡`ï
AcÖZzjZv †gvKv‡ejv Kivi Rb¨ †Lvj‡mi †fZi wKQy mg‡qi Rb¨ åƒYxq ea©b †_‡g _v‡K| G Ae¯’v‡K Wvqv‡cvR e‡j| em‡š—i ïi“‡Z
cwi‡e‡ki ZvcgvÎv evo‡j, wWg dz‡U wkï Nvmdwos †ewi‡q Av‡m hv wbç bv‡g cwiwPZ| wbçwU c~Y©v½ Nvmdwos Gi ˆ`wnK MV‡bi
†QvUiƒc| Z‡e Gi gv_vwU A‡c¶vK„Z eo Ges G‡Z Wvbv I Rbbv½ _v‡K bv| wbçwU km¨ RvZxq Lv`¨ †L‡Z †L‡Z `ª“Z eo n‡q D‡V|
Gi Aw¯’wZ¯’vcK KvBwUbhy³ ewntAveiY Gi e„w×cÖvß †`n‡K aviY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvB c~Y©v½Zv cÖvwßi c~e© ch©š — wbçwU 5-6 evi †Lvjm
e`j K‡i| GB †Lvjm e`j ev cÎ‡gvPb cÖwµqv‡K †gvwës ev GKWvBwmm e‡j| `ywU †gvwës Gi gaëZ©x Ae¯’v Bb÷vi ev †÷wWqvg
bv‡g cwiwPZ| µ‡g wbç Gi Wvbvi †Mvov n‡Z Wvbv †ei nq Ges GwU c~Y©v½ Nvmdwos G cwiYZ nq| Nvmdwos Gi wkï Ae¯’vi m‡½
c~Y©v½ Ae¯’vi A‡bK wgj i‡q‡Q| GwU iƒcvš—wiZ n‡q wfbœiƒc aviY Ki‡Z nq bv| GB ai‡bi iƒcvš—i mvaviYZ µg iƒcvš—i A_ev
Am¤ú~Y© iƒcvš—i|
৫। Hydra n‡jv Cnidaria ce©fz³ GK ai‡bi wØ¯—ix cÖvwY| Giv MÖxK‡`kxq ˆ`‡Zï g‡Zv cybi“rcwËi ¶gZv m¤úbœ nIqvq wjwbqvm
H ˆ`‡Zï bvgvbymv‡i GB cÖvwYwUi bvgKiY K‡ib|wØ¯—ix cÖvwYwUi ewntZ¡Kxq †Kvl mg~‡ni wPwýZ wPÎ AuvK|cÖvwYwUi gi“jv †_‡K
nvBWª–jv ch©š— cwiùzU‡bi wewfbœ avç‡jv wjL|
উত্তরঃ wØ¯—ix cÖvwYwU n‡jv- Hydra, Hydra-i ewntZ¡Kxq †Kvlmg~n n‡”Q- †cwk-AveiYx †Kvl, B›Uviw÷wkqvj †Kvl, øvqy †Kvl, ms‡e`x
†Kvl, MÖwš’ †Kvl Rbb †Kvl Ges wb‡WvmvBU| wb‡æ †Kvlmg~‡ni wPwýZ wPÎ †Ìqv n‡jv-
cÖvwYwUi A_©vr Hydra-i gi“jv †_‡K nvBWª–jv ch©š— cwiùzU‡bi avç‡jv wb‡æ eY©bv Kiv n‡jv:
i. gi“jv: RvB‡MvU gvB‡Uvwmm c×wZ‡Z evievi wefvwRZ n‡q eû‡Kvlx, wb‡iU I †MvjvKvi †Kvlwc‡Ê cwiYZ nq| Gi bvg gi“jv|
ii. ev÷zjv: kxNªB gi“jvi †Kvl¸‡jv GK¯—‡i mw¾Z n‡q GKwU duvcv, †MvjvKvi åƒY-G cwiYZ nq| G‡K ev÷zjv e‡j|
iii. M¨v÷ª–jv: ev÷zjvi ev‡÷vwgqvi †Kvl¸‡jv `ª“Z wefvwRZ n‡q M¨v÷ª–‡jkb cÖwµqvq GKwU wØ¯—ix, wb‡iU I †MvjvKvi M¨v÷ª–jv MVb
K‡i|
iv. wm÷: M¨v÷ª–jv MwVZ nIqvi ci Gi Pviw`‡K GKwU KvBwUb wbwg©Z K›UKgq wm÷ AveiYx MwVZ nq| wm‡÷ Ave„Z åƒYwU gvZ…nvBWªv
†_‡K wew”Qbœ n‡q Rjvk‡qi Zj‡`‡k P‡j hvq|
v. nvBWª–jv: em‡š—i ïi“‡Z AbyK‚j ZvcgvÎvq wm‡÷i †fZ‡i åƒ‡Yi cieZ©x cwiùzUb N‡U| åƒYwU µgk j¤^v n‡Z _v‡K Ges Gi
AMÖcÖv‡š— nvB‡cv÷vg, gyLw”Q`ª I KwY©Kv Ges cðvrcÖv‡š— cv`PvKwZ MwVZ nq| åƒ‡Yi GB `kv‡K nvBWª–jv e‡j|
৬।
DwjwLZ ÔbÕ wPwýZ wPÎwU †Kvb cÖwµqv‡K wb‡`©k K‡i? e¨vL¨v K‡iv| `ª“Z ¯’vbvš—‡ii Rb¨ Ôa’ †_‡K ÔbÕ †kÖqZi- we‡klY K‡iv|
উত্তরঃ DwjwLZ ÔbÕ wPÎwU nvBWªvi mgvimwës cÖwµqv‡K wb‡`©k K‡i| GwU nvBWªvi mvaviY I `ª“Z Pjb cÖwµqv|
G cÖwµqvi ïi“‡Z nvBWªv †`n‡K euvwK‡q Pj‡bi MwZc‡_ Kwl©Kvw¯’Z My¨wUb¨v›U RvZxq †bgv‡Uvwm÷ Gi mvnv‡h¨ MwZc_‡K ¯úk© K‡i|
G mgq Mš—e¨¯’‡ji w`‡Ki †ckx AveiYx †Kv‡li ms‡KvPb I Aci cv‡ki Abyiƒc †Kv‡li m¤úÖmviY N‡U| c‡i c`Zj wehy³ K‡i
Kwl©Kvi Dci fi w`‡q †`n‡K †mvRv K‡i †`q| cybivq †`n‡K euvwK‡q c`Z‡ji mvnv‡h¨ MwZc_‡K ¯úk© K‡i| c‡i Kwl©Kv gy³ K‡i
†`n‡K †mvRv K‡i †`q| G cÖwµqvi cybive„wË NwU‡q nvBWªv `ª“Z ¯’vbZ¨vM K‡i|
ÔaÕ I ÔbÕ h_vµ‡g nvBWªvi jywcs I mgvimwës Pjb wb‡`©k K‡i| `ª“Z ¯’vbvš—‡ii Rb¨ nvBWªv g~jZ ÔbÕ cÖwµqvwU eënvi K‡i| ÔaÕ
cÖwµqvi ïi“‡Z nvBWªvi GKcv‡ki †cwk-AveiYx †Kvl¸‡jv msKzwPZ nq Ges Aci cv‡ki AYyiƒc †Kvl¸‡jv m¤úÖmvwiZ nq| d‡j nvBWªv
MwZc‡_i w`‡K cÖmvwiZ K‡i I euvwK‡q †gŠwLK Zj‡K wfwËi KvQvKvwQ wb‡q Av‡m Ges Kwl©Kvi MywUb¨v›U †bgv‡Uvwm‡÷i mvnv‡h¨ wfwË‡K
AvU‡K iv‡L| Gici c`Zj‡K gy³ K‡i gy‡Li KvQvKvwQ G‡b ¯’vcb K‡i Ges Kwl©Kv wehy³ K‡i †mvRv n‡q ùvovq| G c×wZi cybive„wË
NwU‡q nvBWªv ¯’vb Z¨vM K‡i| Aciw`‡K ÔbÕ cÖwµqvi ïi“‡Z nvBWªv †`n‡K euvwK‡q Pj‡bi MwZc‡_ Kwl©Kvw¯’Z MywUb¨v›U RvZxq
†bgv‡Uvwm‡÷i mvnv‡h¨ MwZc_‡K ¯úk© K‡i| G mgq Mš—e¨¯’‡ji w`‡K †cwk-AveiYx †Kv‡li ms‡KvPb I Aci cv‡ki Abyiƒc †Kv‡li
m¤úÖmviY N‡U| c‡ii c`Zj wehy³ K‡i Kwl©Kvi Dci fi w`‡q †`n‡K †mvRv K‡i †`q| cybivq †`n‡K euvwK‡q c`Z‡ji mvnv‡h¨
MwZc_‡K ¯úk© K‡i| c‡i Kwl©Kv gy³ K‡i †`n‡K †mvRv K‡i †`q| G cÖwµqvi cybive„wË NwU‡q nvBWªv `ª“Z ¯’vb Z¨vM K‡i|
৭।
wPÎ-K wPÎ-L
wPÎ (L)-Gi cÖvwYwUi k¦mb †KŠkj eY©bv K‡iv| Òwfbœ wfbœ ZxeªZvi Av‡jv‡Z wPÎ (K)-Gi cÖvwYwUi `k©b †KŠkjI wfbœ wfbœ- Dw³wU
wPÎmn we‡klY K‡iv|
উত্তরঃ wPÎ (L)-Gi cÖvwYwU A_©vr i“B gv‡Qi k¦vmwµqv `yB av‡c msNwUZ nq| h_v-
k¦vm MÖnY ev cÖk¦vm: Kvb‡Kv `ywU hLb D‡ËvwjZ nq ZLb dzjKv cÖ‡Kv‡ôi gyL eªvw¼I‡÷Mvj wSwj w`‡q eÜ n‡q hvq| G‡Z Mjwe‡j GKwU
†PvlY e‡ji m„wó nq| d‡j gyLwQ`ª i¶vKvix †gŠwLK KcvwUKv Ly‡j hvq Ges cvwb gy‡Li †fZi w`‡q gyLMnŸ‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i|
k¦vmZ¨vM ev wbtk¦vm: Kvb‡Kv hLb †cwk-ms‡KvP‡bi d‡j †b‡g Av‡m ZLb Mjwej I gyLMnŸ‡i Pvc †e‡o hvq| mv‡_ mv‡_B †gŠwLK
KcvwUKv gyLwQ`ª‡K eÜ K‡i †`q Ges dzjKv- cÖ‡Kv‡ôi wQ`ª Dš§y³ nq| cvwb ZLb G wQ`c‡_B †ewi‡q hvq| gyL I Mjwe‡ji †fZi w`‡q
AwZµ‡gi mgq †mÖvZcÖev‡ni wb‡P Aew¯’Z dzjKv¸‡jv‡K wfwR‡q †`q|
wPÎ (K) n‡jv Nvmdwos| wfbœ wfbœ ZxeªZvi Av‡jv‡Z Nvmdwos Gi `k©b †KŠkj wfbœ wfbœ| g„`y Av‡jvq Nvmdwos mycvi cwRkb cÖwZwe¤^
MVb K‡i|
G cÖwµqvq †iwUbvjwm‡_i iÄK KwYKv msKzwPZ n‡q KwY©qvi w`‡K Nbxf‚Z nq Ges wµ÷vjvBb †Kv‡Yi AwaKvsk Abve„Z n‡q c‡o| Dj¤^
Av‡jvKiwk¥ GKwU IgvwUwWqv‡gi KwY©qvi †fZi cÖ‡ek K‡i Zvi i¨ve‡Wv‡g †cuŠQv‡jI wZh©K Av‡jvKiwk¥ GKwU IgvwUwWqv‡gi
w¯µ÷vjvBb †Kv‡Yi Abve„Z As‡ki ga¨ w`‡q cv‡ki IgvwUwqv‡gi i¨ve‡Wv‡g †cuŠQvq| cyÄw¶i Dci †Kv‡bv e¯‘i wewfbœ As‡ki
cÖwZwe¤^¸‡jv G‡K Ac‡ii Dci covq m¤ú~Y© e¯‘wUi A¯úó cÖwZwe¤^ m„wó nq| Aciw`‡K, D¾¡j Av‡jvq †iwUbvj wm‡_i †Kv‡li iÄK
c`v_© wµ÷vjvBb †Kv‡Yi wb‡Pi w`‡K Ggbfv‡e Qwo‡q hvq hv‡e Zvi Pviw`‡K GKwU Kv‡jv c`©vi m„wó nq| d‡j GKwU IgvwUwWqvg
†KejgvÎ wbR¯^ KwY©qv †_‡K AvMZ j¤^fv‡e cÖwZdwjZ iwk¥B MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| wZh©Kfv‡e AvMZ cvk¦eZ©x IgvwUwWqv‡gi Av‡jvKiwk¥
AvBwi‡ki iÄK c`v‡_© †kvwlZ nq| G Ae¯’vq GKwUgvÎ IgvwUwWqv‡g cÖwZwe¤^ †gvRvBK Kiv †g‡Si cv_‡ii g‡Zv g‡b nq| GRb¨ G‡K
†gvRvBK cÖwZwe¤^ ejv nq|
১। wb‡Pi wPÎwU j¶ K‡iv Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI|
ÔKÕ wPwýZ As‡k Lv‡`ï cwicvK cÖwµqv eY©bv K‡iv| †`‡ni wecvK wµqvq ÔLÕ wPwýZ A‡½i f‚wgKv we‡klY K‡iv|
উত্তরঃ ÔKÕ wPwýZ AskwU n‡jv cvK¯’wj| cvK¯’wj‡Z Lv`ë¯—y cwicvK ïi“ nq| Mjwej †_‡K Lv`ë¯—y cvK¯’wj‡Z cÖ‡ek Ki‡j
M¨vw÷ªK MÖwš’ wbtm„Z M¨vw÷ªK i‡mi mv‡_ wgwkÖZ nq| M¨vw÷ªK i‡m wgDwmb, HCl Ges Lv`¨ cwicvKKvix wewfbœ ai‡bi GbRvBg, †hgb
†cÖvwUb cwicvKxq GbRvBg (†ccwmb) I wjwcW cwicvKxq GbRvBg (jvB‡cR) _v‡K| wgDwmb Lv`ë¯—yi m‡½ wg‡k Lv`ë¯—y‡K
bgbxq I wcw”Qj K‡i| HCl Lv‡`ï RxevYy‡K aŸsm K‡i Ges †ccwm‡bv‡Rb‡K †ccwm‡b cwiYZ K‡i| cvK¯’wj‡Z Kv‡e©vnvB‡WªU
cwicv‡Ki †Kv‡bv GbRvBg bv _vKvq mvaviYZ Kv‡e©vnvB‡Wª‡Ui cwicvK N‡U bv| Z‡e cvK¯’wj wbtm„Z HCl wKQy cwigvY my‡µvR‡K Av`ª©
wewkó K‡i My‡KvR I d«–‡±v‡R cwiYZ K‡i| cvK¯’wj‡Z †ccwm‡bi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z †cÖvwUb cwicvK n‡q †cc‡Uvb, †cÖvwUIR I wKQy
cwj‡ccUvB‡W cwiYZ nq| A‡bK mgq cvK¯’wj‡Z `y» †cÖvwUb †Kwmb, †iwb‡bi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z c¨viv‡Kwm‡b Ges Zv †ccwm‡bi
Dcw¯’wZ‡Z †cc‡Uvb I †cÖvwUI‡R cwiYZ nq| GQvov GLv‡b jvB‡cR wjwcW‡K †f‡½ g‡bvwMmvivBW, d¨vwU GwmW I wMmvi‡j cwiYZ
K‡i|
ÔLÕ AskwU n‡jv hK…Z|
hK…‡Z wewfbœ ai‡bi ˆRe-ivmvqwbK wewµqv msNwUZ nq hv †`‡ni wecvK cÖwµqvq ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f‚wgKv iv‡L| GRb¨ hK…Z †`‡ni ivmvqwbK
KviLvbv bv‡g cwiwPZ| hK…‡Z †ncvwUK †cvU©vj wkivi gva¨‡g A¨vgvB‡bv A¨vwmW mÂvwjZ nq| GLv‡b GB A¨vgvB‡bv A¨vwm‡Wi bvB‡Uªv‡Rb
Ask wWA¨vgvB‡bkb cÖwµqvq BDwiqvq iƒcvš—wiZ nq| A¨vjeywgb, †MvweDwjb BZ¨vw` †cÖvwUbmg~n hK…‡Z ˆZwi nq hv Lvevi †_‡K cÖvß
†cÖvwU‡bi A¨vgvB‡bv Gwm‡Wi †hŠMmg~n n‡Z cvIqv hvq| hK…Z †Kvl KZ©„K i³ RgvU euvav‡bvi Dcv`vbmg~n †hgbÑ dvBweª‡bv‡Rb I
†cÖv_ªw¤^b Drcvw`Z nq| †`‡n Pwe© m¤ú„³ Ae¯’vq mwÂZ nq| A_©vr GB m¤ú„³ Pwe©mg~n G‡ì MV‡b Avi †Kvb nvB‡Wªv‡Rb wb‡Z cv‡i
bv| m¤ú„³ Pwe© †`‡ni wUmy¨ KZ©„K eën„Z nIqvi c~‡e© Aek¨ Gi MVb n‡Z nvB‡Wªv‡Rb `y ixf‚Z Ki‡Z nq Avi GB KvRwU hK…‡Z msNwUZ
nq| åƒYve¯’vq †jvwnZ i³KwYKv g~jZ hK…‡ZB MwVZ nq, eq¯‹‡ì †¶‡Î hv Aw¯’g¾vq msNwVZ nq| GQvov 120 w`b RxebKv‡ji
†jvwnZ i³ KwYKvi fv½b hK…‡ZB m¤úbœ nq| †jvwnZ i³ KwYKv fv½‡bi gva¨‡g wewji“web bvgK wcËiÄK ˆZwi nq hv wcËi‡m ¶wiZ
nq| hK…‡Z mKj cÖKvi ni‡gv‡bi fv½b cÖwµqv m¤úbœ
nq| Aš¿ KZ©„K †h mg¯— welv³ I ¶wZKviK Dcv`vb M„nxZ nq Zv ivmvqwbK iƒcvš—‡ii gva¨‡g hK…Z `~i K‡i _v‡K| hK…‡Zi
Kvcdvi †Kvlmg~n d¨v‡MvmvB‡Uvwmm cÖwµqvq eR©¨ AcmviY K‡i| hK…‡Zi wecvKxq cªwµqvi d‡j Drcvw`Z Zvc †`‡ni Zvc n«v‡mi
mgq eën„Z n‡Z cv‡i hv †`‡ni Zv‡ci mgZv i¶vq Kv‡R jv‡M|
২। wb‡Pi wPÎwU j¶ Ki:

B d
A
Lv`¨ cwicv‡K A wPwýZ As‡ki f‚wgKv eY©bv K‡iv|
উত্তরঃ DwjwLZ ÔAÕ wPwýZ AskwU n‡jv AMœ¨vkq| AMœ¨vkq †_‡K AvMZ AMœ¨vkq im I A‡š¿i cÖvPx‡ii Avwš¿K MÖwš’ wbtm„Z Avwš¿K im I
wcË_wj †_‡K AvMZ wcËim GLv‡b A¤xq gva¨g‡K cÖkwgZ K‡i ¶vixq gva¨g m„wó K‡i, hvi d‡j GLvbKvi cvPKim¸‡jv mwµq n‡Z
cv‡i| GQvov wcËim Pwe©‡K †QvU †QvU KYvq cwiYZ K‡i| AMœ¨vkq i‡m wZbwU GbRvBg _v‡K| Gi g‡a¨ wUªcwmb GbRvBg
cwj‡ccUvBW‡K A¨vwg‡bv A¨vwm‡W, jvB‡cR GbRvBg Pwe©‡K †f‡O d¨vwU GwmW I wMmvi‡j Ges A¨vgvB‡jR GbRvBg gj‡UvR‡K †f‡½
My‡Kv‡R cwiYZ K‡i| GQvov Avwš¿K i‡mi wewfbœ GbRvBg †hgb gj‡UR, my‡µR, j¨vK‡UR h_vµ‡g Aewkó g‡ëvR, my‡µvR I
j¨vK‡UvR bvgK mij kK©iv‡K †f‡O My‡Kv‡R cwiYZ K‡i| Gfv‡eB ÔAÕ As‡k A_©vr AMœ¨vk‡q Lv`¨ cwicvK nq|
৩। gyLwQ`ª  gyLMnŸi  MÖvmbvjx  A + B  e„n`vš¿

†cÖvwUb RvZxq Lv`¨ cwicv‡K A As‡ki f‚wgKv Av‡jvPbv K‡iv| cwicvKK…Z Lv`ïm †kvl‡Y B Ask Kx ai‡bi f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i|
we‡klY K‡iv|
উত্তরঃ A AskwU n‡jv cvK¯’wj| cvK¯’wji cÖvPxi †cwkeûj Ges M¨vw÷ªK MÖwš’ mg„×| M¨vw÷ªK MÖwš’ GK ai‡bi bjvKvi MÖwš’| M¨vw÷ªK
MÖwš’i ¶iY‡K M¨vw÷ªK Rym e‡j| M¨vw÷ªb bvgK ni‡gvb GB Rym ¶iY wbqš¿Y K‡i| M¨vw÷ªK Ry‡m †ccwm‡bv‡Rb I †cÖv‡iwbb bvgK
wbw®µq †cÖvwUIjvBwUK (Avwgl we‡klx) GbRvBg _v‡K| G `ywU wbw®µq GbRvBg M¨vw÷ªK Ry‡mi HCl-Gi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i h_vµ‡g
†ccwmb I †iwbb bvgK mwµq GbRvB‡g cwiYZ nq| †ccwmb A¤xq gva¨‡g RwUj Avwg‡li Av`ª© we‡klY NwU‡q †cÖvwUIR I †cc‡Uvb-
G cwiYZ K‡i| †iwbb `y» Avwgl †Kwmb‡K c¨viv‡Kwm‡b cwiYZ K‡i|
†ccwmb
Avwgl + cvwb  †cÖvwUIR + †cc‡Uvb
†iwbb
†Kwmb + cvwb  c¨viv‡Kwmb
†ccwmb
c¨viv‡Kwmb  †cc‡Uvb
Aa©cvwPZ G Lv`¨ A¤xq KvBg-G cwiYZ nq Ges ax‡i ax‡i ¶z`ªv‡š¿ cÖ‡ek K‡i| Gfv‡eB, cvK¯’wj Avwgl ev †cÖvwUb RvZxq Lv`¨ cwicv‡K
we‡kl f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i|
Ki B AskwU n‡jv ¶z`ªvš¿| ¶z`ªv‡š¿i Bwjqvg As‡k cwicv‡Ki P‚ovš— ch©v‡qi †k‡l Drcbœ c`v_© †kvwlZ nq| Gi Aš—tcÖvPx‡i Aew¯’Z
AmsL¨ ¶z`ª Awf‡¶c ev wfjvB †kvl‡Yi Rb¨ h_vh_fv‡e Awf‡hvwRZ| wfjvB¸‡jvi Dcwifv‡Mi Zj ¯—¤¢vKvi AveiYx †Kvl w`‡q Ave„Z
_v‡K| †hLv‡b wewfbœ ai‡bi Lv‡`ï †kvlY cÖwµqv m¤úbœ nq|
kK©iv †kvlY : My‡KvR I M¨vjvK‡UvR ¶z`ªv‡š¿i wgDKvm wSwji KvB‡bR bvgK GbRvB‡gi mnvqZvq AwZ `ª“Z dmdivm hy³ n‡q mwµq
†kvl‡Yi gva¨‡g †kvwlZ n‡q †cvU©vj wkiv-i i‡³ cÖ‡ek K‡i| d«z‡±vR, my‡µvR I j¨vK‡UvR e¨vcb cÖwµqvq †kvwlZ nq| †cvU©vj wkiv
Øviv †kvwlZ Lv`¨mvi hK…‡Z gy³ nq|
Avwgl †kvlY : Avwg‡li cwicvKRvZ A¨vwg‡bv GwmW †mLvb †_‡K hK…‡Z †cuŠ‡Q| mvaviYZ Gj-A¨vwg‡bv GwmW¸‡jv mwµq c×wZ‡Z
Ges wW-A¨vwg‡bv GwmW¸‡jv e¨vc‡bi gva¨‡g †kvwlZ nq| A¨vwg‡bv GwmW e¨ZxZ wKQy †cÖvwUIR, †cc‡Uvb I cwj‡ccUvBW AYy
AcwiewZ©Z Ae¯’vq mvgvb¨ cwigv‡Y †kvwlZ nq|
Pwe© ev wjwcW †kvlY : Pwe©i cwicvKRvZ d¨vwU GwmW I wMmvij e¨vcb cÖwµqvq wfjvB‡qi ¯—¤¢vKvi Gwc‡_wjqvg †Kv‡l cÖ‡ek K‡i Ges
cybivq wjwc‡W cwiYZ nq| Gwc‡_wjqvj †Kv‡l †h †cÖvwUb _v‡K Zv wjwcW AYy‡K Ave„Z K‡i wj‡cv‡cÖvwUb KYv MVb K‡i| G¸‡jv
G‡·vmvB‡Uvwmm cÖwµqvq Gwc‡_wjqvj †Kvl Z¨vM K‡i Ges wfjvB‡qi jwmKv evwnKvq cÖ‡ek K‡i|
KvB‡jvgvBµb¸‡jv jwmKvi gva¨‡g jwmKvZ‡š¿i †fZi w`‡q n„rwc‡Êi Kv‡Q wkivi‡³i cvRgvq cÖ‡ek K‡i| cvRgvq GKwU GbRvBg
wjwcW‡K wewkó K‡i Avevi †Kv‡li MÖnY Dc‡hvMx d¨vwU GwmW I wMmvij m„wó K‡i| G¸‡jv k¦m‡b eën„Z nq wKsev †øn c`v_© wn‡m‡e
hK…‡Z, †g‡m›Uvwi ev Pvgovi wb‡P mwÂZ _v‡K|
৪।
wPÎ -X wPÎ-Y
'Y' A‡½i MVb eY©bv Ki| wPÎ 'X' I 'Y'-Gi g‡a¨ †KvbwU cwicv‡K AwaK f‚wgKv iv‡L e‡j Zzwg g‡b Ki-we‡klY Ki|
উত্তরঃ ÔYÕ A½wU n‡jv hK…Z| gvbe‡`‡n hK…Z Wvqvd«v‡gi wVK wb‡P, DìMnŸ‡ii Dc‡ii w`‡K Ges Wvbw`‡K Aew¯’Z| hK…Z cÖavbZ
PviwU LÊK wb‡q MwVZ| LÊK¸‡jv h_vµ‡g Wvb, evg, †Kvqv‡WªU I K‡W©U bv‡g cwiwPZ| hK…‡Zi g‡a¨ †ncvwUK †cvU©vj wkiv Ges hK…Z
agwb cÖ‡ek K‡i Ges Gi †_‡K hK…Z wkiv I wcËbvwj wbM©Z nq| Gi cÖwZwU LÊK AmsL¨ DcLÊK wb‡q MwVZ| cÖ¯’‡”Q‡` cÖwZwU
DcLÊK AmsL¨ cwj‡Mvbvj †Kvl wb‡q MwVZ| †Kvl¸‡jv †K›`ª †_‡K cwiwai w`‡K mvwie×fv‡e PµKvi †¯úv‡Ki g‡Zv mvRv‡bv _v‡K|
†K‡›`ª †K›`ªxq wkiv Aew¯’Z| `ymvwi hK…Z †Kv‡li Aš—eZ©x ¯’vb‡K mvBbym‡qW e‡j| mvBbym‡q‡Wi cÖvPx‡i AvMÖvmx Kvcdvi †Kvl _v‡K|
hK…‡Zi LÊ¸‡jv †_‡K GKwU K‡i hK…Z bvwj wbM©Z n‡q Wvb I evg hK…Z bvwj MVb K‡i‡Q| Dfq hK…Z bvwj ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ wgwjZ n‡q
GKwU mvaviY bvwj MVb K‡i| Gici G mvaviY hK…Z bvwj wcËvkq †_‡K wbM©Z wmw÷K Wv‡±i mv‡_ wgwjZ n‡q mvaviY wcËbvwj iƒ‡c
wWI‡Wbv‡g Dš§y³ nq| wcËvkqwU Wvb hK…Z LÊ‡K Aew¯’Z GKwU bvmcvwZ AvK…wZi _wjwe‡kl| cieZ©x mgq mvaviY wcËbvwji mv‡_
AMœ¨vkq †_‡K AvMZ AMœ¨vkq bvwj wgwjZ n‡q GKwU mvaviY wcË-AMœ¨vkq bvwj MVb K‡i hv wWI‡Wbv‡gi f¨vUv‡ii A¨v¤úyjv bvgK ùxZ
¯’v‡b Dš§y³ nq|
DwjwLZ MÖwš’Ø‡qi g‡a¨ ‘X’ n‡jv AMœ¨vkq, hv GKwU wgkÖ MÖwš’ Ges Y n‡jv hK…Z| AMœ¨vkq GKB mv‡_ ewnt¶iv I Aš—t¶iv MÖwš’i
b¨vq KvR K‡i hv cwicv‡K we‡kl Ae`vb ivL‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| AMœ¨vk‡qi ewnt¶iv Ask †_‡K wewfbœ im ¶wiZ nq| G i‡m 3wU
cÖavb GbRvBg _v‡K A¨vgvB‡jR, jvB‡cR I †cÖvwU‡qR| A¨vgvB‡jR ÷vP©‡K †f‡½ ¶z`ªZi Kv‡e©vnvB‡WªU I wPwbi AYy‡Z cwiYZ
K‡i| jvB‡cR wcË je‡Yi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z d¨vU‡K †f‡O d¨vwU GwmW I wMmvi‡j cwiYZ K‡i| †cÖvwUb we‡klYKvix wewfbœ GbRvBg
(†cÖvwU‡qR) †ccUvBW AYy‡K ¶z`ªZi †ccUvB‡W cwiYZ K‡i| †cÖvwU‡qR Gi g‡a¨ cÖavb n‡”Q wUªcwmb I KvB‡gvwUªcwmb| Bnv ¶vixq
cÖK…wZi| cvK¯’wj‡Z GwU cvwPZ Lv‡`ï A¤xqfve‡K cÖkwgZ K‡i, d‡j Zv ¶z`ªv‡š¿i Avwš¿K cÖvPx‡ii †Kv‡bv ¶wZ K‡i bv| GKBfv‡e
Aš—t¶iv MÖwš’ wn‡m‡e AMœ¨vkq wKQy ni‡gvb wbtmiY K‡i hv i‡³ My‡Kv‡Ri gvÎv wbqš¿Y K‡i| G‡ì g‡a¨ MyKvMb ni‡gvb i‡³
গ্লু‡Kv‡Ri cwigvY e„w× K‡i, Bbmywjb ni‡gvb i‡³i My‡Kv‡Ri cwigvY Kgvq|
Acic‡¶ hK…Z g~jZ ewnt¶iv MÖwš’ wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i Ges wcËim ˆZwi K‡i| GB wcËi‡m Dcw¯’Z wcËjeY Lv‡`ï A¤xqfve‡K cÖkwgZ
K‡i I ¶vixq cwi‡ek ˆZwi K‡i, hv jvB‡cR GbRvBg‡K mvnvh¨ K‡i †øn c`v_©‡K †f‡½ d¨vwU GwmW I wMmvi‡j cwiYZ K‡i| hK…Z
g~jZ mivmwi cwicv‡K f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i bv|
ZvB ejv hvq cwicv‡K hK…Z A‡c¶v AMœ¨vk‡qi f‚wgKv AwaK|
১। wg. nvmvb Zxeª ey‡K e¨_v wb‡q nvmcvZv‡j fwZ© n‡jb| wewfbœ cix¶vi gva¨‡g Rvbv †Mj †h ch©vß O2-Gi Afv‡e Zvi †`‡ni wbw`©ó
GKUv A‡½i KvwW©qvK †ckx ¶wZMÖ¯— n‡q‡Q|A½wUi j¤^‡”Q‡ì wPwýZ wPÎ AsKb K‡iv| wg: nvmv‡bi †iv‡Mi j¶Y I cÖwZKv‡ii Dcvq
eY©bv K‡iv|
উত্তরঃ DwjwLZ AsMwU n‡jv n„rwcÊ| n„rwc‡Êi j¤^‡”Q‡ì wPwýZ wPÎ wbæiƒc-
wPÎ: n„rwc‡Êi j¤^‡”Q`|

Z_¨g‡Z nvmvb mv‡n‡ei A¨vbRvBbv †ivM n‡q‡Q| G †iv‡M DÏxc‡K DwjwLZ j¶Y Qvov Av‡iv wKQy j¶Y †`Lv hvq| †hgb e¨vqvg ev
Ab¨ kvixwiK Kv‡R Abxnv, gvbwmK Pvc, AwZwi³ †fvRb, kxZKv‡j ev AvZ‡¼ ey‡K e¨_v n‡Z cv‡i| GB e¨_v 5-30 wgwbU ¯’vqx nq|
A¨vbRvBbv Mjv, Kuva, †Pvqvj, evû, wcV GgbwK ùv‡ZI Qov‡Z cv‡i| A‡bK mgq e¨_v †Kv_v †_‡K Avm‡Q ZvI †evSv hvq bv| ey‡K
R¡vjv‡cvov, Pvc, wb‡®úlb ev Avoó fve m„wó n‡q A¯^w¯—i cÖKvk NUvq| ey‡K e¨v_v QvovI nR‡g MÊ‡Mvj I ewg ewg fve n‡Z cv‡i|
Nb Nb k¦vm-cÖk¦vm †bIqv wKsev `g dzwi‡q nuvcvwb †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| A‡bK †ivMx A¨vbRvBbv †Ui cvq bv, Z‡e Kuva I evû fvix n‡q
Av‡m| ey‡K e¨v_vi mv‡_ mv‡_ Nvg nIqv, gv_v wSgwSg Kiv, kixi d¨vKv‡k n‡q hvq| †ivMx wPš—vwš^Z _v‡K, gv_v Sz‡j _v‡K| mvivw`b
`ye©j I cwikÖvš— _v‡K, mnR KvRI KwVb g‡b nq|
nvmvb mv‡n‡ei G †iv‡Mi AvaywbK wPwKrmv n‡jv A¨vbwRIcvw÷| GB A¨vbwRIcvw÷ Øviv n„rwc‡Êi K‡ivbvwi agwbi mi“ n‡q hvIqv
Ask‡K cÖk¯— Kiv nq| A¨vbwRIcvw÷ ev K‡ivbvwi A¨vbwRIcvw÷i gva¨‡g mi“ n‡q hvIqv agwb cÖk¯— Kivi bvg cviwKD‡Ubvm
K‡ivbvwi B›Uvi‡fbkb| G‡¶‡Î n„rwc‡Êi eo ai‡bi A‡¯¿vcPv‡ii cÖ‡qvRb c‡o bv, †Kej evû ev KzuPwKi i³bvwj‡Z MvBW K¨v‡_Uvi
cÖ‡ek Kwi‡q Zv‡K e„n`vK…wZi i³bvwj w`‡q n„rwc‡Êi w`‡K †V‡j †`qv nq| GB MvBW K¨v‡_Uvi Gi gva¨‡g GKwU †ejyb K¨v‡_Uvi‡K
A¨v‡_‡ivgv MwVZ mi“ As‡k
cvVv‡bv nq| †ejyb I †÷›U cÖ‡e‡ki 30-60 †m‡K‡Ûi g‡a¨ †ejybwU‡K dzjv‡bv nq Gi d‡j A¨v‡_‡ivgvi Pwe©¸‡jv †P‡c wM‡q mi“
agwb‡K cÖk¯— K‡i| †÷‡›U wKQy Jl‡ai cÖ‡jc _v‡K †h¸‡jv me©`v agwb‡Z gy³ nq| A¨vbwRIcvw÷i d‡j K‡ivbvwi agwb w`‡q ¯^vfvweK
i³ cÖevn N‡U Ges n„rwcÊ mPj _v‡K| nvmvb mv‡n‡ei A¨vbRvBbv †iv‡M G wPwKrmvi gva¨‡g wZwb my¯’ Rxeb avi‡Y m¶g n‡eb|
২। ivRxe mv‡n‡ei eqm 45| GB eq‡m Dwb gv‡V dzUej †Lj‡Z wM‡q cv †K‡U †dj‡jb Ges ey‡K Zxeª e¨v_v I k¦vmKó Abyfe
Ki‡jv| ivRxe mv‡n‡ei cv †K‡U i³ cov eÜ nevi †KŠkj Ges Gi Rb¨ `vqx Dcv`vbwU gvby‡li †eu‡P _vKvi Rb¨ Ri“ix Av‡jvPbv
K‡iv|
উত্তরঃ †`‡ni †Kv‡bv ¯’vb †K‡U †M‡j i³cvZ ïi“ nq| G Ae¯’v †_‡K i¶v cvIqvi Rb¨ ¯^vfvweKfv‡e AwaKvsk gvby‡li ¶Z¯’v‡b
i³RgvU †eu‡a ax‡i ax‡i i³cvZ eÜ n‡q hvq| ivRxe mv‡n‡ei
cv‡qi KvUv Ask n‡Z hLb i³ †ei n‡Z _v‡K ZLb H As‡ki AYyPwµKv¸‡jv evZv‡mi ms¯ú‡k© G‡m †f‡½ hvq Ges _ª‡¤^vcvw÷b bvgK
c`v‡_©i m„wó nq| GB _ª‡¤^vcvw÷b i‡³ we`¨gvb i³RgvU euvav‡Z evav`vbKvix †ncvwib‡K A‡K‡Rv K‡i †`q Ges i³i‡m Aew¯’Z
K¨vjwmqvg Avq‡bi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z †cÖv_ªw¤^b Gi mv‡_ wµqv K‡i _ªw¤^b Drcbœ K‡i| AZtci _ªw¤^b i‡³ Aew¯’Z dvBweª‡bv‡Rb bvgK †cÖvwU‡bi
mv‡_ wg‡j dvBweªb bvgK m~‡Îi m„wó K‡i| m~Î¸‡jv ci¯úi wgwjZ n‡q Rvj‡Ki AvKvi aviY K‡i| H dvBweª‡bi Rv‡j †jvwnZ
i³KwYKv¸‡jv AvU‡K hvq| d‡j i³cÖevn eÜ nq Ges i³ RgvU †eu‡a hvq|
myZivs i³ cov eÜ nIqvi Rb¨ `vqx Dcv`vb AbyPwµKv hv gvby‡li †eu‡P _vKvi RbÏ Ri“ix| KviY i³ ZÂb QvovI Giv ¶wZMÖ¯’
G‡Ûv‡_wjqvj AveiY cybM©Vb K‡i| ZvQvov d¨v‡MvmvB‡Uvwmm c×wZ‡Z Giv Kve©b KYv, BwgDb Kg‡c· I fvBivm‡K f¶Y K‡i| ZvB
ejv hvq, AbyPwµKv gvby‡li †eu‡P _vKvi Rb¨ Ri“ix|
৩। Avgv‡ì †`‡n GK ai‡bi Zij †hvRK wUmy¨ i‡q‡Q| G wUmyï †Kvl¸‡jv i³ ZÂbmn †`‡ni wewfbœ ¸i“Z¡c~Y© KvR m¤úbœ K‡i|
wUmyï †Kvl¸‡jv †`‡ni cÖwZi¶vq ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i  e¨vL¨v K‡iv|
উত্তরঃ Zij †hvRK wUmy¨wU n‡jv i³| i³ †`‡ni cÖwZi¶vq ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| wb‡P Zv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv
i‡³i †k¦Z KwYKvi g‡bvmvBU I wbD‡Uªvwdj d¨v‡MvmvB‡Uvwmm cÖwµqvq RxevYy f¶Y K‡i aŸsm K‡i| wj‡çvmvBU A¨vw›UewW m„wó K‡i
†ivM cÖwZ‡iva K‡i| †e‡mvwdj †ncvwib Drcbœ K‡i hv i³bvwji Af¨š—‡i i³RgvU †iva K‡i| `vbv`vi wjD‡KvmvBU wn÷vwgb m„wó K‡i
†`‡ni †ivM cÖwZ‡iva ¶gZv evovq| BIwm‡bvwdj i‡³ cÖ‡ekK…Z K…wgi jvf©v Ges A¨vjvwR©K A¨vw›UewW aŸsm K‡i| GQvov AbyPwµKv
d¨v‡MvmvB‡Uvwmm c×wZ‡Z Kve©b KYv, BwgDb Kg‡c· I fvBivm‡K f¶Y K‡i|
৪। myg‡bi evev †fvRbwejvmx, ¯’j

~ ‡`nx| Awd‡m KvR Kivi mgq ey‡K cÖPÛ e¨_v Abyfe K‡ib Ges Nvg‡Z _v‡Kb| Zv‡K Wv³v‡ii
Kv‡Q †bqv n‡j Wv³vi Zv‡K B.wm.wR Kivi civg©k †`b| myg‡bi evevi m¤¢ve¨ †ivMmg~n cÖwZ‡iv‡a Kx Kx eë¯’v MÖnY Kiv hvq hyw³mn
e¨vL¨v K‡iv|
উত্তরঃ myg‡bi evevi ey‡K e¨_v n‡”Q| A¨vbRvBbv, nvU© A¨vUvK, nvU© †dBwjDi cÖf…wZ m¤¢ve¨ Kvi‡Y ey‡K e¨_v n‡Z cv‡i| A¨vbRvBbv,
nvU© A¨vUvK, nvU© †dBwjDi cÖf…wZ †ivM cÖwZ‡iv‡ai cÖavb Dcvq n‡”Q my¯’ I ¯^vfvweK Rxeb hvcb Kiv| wbqwgZ nvUvPjv ev e¨vqvg Kiv,
¯’~jZv cÖwZ‡iva Kiv, mylg I n„`-evÜe Lvevi LvIqv, i³Pvc I †Kv‡j‡÷ij wbqš¿‡Y ivLv, Wvqv‡ewUm cÖwZ‡iva ev wbqš¿‡Y ivLv,
aygcvb Z¨vM Kiv, g`cvb bv Kiv| GQvovI D‡jwLZ †ivM †_‡K gy³ _vK‡Z n‡j wbqwgZ m¤ú~Y© kixi †PKAvc Kiv I Wv³v‡ii civgk©
wb‡Z n‡e| cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq my¯’, mej, ¯^vfvweK I wbqwgZ Rxeb hvcbB myg‡bi evevi m¤¢ve¨ †ivMmg~n †_‡K gy³ _vKvi cÖavb
Dcvq|
১। kvwKj I mvwKe `yB fvB| Df‡qB k¦mbZ‡š¿i mgm¨vq fzM‡Q| mvwK‡ei †Pv‡Li Pvicvkmn gv_v e¨_v, bvK eÜ _v‡K, gv_v wbPz Ki‡j
e¨_vi ZxeªZv †e‡o hvq| kvwKj a~gcvb K‡i, wKš‘ mvwKe Zv †_‡K `~‡i _v‡K| mvwK‡ei mgm¨vwUi KviY Ges GwU cÖwZKv‡ii Dcvq
Av‡jvPbv K‡iv|`yB fvB‡qi dzmdz‡mi G·-†i cix¶v Kiv n‡j Kx Kx AmvgÄm¨ Zv †`Lv †h‡Z cv‡i e‡j Zzwg g‡b K‡iv|
উত্তরঃ mvwK‡ei †h mgm¨vwUi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q Zv n‡jv cÖK…Zc‡¶ mvBbymvBwUm, GwU mvaviYZ †÷ªc‡UvK°vm, †÷dvB‡jvK°vm GgbwK
wbD‡gvK°vm e¨vK‡Uwiqvi Avµg‡Y n‡Z cv‡i| GQvov bv‡K AvNvZ cvIqv, GjvwR©, VvÛv jvMv, bv‡Ki nvo eo nIqv BZ¨vw` Kvi‡YI G
†ivM n‡Z cv‡i| mvwKe‡K memgq G †iv‡Mi nvZ †_‡K †invB cvIqvi Rb¨ we‡kl mveavbZv Aej¤^b Ki‡Z n‡e| ï®‹, †Lvjv‡gjv Ges
h‡_ó Av‡jv-evZvm Av‡Q Ggb N‡i emevm Ki‡Z n‡e| KviY Ggb evm¯’vb mvBbymvBwU‡mi m¤¢vebv A‡bKvs‡k Kwg‡q †`q| ayjvewj
†_‡K `~‡i _vK‡Z n‡e| Nb Nb VvÊv jvMv‡bv hv‡e bv| GKUz jeY cvwb bvK w`‡q †U‡b wb‡Z n‡e Ges gy‡Li Ici Mig †mK w`‡Z n‡e|
Mig Zv‡c k¦vm wb‡j †k®§v Zij nq Ges gv_v fvi I e¨_v A‡bKvs‡k n«vm cvq ZvB mvwKe‡K Mig fv‡c k¦vm wb‡Z n‡e| †k®§v Zij
Kivi Wªc wbImvB‡bwd«b eënvi Kiv DËg| cÖ‡qvRbxq A¨vw›Uev‡qvwUK, wn÷vwmb RvZxq wKQy Jla G †iv‡Mi Dckg K‡i| ZvB G¸‡jvi
†h †Kv‡bvwU eënvi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| m‡e©vcwi G¸‡jv‡Z fv‡jv dj bv †c‡j bvK, Kvb, Mjv we‡kl‡Ái wbKU hvIqv DwPZ|
mvwKe Aa~gcvqx n‡jI kvwKj a~gcvqx| d‡j `yR‡bi dzmdz‡mi G‡·‡ii wP‡Îi Ae¯’v wfbœ n‡e|
mvwK‡ei dzmdz‡mi eY© jvj‡P ev`vgx n‡jI kvwK‡ji dzmdz‡mi eY© Kvj‡P iO aviY Ki‡e| mvwK‡ei ey‡Ki mvB‡Ri ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’v
_vK‡jI kvwK‡ji ey‡Ki mvBR ¯^vfvweK _vK‡e bv| mvwK‡ei e¶wcÄ‡ii cwiwa mvg‡b, †cQ‡bi †P‡q AvovAvwofv‡e eo _v‡K|
Ab¨w`‡K kvwK‡ji e¶ wcÄ‡ii mvg‡bi I †cQ‡bi cwiwa e„w× cvq Ges e¨v‡i‡ji gZ j¤^v‡U n‡e|
mvwK‡ei dzmdz‡mi evqy PjvP‡ji c_ cÖk¯— n‡jI kvwK‡ji mi“ n‡q hv‡e| mvwK‡ei ga¨”Q`vi eµZv wVK _vK‡jI kvwK‡ji n«vm
cv‡e|
AZGe, Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbv n‡Z ejv hvq †h, G·-†i wP‡Îi gva¨‡g mvwKe I kvwK‡ji D³ Awgj¸‡jv †`Lv †h‡Z cv‡i|
২। ফুসফুস Gi Kvwh©K GK‡Ki mwPÎ MVb eY©bv K‡iv

dzmdz‡mi Kvwh©K GKK A¨vjwfIjv‡mi mwPÎ MVb wb‡P eY©bv Kiv n‡jv
A¨vjwfIjvm ¶z`ª eyèy` m`„k evqyKzVzwi| G‡ì cÖvPx‡i ˆKwkK RvwjKv wbweofv‡e Ae¯’vb K‡i Ges cvj‡gvbvwi agwb †_‡K G‡ì DrcwË
N‡U Ges cybivq wg‡j cvj‡gvbvwi wkiv MVb K‡i| G‡ì cÖvPxi P¨vÞvK…wZi †¯‹vqvgvm Gwc‡_wjqvj †Kvl Øviv MwVZ| GQvov cÖvPx‡i wKQy
w¯’wZ¯’vcK †Kvjv‡Rb m~ÎK _v‡K, †h Kvi‡Y A¨vjwfIjv‡mi ms‡KvPb-cÖmviY N‡U _v‡K| A¨vjwfIjv‡mi cÖvPx‡i wKQy we‡kl †Kvl _v‡K
†h¸‡jv mvi‡dKU¨v›U bvgK wWUvi‡R‡›Ui Abyiƒc ivmvqwbK c`v_© wbtmiY K‡i| mvi‡dKU¨v›U mvi‡dm †Ubkb n«vm K‡i A¨vjwfIjv‡mi
ùxZ Ae¯’v eRvq ivL‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| A¨vjwfIjv‡mi cÖvPx‡i d¨v‡MvmvBwUK A¨vjvwfIjvi g¨v‡µvdvR _v‡K| G g¨v‡µvdvR AYyRxemn
ewnivMZ e¯‘ webó K‡i|
৩। Rvwn` GKRb †PBb †¯§vKvi| a~gcv‡bi d‡j Zvi †`n w`b w`b `ye©j I d¨vKv‡k n‡q hv‡”Q| kixi AZ¨š— `ye©j n‡q co‡j †m
Wv³v‡ii kiYvcbœ nq| Wv³vi Zv‡K wKQy Ilya w`‡q a~gcvb bv Kivi Dc‡`k †`b| Wv³vi Rvbv‡jb, a~gcv‡bi Kvi‡Y †jŠn KwYKvi
Afv‡e i‡³i GKwU we‡kl Ask wVKfv‡e MwVZ n‡Z cv‡i bv|ewY©Z i‡³i we‡kl AskwU Kxfv‡e KvR K‡i e¨vL¨v K‡iv|
উত্তরঃ i‡³i we‡kl AskwU n‡jv wn‡gv‡Mvweb| hv i‡³i †jvwnZ i³KwYKvq we`¨gvb jvj e‡Y©i †jŠnhy³ †cÖvwUbagx© c`v_©| k¦m‡bi mgq
Aw·‡Rb e¨vcb cÖwµqvq dzmdzm †_‡K i‡³ cÖ‡ek K‡i| kZKiv cÖvq 98 fvM O2 †jvwnZ i³ KwYKvi wn‡gv‡Mvwe‡bi mv‡_ ivmvqwbK
eÜ‡bi gva¨‡g cwievwnZ nq| gvÎ kZKiv cÖvq 2 fvM O2 i³i‡mi mv‡_ `ªexf‚Z Ae¯’vq cwievwnZ nq| i‡³ cÖweó mg¯— Aw·‡RbB
gy³ Ae¯’vq _v‡K bv| Gi GKwU eo Ask †jvwnZ KwYKvi wn‡gv‡Mvwe‡bi mv‡_ hy³ n‡q Aw·wn‡gv‡Mvweb bvgK A¯’vqx †hŠM MVb K‡i|
G †hŠM MVb i³i‡m Aw·‡R‡bi cwigv‡Yi Ici wbf©i K‡i| i³i‡m hZ †ewk Aw·‡Rb `ªexf‚Z n‡e Zvi mv‡_ msMwZ †i‡L Aw·wn‡gv‡M-
vweb †hŠM ˆZwi n‡e| Ab¨w`‡K Aw·‡R‡bi cwigvY †h nv‡i K‡g hv‡e †hŠM †m nv‡i †f‡½ hv‡e Ges Aw·‡Rb gy³ n‡q i³ i‡m cÖ‡ek
K‡i|
Aciw`‡K Kjv‡Kvl †_‡K i‡³i cvRgvq AvMZ CO2 Gi wKQy Ask †jvwnZ KwYKvq cÖ‡ek K‡i| †jvwnZ KwYKvi g‡a¨ †h wn‡gv‡Mvweb
_v‡K Gi †Mvweb As‡ki A¨vwg‡bv MÖ“‡ci (–NH2) mv‡_ CO2 hy³ n‡q Kv‡e©vwg‡bv wn‡gv‡Mvweb bvgK A¯’vqx †hŠM MVb K‡i| G Kv‡e©vwg‡bv
wn‡gv‡Mvweb †hŠM i‡³i mv‡_ evwnZ n‡q dzmdz‡mi A¨vjwfIjv‡mi eëavqK c`©vi ˆKwkK RvwjKvq Avmvi ci wecixZgyLx wewµqvi
gva¨‡g CO2 gy³ K‡i| AZtci e¨vc‡bi gva¨‡g ˆKwkK RvwjKvi cÖvPxi †f` K‡i CO2 A¨vjwfIjv‡m cÖ‡ek K‡i|
Gfv‡eB, DÏxc‡K D‡jwLZ i‡³i we‡kl AskwU A_©vr wn‡gv‡Mvweb k¦m‡b ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i|
৪। gvby‡li ¸i“Z¡c~Y© A½ k¦vmbvjx mn‡RB e¨vK‡Uwiqv, fvBivm, QÎvK Øviv msµwgZ n‡Z cv‡i| k¦vmbvjxi GKwU mvaviY †ivM
mvBbymvBwUm| G †iv‡Mi Kvi‡Y c¨vivb¨vmvj mvBbv‡mi Af¨š—‡i Zij R‡g wgDKvm wSwj‡Z cÖ`vn m„wó K‡i। আ‡jvwPZ †ivMwUi j¶Y
eY©bv K‡iv| †ivMwUi KviY I cÖwZKvi Av‡jvPbv K‡iv|
উত্তরঃ Av‡jvwPZ †ivMwU n‡jv mvBbymvBwUm| †iv‡Mi KviY¸‡jv †`‡L Zv ¯úófv‡e †evSv hvq| mvBbymvBwUm †iv‡Mi j¶Y¸‡jv n‡jv
G †iv‡M †Pv‡Li Ic‡i I wb‡P Zxeª e¨_v Abyf‚Z nq| Zxeª gv_v e¨_v †`Lv †`q| †iv‡Mi ZxeªZvq bv‡K Nb mw`© ev cyuR ˆZwi nq Ges Zv
`yM©Ühy³ n‡Z cv‡i| G †iv‡M bvK w`‡q AweiZ cvwb c‡i ev nVvr K‡i bvK eÜ n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| gv_v fvwi nq Ges mKj Lvev‡i Ai“wP
†`Lv †`q| †iv‡Mi ZxeªZvq A‡bK mgq R¡i Av‡m Ges kixi g¨vRg¨vR K‡i|
mvBbymvBwUm
mvaviYZ †÷ªc‡Uv°vm; †÷dvB‡jv°vm, wbD‡gvK°vm e¨vK‡Uwiqvi Avµg‡Y n‡Z cv‡i| ïay ZvB bq bv‡K AvNvZ cvIqv, GjvwR©, VvÛv
jvMv, bv‡Ki nvo eo n‡q hvIqv, bv‡K wUDgvi nIqv BZ¨vw` Kvi‡YI G †ivMwU n‡Z cv‡i| GB †ivMwUi cÖwZKvi m¤ú‡K© wb‡P Av‡jvPbv
Kiv n‡jv
memgq G †iv‡Mi nvZ †_‡K †invB cvIqvi Rb¨ we‡kl mveavbZv Aej¤^b Ki‡Z n‡e| ï®‹, †Lvjv‡gjv Ges h‡_ó Av‡jv-evZvm Av‡Q
Ggb N‡i emevm Ki‡Z n‡e| KviY Ggb evm¯’vb mvBbymvBwU‡mi m¤¢vebv A‡bKvs‡k Kwg‡q †`q| ayjvevwj †_‡K `~‡i _vK‡Z n‡e| Nb
Nb VvÊv jvMv‡bv hv‡e bv| GKUz jeY cvwb bvK w`‡q †U‡b wb‡Z n‡e Ges gy‡Li Ici Mig †mK w`‡Z n‡e| Mig Zv‡c k¦vm wb‡j †k®§v
Zij nq Ges gv_v fvi I e¨_v A‡bKvs‡k n«vm cvq ZvB Mig fv‡c k¦vm wb‡Z n‡e| †k®§v Zij Kivi Wªc wbImvB‡bwd«b eënvi Ki‡Z
n‡e| cÖ‡qvRbxq A¨vw›Uev‡qvwUK, wn÷vwmb RvZxq wKQy Jla G †iv‡Mi Dckg K‡i ZvB G¸‡jvi †h‡Kv‡bvwU eënvi Kiv| m‡e©vcwi
G¸‡jv‡Z fv‡jv dj bv †c‡j bvK, Kvb, Mjv we‡kl‡Ái wbKU hvIqv †h‡Z cv‡i|
৫। hvbevnb, wewfbœ †gwk‡bi BwÄb, †Zj, M¨vm ev Kqjv `n‡bi gva¨‡g kw³ Drcbœ K‡i wewfbœ KvR K‡i _v‡K, †Zgwb gvbe‡`‡ni
Af¨š—‡i Abyi“c GKwU NUbv N‡U। D‡jwLZ cÖwµqvi dzmdz‡mi AskMÖnY e¨vL¨v K‡iv|Ô†gwk‡bi BwÄ‡bi g‡Zv NUbvwU gvbe‡`‡nI
N‡UÕ Dw³wU we‡klY K‡iv|
উত্তরঃ cÖwµqvwU n‡jv k¦mb cÖwµqv| G cÖwµqvq dzmdzm mwµqfv‡e AskMÖnY K‡i| k¦vm MÖn‡Yi mgq dzmdzm AvqZ‡b e„w× cvq|
d‡j Avš—tdzmdzmxq Pvc K‡g hvq, hvi d‡j evB‡ii cwi‡ek †_‡K O2 hy³ evZvm dzmdz‡m cÖ‡ek K‡i| dzmdz‡mi A¨vjwfIjvmmg~n
i³RvjK Øviv †ewóZ _v‡K| wkivi i‡³ O2 Gi Pvc Kg _v‡K wKš—y A¨vjwfIjv‡m O2 Gi Pvc †ewk _v‡K| Pv‡ci cv_©‡Kï Kvi‡Y
e¨vcb cÖwµqvq O2 A¨vjwfIjvm n‡Z ˆKwkKbvwji i‡³ cÖ‡ek K‡i| Avevi k¦vm Z¨v‡Mi †¶‡Î dzmdz‡mi AvqZb n«vm cvq Ges Gi
Af¨š—ixY Pvc evqygÊ‡ji Pvc A‡c¶v †e‡o hvq| d‡j dzmdzm n‡Z evqy mn‡R evB‡i wbM©Z nq| G †¶‡Î wkivi i‡³ CO2 Gi NbZ¡
A¨vjwfIjv‡mi CO2 A‡c¶v †ewk _v‡K| ZvB G‡¶‡ÎI e¨vcb cÖwµqvq CO2 wkivi i³ n‡Z A¨vjwfIjv‡m cÖ‡ek K‡i Ges c‡i bvmv
c‡_ dzmdzm n‡Z evB‡i wbM©Z nq| myZivs k¦m‡bi †¶‡Î dzmdzm mwµqfv‡eB AskMÖnY K‡i _v‡K|
gvbe‡`‡ni k¦mb cÖwµqv‡K †gwk‡bi BwÄ‡bi m‡½ Zyjbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| †Kbbv †gwk‡bi BwÄb †hgb †Zj, M¨vm ev Kqjv `n‡bi gva¨‡g
kw³ Drcbœ K‡i wVK †Zgwbfv‡e k¦mb cÖwµqvq †Kvl¯’ Lv`¨ RvwiZ n‡q kw³ Drcbœ nq hv mKj Rxe‡K mwVKfv‡e PvwjZ K‡i| k¦vm
MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g dzmdz‡m M„nxZ O2 A¨vjwfIjv‡mi Pvwiw`‡Ki ˆKwkKbvwj‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡i †jvwnZ i³KwYKvi wn‡gv‡Mvwe‡bi m‡½ hy³ n‡q
Aw·wn‡gv‡Mvweb MVb K‡i| GB Aw·wn‡gv‡Mvweb †`‡ni mKj †Kv‡l O2 mieivn K‡i| c‡i †Kv‡li kK©iv RvZxq Lv`¨ O2 Øviv RvwiZ
n‡q CO2, cvwb I Zvckw³ Drcbœ K‡i| k¦mb cÖwµqvq Drcbœ kw³ Rx‡ei mKj wµqv-Kjvc‡K mwVKfv‡e cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|
k¦mb wµqv †`‡ni Zvc wbqš¿Y GgbwK n„rwc‡Êi wµqvKjvcI c‡iv¶fv‡e wbqš¿Y K‡i Rxe‡K my¯’ iv‡L|
cÖK…Z c‡¶ Aš—:k¦mb cÖwµqvq Lv`¨ RvwiZ n‡q kw³ Drcbœ nq hv‡K †gwk‡bi BwÄ‡bi m‡½ Zyjbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| A_©vr ejv hvq G
m¤úwK©Z Dw³wU h_v_©|
১।
B
ÔBÕ As‡ki MvVwbK GK‡Ki MVb eY©bv K‡iv| ÔAÕ wPwýZ bvwji mvnv‡h¨ †h Zij c`v_© wbM©Z nq Zvi êwkó¨ D‡jLc~e©K ivmvqwbK
Dcv`vb wj‡Lv|
উত্তরঃ ÔBÕ As‡ki MvVwbK GK‡Ki MVb eY©bv K‡iv|
ÔAÕ wPwýZ bvwji mvnv‡h¨ †h Zij c`v_© wbM©Z nq Zvi êwkó¨ D‡jLc~e©K ivmvqwbK Dcv`vb wj‡Lv|
ÔBÕ AskwU n‡jv e„°| e„‡°i MvVwbK GKK‡K ejv nq †bd«b| GwU gvjwcwRqvb Kicvmj I e„°xq bvwjKv GB `yBwU As‡k wef³|
gvjwcwRqvb Kicvmj e„‡°i K‡U©‡· Aew¯’Z| GwU †evg¨vÝ K¨vcmyj I †Mv‡gi“jvm GB `ywU As‡k wef³| e„°xq bvwjKv mvaviYZ †ibvj
Kicvmj, cÖw·gvj cu¨vPv‡bv bvwjKv, †nbwji jyc, wW÷vj cu¨vPv‡bv bvwjKv I msMÖvnK bvwjKv wb‡q MwVZ| †ibvj-Kicvmj †bd«‡bi
m¤§yLfv‡M _v‡K| GwU †evg¨vÝ K¨vcmyj Ges †Mv‡gi“jv‡mi mgš^‡q MwVZ| †ibvj Kicvm‡ji cieZx© cÖvq 14wg.wg. `xN© bvwjKv‡K
cÖw·gvj cu¨vPv‡bv bvwjKv e‡j| G bvwjKv GK ¯—i wewkó wKDeqWvj Gwc‡_wjqvj †Kvl Øviv MwVZ| †Kvl¸‡jvi GKcÖv‡š—
gvB‡µvwfjvBhy³ eªvk eW©vi _v‡K| G bvwjKvi †klcÖvš— †mvRv n‡q †gWzjv AÂ‡j cÖ‡ek K‡i Ges GKwU jyc MVb K‡i hv‡K †nbwji
jyc e‡j| G jy‡c `ywU Ask, Ae‡ivnb evû Ges Av‡ivnb evû †`Lv hvq| G jy‡ci Av‡ivnb evûi cieZ©x cuvP wg.wg. `xN© bvwjKv‡K wW÷vj
cu¨vPv‡bv bvwjKv e‡j| GwU K‡U©‡· Ae¯’vb K‡i| G bvwjKvi cieZx© AskB msMÖvnK bvwjKv| wKQy msMÖvnK bvwjKv GKwÎZ n‡q †ewjwbi
Wv± MVb K‡i| A‡bK¸‡jv †ewjwbi Wv± GK‡Î †gWzjv‡Z c¨vwcjvwi Wv‡±i gva¨‡g †k‡l †cjwf‡m Dš§y³ nq|
ÔAÕ wPwýZ bvwjwU n‡jv g~Î bvwj hv †_‡K wbM©Z Zij c`v_©wU n‡jv g~Î| †bd«‡bi †ibvj wUDey¨j‡m †Mv‡gi“jvi wdj‡UªU Gi wbe©vwPZ
cybt‡kvl‡bi ci †h Lo e‡Y©i, Zxeª SuvSv‡jv MÜhy³ I A¤agx© Zij †iPb eR©¨ g~Î_wj‡Z Rgv nq Zv‡K g~Î e‡j| GKRb my¯’ gvbyl
ˆ`wbK M‡o 1.5 wjUvi g~Î Z¨vM K‡i|
g~‡Îi êwkó¨:
i. e„‡° ˆ`wbK 0.5 †_‡K 2.5 wjUvi g~Î Drcv`b nq|
ii. g~‡Î BD‡iv‡µvg bvgK c`v_© _vKvq GwU Lo e‡Y©i nq|
iii. GwU SuvSv‡jv MÜ wewkó|
iv. g~Î mvgvb¨ A¤xq, Gi pH gvb 5-6.5|
v. Gi Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡ 1.008-1.030|
g~‡Îi ivmvqwbK Dcv`vb: g~‡Îi 96% cvwb| evwK 4% Gi g‡a¨ ˆRe I A‰Re c`v_© h_vµ‡g 60% I 40% wnmv‡e _v‡K| ˆRe Dcv`vb
¸‡jv bvB‡Uªv‡Rbvm I bb-bvB‡Uªv‡Rbvm GB `yBfv‡M wef³| BDwiqv, BDwiK GwmW, wµ‡qwUwbb, wncwcDwiK GwmW, BZ¨vw` n‡jv
bvB‡Uªv‡Rbvm Ges mvB‡UªU, j¨vK‡UU, wK‡Uvb ewWm n‡jv bb-bvB‡Uªv‡Rbvm| A‰Re c`v_©¸‡jv A¨vbvqb I K¨vUvqb `yBfv‡M wef³| SO42-
, PO43, Cl-, HCO3- n‡jv A¨vbvqb Ges Na+, k+, Ca2+, Mg2+, NH4+ n‡jv K¨vUvqb|
২। iwdK cÖvqB Amy¯’ _v‡K| Wv³v‡ii Kv‡Q †M‡j Rvbv hvq Zvi i³ I g~‡Î wKQy Amyweav Av‡Q| G‡¶‡Î g~‡Îi NbZ¡ wbqš¿Y I i‡³i
†mvwWqv‡gi gvÎv wbqš¿‡Y ni‡gvb cÖwZwbqZ myk„•Ljfv‡e KvR K‡i P‡j‡Q|
bvB‡Uªv‡Rb NwUZ eR©¨ c`v_© Acmvi‡Y A½¸wji f‚wgKv wj‡Lv|†k‡lv³ Dw³wUÑ we‡klY K‡iv|
উত্তরঃ bvB‡Uªv‡Rb NwUZ eR©¨ c`v_© Acmvi‡Y f‚wgKv iv‡L GiKg GK‡Rvov e„°, GK‡Rvov †iPb bvjx, GKwU g~Î_wj Ges GKwU g~Îbvwj
wb‡q MwVZ nq †iPbZš¿| GwU †`‡ni ¶wZKi c`v_© Acmvi‡Y ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| g~‡Î _v‡K BDwiqv, BDwiK GwmW, A¨v‡gvwbqv,
wµ‡qwUwbb BZ¨vw`| GQvovI G‡Z wµ‡qwUb Ges A¨vwg‡bv GwmW _v‡K| G¸‡jv †`‡ni Rb¨ ¶wZKi| Gme ¶wZKi eR©¨ c`v_© g~‡Îi
gva¨‡g Acmvi‡Y †iPbZš¿ ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| †bd«b n‡jv e„‡°i MvVwbK I Kvh©Kwi GKK hv g~Î Drcv`b K‡i †`n‡K K‚jlgy³
iv‡L| Drcbœ g~Î msMÖvnK bvwji gva¨‡g e„‡°i †cjwf‡m †cuŠQvq| cieZ©x‡Z †cjwfm †_‡K BD‡iUv‡ii dv‡bj AvK…wZi cÖk¯— Ask
†_‡K g~Î_wj‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡i| g~Î BD‡iUvi c‡_ g~Î_wj‡Z G‡m mvgwqKfv‡e Rgv _v‡K| g~Î_wj g~‡Î c~Y© n‡j g~Î_wji wb‡Pi w`‡K
Aew¯’Z wQ`ª Ly‡j hvq Ges g~Î g~Îbvwj c‡_ cÖevwnZ n‡q AMÖfv‡Mi GK wQ`ªc‡_ †`‡ni evB‡i wb®‹vwkZ nq|
Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K ejv hvq †h, bvB‡Uªv‡Rb NwUZ c`v_© Acmvi‡Y D³ A½¸‡jv A_©vr m¤ú~Y© †iPbZš¿ ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb
K‡i|
DwjwLZ †k‡lv³ Dw³wU n‡jv Òg~‡Îi NbZ¡ wbqš¿Y I i‡³ †mvwWqv‡gi gvÎv wbqš¿‡Y ni‡gvb cÖwZ wbqZ myk„•Ljfv‡e KvR K‡i Pj‡QÓ|
†`‡n g~‡Îi NbZ¡ wbqš¿Y Ges i‡³ †mvwWqv‡gi gvÎv wbqwš¿Z nq g~jZ e„‡°i gva¨‡g| G‡¶‡Î wewfbœ ni‡gvb e„°‡K mnvqZv K‡i|
gw¯—‡®‹i nvB‡cv_¨vjvgvm †_‡K ¶wiZ ADH (A¨vw›UWvB BD‡iwUK ni‡gvb) g~‡Îi NbZ¡ wbqš¿Y K‡i| †`‡n cvwbi cwigvY ¯^vfvwe‡Ki
†P‡q K‡g †M‡j, †ewk ADH ¶wiZ nq| d‡j e„‡°i msMÖvnx bvjxi cvwb‡f`¨Zv †e‡o hvq Ges †Mv‡gi“jvm wdj‡UªU †_‡K †ewk cwigv‡Y
cvwb cybt‡kvwlZ nq| djkÖ“wZ‡Z AwZNb g~Î Drcbœ nq| hw` †`‡n cvwbi cwigvY †e‡o †M‡j ADH Kg ¶wiZ nq, d‡j msMÖvnx bvjxi
†f`¨Zv K‡g wM‡q Kg cvwb cybt‡kvwlZ nq Ges AwZ Zij g~Î Drcbœ nq|
Avevi e„‡° Aew¯’Z A¨v‡Wªbvj MÖwš’ †_‡K ¶wiZ A¨vj‡Wv‡÷ib ni‡gvb i‡³ †mvwWqv‡gi gvÎv wbqš¿Y K‡i| i‡³ †mvwWqv‡gi gvÎv K‡g
†M‡j A¨vj‡Wv‡÷ib e„‡°i wW÷vj bvwjKvi †Kvl¸‡jv‡Z †mvwWqvg-cUvwmqvg cv¤ú‡K DÏxß K‡i| d‡j wW÷vj bvwjKv †_‡K †mvwWqvg
Avqb †ei n‡q ˆKwkK RvwjKvq cÖ‡ek K‡i i‡³ evwnZ nq| GQvov A¨vj‡Wv‡÷ib A‡š¿ †mvwWqvg †kvlY‡K Ges Nv‡g Kg †mvwWqvg
Z¨vM‡K DÏxß K‡i| d‡j i‡³ †mvwWqv‡gi gvÎv †e‡o hvq|
Gfv‡e wewfbœ ni‡gvb †`‡n cvwb I †mvwWqv‡gi mwVK NbZ¡ I gvÎv eRvq _v‡K|
৩।
A
wP‡Îi Av‡jv‡K g~Î m„wó cÖwµqv eY©bv K‡iv। †iP‡b I Am‡gv‡i¸‡jk‡b DÏxc‡Ki ÔAÕ A½wUi f‚wgKv we‡klY K‡iv|
উত্তরঃ wP‡Î GKwU e„° †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q hv g~Î m„wó K‡i| weÁvbx Kzkbx Gi g‡Z 3wU av‡c g~Î m„wó nq| avç‡jv n‡jvÑ
1. AwZcwimÖveY: e„‡°i †ibvj K¨vcmyj AwZ cwimÖveKi“‡c KvR K‡i Ges †Mv‡gi“jv‡mi Kv‡Q Ae¯’vb K‡i| †Mv‡gi“jvm i‡³i
nvB‡Wªv÷¨vwUK Pv‡c i‡³i †cÖvwUb I i³KwYKv Qvov mg¯— cvwb, jeY, kK©iv, BDwiqv, BDwiK GwmW cÖf…wZ cwimÖveY cÖwµqvq
ˆKwkKRvwjKvi G‡Ûv‡_wjqvg I wfwËwSwj Ges †ibvj K¨vcmy‡ji Gwc‡_wjqvg †f` K‡i K¨vcmyjvi †¯ú‡m Rgv nq| G cwimÖ“Z Zij‡K
†Mv‡gi“jvi wdj‡UªU e‡j| †h Pv‡ci gva¨‡g i‡³i `ªveë¯‘ cwimÖ“Z nq, Zv‡K Kvh©Kix cwimÖveY Pvc e‡j|
2. wbe©vPbg~jK cybt‡kvlY: †Mv‡gi“jvi wdj‡UªU †bd«‡bi †fZi w`‡q cÖevwnZ nIqvi mgq wewfbœ `ªe¨ †bd«b -cÖvPx‡ii †Kv‡l †kvwlZ n‡q
†bd«b msjMœ ˆKwkKRvwjKvq cÖ‡e‡ki cÖwµqv‡K wbe©vPbg~jK cybt‡kvlY e‡j| cÖw·gvj cu¨vPv‡bv bvwjKvi †Kv‡lB AwaKvsk cybt‡kvlY
msNwUZ nq| G cÖwµqvq wdj‡UªU †_‡K cÖPzi
cwigvY †mvwWqvg I mg¯— My‡KvR, 65% cvwb, 50% BDwiqv, A¨vwg‡bv GwmW, wfUvwgb Ges †K¬vivBW Avqb †kvwlZ nq|
3. mwµq ¶iY: cÖw·gvj cu¨vPv‡bv bvwjKvq ˆKwkK RvwjKv †_‡K wKQy AevwÂZ e¯‘i †hgbÑ wµ‡qwUwbb I mvgvb¨ BDwiqvi mwµq ¶iY
msNwUZ nq| Gme c`v_© bvwjKvi Pvicv‡ki wUmyïm †_‡K bvwjKvi †fZ‡i wdj‡Uª‡U evwnZ nq Ges cwi‡k‡l Zi‡ji mv‡_ AcmvwiZ
nq| wW÷vj cu¨vPv‡bv bvwjKvq nvB‡Wªv‡Rb, cUvwmqvg I A¨v‡gvwbqvg Avqb ¶wiZ nq| Gfv‡e wZb av‡c Lo e‡Y©i, Zxeª SuvSv‡jv MÜhy³
I A¤agx© Zij g~Î g~Î_wj‡Z Rgv nq|
DwjwLZ ‘A’ A½wU n‡jv e„°| †iP‡b I Am‡gv‡i- ¸‡jk‡b e„‡°i f‚wgKv ¸i“Z¡c~Y©|
†`‡n bvbvwea wecvKxq wµqvi d‡j wewfbœ ai‡bi bvB‡Uªv‡RbNwUZ eR©¨ c`v_© (BDwiqv, A¨v‡gvwbqv) Drcbœ nq| GB me c`v_© †iPb
cÖwµqvq g~‡Îi gva¨‡g †`n †_‡K wb®‹vwkZ K‡i e„°| eR©¨ c`v_© i‡³i gva¨‡g evwnZ n‡q e„‡°i †Mv‡gi“jvm MnŸ‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i Ges
QuvKb c×wZ‡Z c„_K n‡q †evg¨vÝ K¨vcmy‡j Rgv nq| GB cÖwµqvq i³ AvswkK cwimÖ“Z nq| cwimÖ“Z GB Zij †bd«‡bi bvwjKvi ga¨
w`‡q cwievwnZ nIqvi mgq cÖ‡qvRbxq cvwb I Ab¨vb¨ `ªe¨vw` cybt‡kvwlZ nq| Aewkó Zij g~Î iƒ‡c †`‡ni evB‡i †ei n‡q hvq|
e„° Am‡gv‡i¸‡jkb cÖwµqvq †`‡n cvwb I je‡Yi fvimvg¨ i¶v K‡i| GB cÖwµqvq ADH (A¨vw›U WvB BDwiwUK ni‡gvb) AwfmÖewbK
Pv‡ci gva¨‡g cvwb I je‡Yi Nb‡Z¡i mvgë¯’v wbqš¿Y K‡i| †`‡n hw` cvwbi cwigvY ¯^vfvwe‡Ki †P‡q K‡g hvq, Z‡e gw¯—‡®‹i
nvB‡cv_¨vjvgvm Ask †_‡K ADH †ewk ¶wiZ nq| d‡j msMÖvnK bvwjKvi cvwb‡f`¨Zv †e‡o hvq Ges †ewk cwigv‡Y cvwb cybt‡kvwlZ
n‡q †`‡n cvwbi Afve c~iY nq| GB mgq AwZNb g~Î Drcbœ nq| GB cÖwµqvq cvwbi mv‡_ cÖ‡qvRbxq LwbR jeYI cybt‡kvwlZ n‡q
†`‡ni je‡Yi mvg¨Zv iw¶Z nq| Avevi, †`‡n hw` cvwbi cwigvY †e‡o hvq Z‡e, ADH Kg ¶wiZ nq| d‡j msMÖvnx bvjxi †f`¨Zv K‡g
wM‡q Kg cvwb cybt‡kvwlZ nq Ges AwZwi³ cvwb g~‡Îi gva¨‡g †`n †_‡K †ei n‡q hvq|
৪। A¨vwg‡bv GwmW kw³ Drcv`b cÖwµqvq AskMÖnY K‡i| G cÖwµqvq wKQy bvB‡Uªv‡Rb NwUZ †iPb c`v‡_©i m„wó nq| g~Î gvby‡li cÖavb
†iPb c`v_© Ges e„° cÖavb †iPb A½| A½wUi MvVwbK GK‡Ki wPwýZ wPÎ `vI| bvB‡Uªv‡RbNwUZ c`v_©wUi ˆZwi I wb®‹vkb AZxe
Ri“ix we‡klY K‡iv|
উত্তরঃ A½wU n‡jv e„° hvi MvVwbK GKK n‡jv †bd«b| wb‡P †bd«‡bi wPwýZ wPÎ †Ìqv n‡jvÑ
Bdv‡i›U
AvU©vwiIj
A¨vdv‡i›U AvU©vwiIj
†ibvj Kc©vmj †M-
†ibvj K¨vcmyj
v‡gi“jvm wW÷vj cu¨vPv‡bv bvwjKv
cÖw·gvj cu¨vPv‡bv bvwjKv
msMÖvnx bvjx
†nbwji jyc
wbæMvgx evû
wPÎ : †bd«‡bi wPwýZ wPÎ
bvB‡Uªv‡Rb NwUZ eR©¨ c`v_© n‡jv g~Î hv Avgv‡ì †`n n‡Z wb®‹vwkZ nq| Avgv‡ì †`‡ni wewfbœ †Kvl cÖwZwbqZ wbiwew”Qbœfv‡e
Kg©ZricZvq e¨¯—| Rxe‡`‡ni wU‡K _vKvi cÖeYZvq me©`v †Kvl Af¨š—‡i ev †`‡n bvbvwea ivmvqwbK e¯‘ Drcbœ nq Ges †mB mv‡_
wKQy e¯‘ ms‡kwlZ nq| GB AwZcÖ‡qvRbxq fv½v-Movi g‡a¨ wKQy AcÖ‡qvRbxq ev AcRvZ e¯‘ Drcbœ nq| GB AcRvZ e¯‘i g‡a¨ BDwiqv,
BDwiK A¨vwmW cÖf…wZ bvB‡Uªv‡RbRvZ eR©¨ c`v_© g~Îiƒ‡c †`‡ni evB‡i wb¯‹vwkZ nq| GB ai‡bi e¯‘i AvwaK¨ †`‡ni Rb¨ ¶wZKi|
†`‡n Giv †ewk gvÎvq I †ewk¶Y ¯’vqx n‡j kix‡i bvbvwea Amyweav m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i| ZvB †`‡ni cÖ‡qvRbxq e¯‘i Drcv`‡bi ¯^v‡_© GBme
bvB‡Uªv‡RbRvZ `ªe¨ Drcbœ †hgb Ri“ix, wVK †Zgwb GBme e¯‘ †`‡n n‡Z evB‡i wb®‹vkb KivI AZxe Ri“ix|
১।
wPÎ : A wPÎ : B
ÔAÕ wP‡Î cÖvß †ckxKjvi wPÎmn eY©bv Ki| ÒBÓ wPwýZ wPÎwUi mv‡_ †ckx mshy³ †_‡K †`n‡K Pj‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i- e¨vL¨v Ki|
উত্তরঃ 'A' wP‡Î cÖvß †ckx KjvwU n‡jv n„r‡ckx Kjv| wb‡P Gi wPÎmn eY©bv †Ìqv n‡jv
wPÎ : n„r‡ckx
†hme †ckxKjv n„rwc‡Êi cÖvPxi MV‡b Ask †bq Zv‡ì n„`‡ckx e‡j| G¸‡jv A‰bw”QK ai‡bi †ckx Kjv| n„`‡ckx n„rwc‡Êi cÖvPx‡ii
gaëZ©x ¯—i gv‡qvKvwW©qvg MVb K‡i| Gi evB‡i w`‡K GwcKvwW©qvg I †fZ‡ii w`‡K G‡ÛvKvwW©qvg bvgK †hvRK Kjv wbwg©Z AveiY
_v‡K| AwbqZvKvi, j¤^v I kvLv-cÖkvLvhy³ KZ¸‡jv †Kvl ev †ckxZš‘ wb‡q n„`‡ckx MwVZ| †Kvl ev Zš‘¸‡jv ci¯úi hy³ n‡q RvwjKvKvi
MVb m„wó K‡i| †Kvl¸‡jv cÖvq 100 gvB‡µvwgUvi j¤^v Ges cÖvq 15 gvB‡µvwgUvi cÖk¯— nq| G‡ì mvi‡Kv‡jgv AZ¨š— cvZjv| cÖwZwU
†Kv‡li †K›`ªfv‡M GKwU wbDwK¬qvm _v‡K| †Kv‡li Af¨š—‡i mgvš—ivj I j¤^vjw¤^fv‡e mw¾Z AmsL¨ gv‡qvdvBweªj AYym~Î _v‡K|
gv‡qvdvBweª‡ji Mv‡q †WvivKvUv `vM _v‡K| cvkvcvwk Aew¯’Z `ywU †Kv‡li mvi‡Kv‡jgv wgwjZ n‡q PvKwZi g‡Zv MVb K‡i| G‡K
B›UviK¨v‡j‡UW wW¯‹ e‡j|
n„r‡ckxi Aweivg m‡¼vPb-cÖmviY n„rwc‡Ê Q‡›`ve× ms‡KvPb-cÖmviY m„wó K‡i| G‡Z Aweivg n„r¯ú›`‡bi gva¨‡g gvbe‡`‡n Awew”Qbœ
i³ mÂvwiZ nq| G †ckx KLbI Aemv`MÖ ¯’ nq bv|
"B" wPwýZ wPÎwU n‡jv Aw¯’ hv K¼vjZ‡š¿i Ask| GB K¼vjZ‡š¿i wewfbœ As‡ki mv‡_ †ckx mshy³ n‡q †`n‡K Pj‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i|
cÖvYxi ¯’vbvš—‡ii D‡Ï‡k¨ Pjb m¤úbœ nq| gvbe‡`‡ni K¼vj‡ckx Pj‡b AskMÖnY K‡i| Gme †ckxi cÖvš—fvM iƒcvš—wiZ n‡q `„p,
gReyZ I w¯’wZ¯’vcK †UbW‡b cwiYZ nq| †UbWb Øviv nvZ I cv‡qi Aw¯’mg~n G‡K Ac‡ii mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K| d‡j Pj‡bi mgq
Aw¯’¸‡jv wew”Qbœ n‡q hvq bv| wnD‡givm I wdgvi msjMœ evB‡mcm †ckx Pj‡bi mgq nvZ I cv‡qi wbævsk‡K fuvR K‡i| G‡ì †d¬·i
†ckx e‡j| GKB ¯’v‡bi UªvB‡mcm †ckx nvZ I cv‡qi fuvR Kiv wbævsk‡K cÖmvwiZ K‡i c~e©ve¯’vq wdwi‡q †bq| G‡ì G·‡Ubmi †ckx
e‡j| †Wë‡qW †ckx nvZ I cv‡K Wv‡b wKsev ev‡g mivq| G‡ì A¨veWv±i †ckx e‡j| j¨vwUwmgvm †ckx nvZ I cv †K c~e©ve¯’vq
wdwi‡q Av‡b| G‡ì A¨vWv±i †ckx e‡j| Di“i MwU‡qm, nuvUzi †KvqvwWª‡mcm wdgwim, cv‡qi Zjvi †mvwj‡qm Ges Kuv‡ai UªvwcwRqm
†ckx wkw_j n‡q †`n‡K mvg‡bi w`‡K GwM‡q †bq| nuvUzi M¨vmUªK‡bwgqm I cv‡qi Zjvi †mvwj‡qm †ckxi ms‡KvP‡b cv‡qi †Mvovwj
gvwU †_‡K D‡V Av‡m| nuvUzi n¨vgw÷ªs I M¨vmUªK‡bwgqm †ckxi ms‡KvP‡b nuvUz fuvR n‡q cv gvwU †Q‡o P‡j Av‡m| Di“i BwjI‡mvqvm
I †i±i wdgvwim †ckxi ms‡KvP‡b †kÖvwY fuvR nq| Di“i wcwidwg©m †ckx wdgvi‡K Nyivq| G‡ì †iv‡UUi †ckx e‡j|
২। wi·v †_‡K c‡o wM‡q mRx‡ei evg cv‡qi nvo †f‡O †M‡Q Ges †ckxI wQ‡o †M‡Q| Wv³vi Zv‡K cy‡iv Qq gv‡mi wekÖv‡g _vK‡Z
ej‡jb|A½wUi my¶ MVb e¨vL¨v Ki|mgm¨vwU wbivg‡q wK ai‡bi eë¯’v †bqv †h‡Z cv‡i e‡j Zzwg g‡b Ki|
উত্তরঃ DwjwLZ A½wU n‡jv evg cv; hv gvbe K¼vj Z‡š¿i Dcvw½K K¼vj As‡ki cðv`c` Gi GKvsk| D³ A½ ev evg cv Gi MVb
†gvU 30wU Aw¯’ wb‡q MwVZ| G¸‡jv n‡jv- wdgvi GKwU c¨v‡Ujv (GKwU), wUweqv (GKwU) wdeyjv (GKwU), Uvimvj (mvZwU),
†gUvUvimvj (cuvPwU) Ges d¨vjvb‡Rm (†PŠÏwU)| †`Lv hv‡”Q †h G¸‡jv meB wb‡iU Aw¯’| hvi my¶ MvVwbK GKK n‡”Q n¨vfviwmqvb
Zš¿| cÖwZwU n¨vfviwmqvb Zš¿ GKwU n¨vfviwmqvb bvjx, KZ¸‡jv j¨vwgwb, KZ¸‡jv j¨vKzwb, K¨vbvwjKz wb BZ¨vw` wb‡q MwVZ| cÖwZwU
n¨vfviwmqvb Z‡š¿i †K‡›`ª _vKv bvjx‡K n¨vfviwmqvb bvjx e‡j| G bvjxi ga¨ w`‡q wkiv, agbx, jwmKvbvjx I øvqyZš¿ cÖmvwiZ nq|
Aw¯’i g¨vwUª· n¨vfviwmqvb bvjx‡K †K›`ª K‡i 5-15wU ¯—‡i mw¾Z _v‡K| Gme ¯—i‡K j¨vwgwb e‡j| j¨vwgwb mg~‡ni dvKv ¯’v‡b
j¨vKzwb bv‡gi ¶z`ª ¶z`ª dvKv ¯’vb _v‡K| Gme dvKv ¯’v‡b Aw÷ImvBU ev Aw¯’‡Kvl Ae¯’vb K‡i| j¨vKzwbi Pviw`‡K m~¶è, ¶z`ª KZ¸‡jv
K¨vbvwjKzwj bvgK bvwjKv we¯—…Z n‡q j¨vKzwb¸wji g‡a¨ Avš—tms‡hvM ¯’vcb K‡i| Aw¯’i Af¨š—‡i n¨vfviwmqvb bvjx¸‡jv G‡K
Ac‡ii mv‡_ AvovAvwofv‡e bvjx Øviv hy³ _v‡K| Gme AvovAvwo bvjx¸‡jv‡K fKg¨vbm bvjx e‡j| n¨vfviwmqvb Zš¿mg~‡ni Aš—eZ©x
¯’v‡b KwVb g¨vwUª· I Aw÷ImvBU we`¨gvb †_‡K Aw¯’i `„pZv cÖ`vb K‡i|
mgm¨vwU n‡jv Aw¯’ f½| mgm¨vwU wbivg‡q †h ai‡bi eë¯’v †bIqv †h‡Z cv‡i e‡j Avwg g‡b Kwi Zv wb‡P Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv-
hw` Zvr¶wYK †Kvb wec‡ì Avk¼v bv _v‡K Z‡e †ivMx‡K wb‡q †ewk bovPov Kiv hv‡e bv| †ivMx AÁvb n‡q †M‡j wKsev k¦vm Kó _vK‡j
†ivMx‡K nvZ cv cÖmvwiZ K‡i Ggbfv‡e ïB‡q w`‡Z n‡e †hb gv_v ey‡Ki †P‡q mvgvb¨ wb‡P _v‡K| hw` †Kvb ¯’vb w`‡q i³¶iY n‡Z
_v‡K Zvn‡j GwU `ª“Z eÜ Kivi eë¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| cwi®‹vi Kvco w`‡q i³cov ¯’vb †eu‡a w`‡Z n‡e| hw` G¯’vb w`‡q Aw¯’ †ei
n‡q _v‡K Zvn‡j †Rvo †P‡c ai‡Z n‡e| i³ cov eÜ n‡j Kvco e`wj‡q †Wªwms K‡i w`‡Z n‡e| nvZ ev cv‡qi Aw¯’ †f‡½ †M‡j G‡ì
wb‡P evwjk w`‡Z n‡e hv‡Z †ivMx Avivg Abyfe K‡i| evûi †h Aw¯’ †f‡½ †M‡Q †mwU hv‡Z bovPovKi‡Z bv cv‡i †mRb¨ euv‡ki ev Kv‡Vi
ˆZwi cvZ w`‡q PU †eu‡a w`‡Z n‡e| hw` m¤¢e nq Zvn‡j Aw¯’f‡½i ¯’v‡b Kvco w`‡q †cwP‡q eid w`‡q VvÊv ivL‡Z n‡e| G‡Z e¨_v I
†dvjv Kg n‡e| j¶ ivL‡Z n‡e †hb eid mivmwi Z¡‡Ki ms¯ú‡k© bv Av‡m| Wv³v‡ii civgk© Qvov †ivMx‡K †Kvb wKQy LvIqv‡bv ev cvb
Kiv‡bv hv‡e bv| cÖv_wgK wPwKrmv †`qvi ci hZ ZvovZvwo m¤¢e †ivMx‡K wbKU¯’ nvmcvZv‡j ¯’vbvš—i Ki‡Z n‡e|
৩।
fvi
ej dvjµvg
চি‡Î cÖ`wk©Z wjfviwUi Abyiƒc wjfvi Avgv‡ì †`‡ni †Kvb A‡½i mv‡_ wgj enb K‡i Zvi wPÎ AsKb Ki Ges e¨vL¨v Ki|
Avgv‡ì A½ mÂvj‡b wP‡Î cÖ`wk©Z wjfv‡ii f‚wgKv Av‡jvPbv Ki|
উত্তরঃ wP‡Î cÖ`wk©Z wjfviwUi Abyiƒc wjfvi Avgv‡ì †`‡n KbyB Gi mv‡_ wgj enb K‡i hv Z…Zxq †kÖwYi wjfvi| wb‡P †`‡ni nv‡Zi
KbyB‡q Aew¯’Z Z…Zxq †kÖwYi wjfvi Gi e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv-
¯‹¨vcyjv
evB‡mc
UªvB‡mc
wnD‡givm
†iwWqvm fvi
Avjbv
wPÎ: KbyB (Z…Zxq †kÖwYi wjfvi)
Z…Zxq †kÖwYi wjfv‡ii cÖ‡Póv _v‡K wcfU I fvi-Gi gvSLv‡b| G‡¶‡Î KbyB‡q i‡q‡Q wcfU (KbyB -mwÜ), m¤§yL evû n‡”Q wjfvi-evû,
evB‡mcm †cwk cÖ‡Póvi †hvMvb †`q, Avi m¤§yL evû wKsev †Kv‡bv IRb`vi e¯‘mn m¤§yL evû n‡”Q fvi| Z…Zxq †kÖwYi wjfv‡i cÖ‡Póvi
Ae¯’vb fvi I wcf‡Ui gv‡S ejv n‡jI cÖK…Zc‡¶ cÖ‡Póv Avi wcfU Lye KvQvKvwQ Ae¯’vb K‡i| cÖ‡Póvi †P‡q fvi †ewk nIqvq G‡¶‡Î
†Kv‡bv hvwš¿K myweav cvIqv hvq bv| Z‡e evB‡mcm †cwki mvgvb¨ ms‡KvP‡b m¤§yL evû‡Z e„nËi mÂvj‡bi m„wó nq e‡j hvwš¿K AmyweavUzKz
c~iY n‡q hvq| `ª“ZMwZi mÂvjb myweav cvIqv hvq G ai‡bi wjfvi †_‡K|
wP‡Î cÖ`wk©Z wjfviwU n‡jv Z…Zxq †kÖwYi wjfvi hv Avgv‡ì A½ mÂvj‡b ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i|
gvbe‡`‡n we`¨gvb Aw¯’ Ges Aw¯’mwÜ¸‡jv GK‡Î mwÜ Ges Z…Zxq †kÖwYi wjfviZ‡š¿i g‡Zv KvR K‡i| †`‡ni j¤^v Aw¯’¸‡jv wjfv‡ii
KvR Ki‡j Aw¯’mwÜ¸‡jv wjfv‡ii gv‡S d¨vjµvg ev wcf‡Ui KvR K‡i| j¤^v Aw¯’¸‡jv Aw¯’mwÜ‡K †K›`ª K‡i hLb mÂvwjZ nq ZLb
Aw¯’mwÜ d¨vjµvg wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| MwZ AR©‡bi Rb¨ wjfv‡i GKwU we›`y‡Z ej cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq hv‡Z wjfv‡ii wecixZ GKwU we›`y‡Z
fvi ev IRb MÖn‡Yi kw³‡K cÖkwgZ Kiv hvq| wjfv‡ii †h we›`y‡Z ej cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq Zv‡K cÖ‡Póv evû Ges †h we›`y‡K ej cÖkwgZ nq
Zv‡K cÖwZ‡ivax evû e‡j| Aw¯’mwÜi mÂvj‡bi ¶gZv‡K mÂvjb cwimxgv ejv nq| wewfbœ Aw¯’mwÜ wewfbœ gvÎvq mÂvwjZ n‡Z cv‡i|
Aw¯’i MVb, wjMv‡g‡›Ui mvg_©, †ckx I †UbW‡bi wµqvi Dci wbf©i K‡i mÂvjb cwimxgv| mwÜ Ges wjfv‡i we`¨gvb Aw¯’i MVb mivmwi
mÂvjb cwimxgv‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i| †hgb KbyB KL‡bvB 180 †ewk cÖmvwiZ n‡Z cv‡i bv, KviY Avjbv Aw¯’i Awj‡µbb cÖ‡mm wnD‡giv‡mi
Awj‡µbb †dvmv‡Z AvUKv c‡o| mwÜ‡Z ms‡hvMKvwi wjMv‡g›U¸‡jvI mÂvjb cwimxgv wba©vi‡Y f‚wgKv iv‡L| wjMv‡g›U¸‡jv wX‡jXvjv
n‡j Aw¯’¸‡jv hZUv cÖmvwiZ n‡Z cv‡i AvUmvU _vK‡j ZZUv n‡Z cv‡i bv| Aw¯’ msjMœ wewfbœ †UbWb I †cwk mÂvjb cwimxgv‡K
cÖfvweZ K‡i †hgb, KbyB‡qi †¶‡Î G¸‡jv Aw¯’¸‡jv‡K GKwU wbw`©ó w`‡K mÂvwiZ K‡i|
৪।
A B
Aw¯’ n¨vfviwmqvbZš¿
A As‡ki Kvh©vewj e¨vL¨v Ki| B AskwU A As‡ki MVb I Kv‡Ri GKK- Dw³wUi h_v_©Zv g~j¨vqb Ki|
উত্তরঃ DwjwLZ A AskwU n‡jv Aw¯’| wb‡P Gi Kvh©vewj e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv-
Aw¯’ cÖvwY‡`‡ni cÖavb AeKvVv‡gv MVb K‡i Ges cÖvwYi Pj‡b cÖavb f‚wgKv iv‡L| G¸‡jv †`n‡K `„pZv cÖ`vb K‡i Ges Ab¨vb¨
mKj A‡½i fvienb K‡i| mKj †cwk Aw¯’‡Z mshy³ _v‡K A_©vr Aw¯’ †cwki Aej¤^b wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| gw¯—®‹, n„rwcÊ, dzmdzm BZ¨vw`
big A½¸‡jv Aw¯’ wbwg©Z wewfbœ KvVv‡gv Øviv myiw¶Z _v‡K| Giv K¨vjwmqvg I dmdivm RvZxq A‰Re c`v‡_©i fvÊvi wn‡m‡e KvR
K‡i| Giv i³ n‡Z Av‡m©wbK, mxmv RvZxq ¶wZKi eR©¨ mÂq K‡i| Giv Aw¯’g¾v‡K Ave„Z K‡i iv‡L|
B AskwU n¨vfviwmqvbZš¿ hv A Ask A_©vr Aw¯’i MVb I Kv‡Ri GKK| wb‡P Dw³wUi h_v_©Zv g~j¨vqb Kiv n‡jv-
cÖwZwU n¨vfviwmqvbZš¿ GKwU n¨vfviwmqvb bvjx, KZ¸‡jv j¨vwgwb, KZ¸‡jv j¨vKzwb, K¨vbvwjKzwb BZ¨vw` wb‡q MwVZ| cÖwZwU n¨vfviwmqvb
Z‡š¿i †K‡›`ª _vKv bvjx‡K n¨vfviwmqvb bvjx e‡j| G bvjxi ga¨ w`‡q wkiv, agbx, jwmKvbvjx I øvqyZš¿ cÖmvwiZ nq| Aw¯’i g¨vwUª·
n¨vfviwmqvb bvjx‡K †K›`ª K‡i 5-15wU ¯—‡i mw¾Z _v‡K| Gme ¯—i‡K j¨vwgwb e‡j| j¨vwgwb mg~‡ni dvKv ¯’v‡b Aw÷ImvBU ev
Aw¯’‡Kvl Ae¯’vb K‡i| j¨vKzwbi Pviw`‡K m~¶è, ¶z`ª KZ¸‡jv K¨vbvwjKzwj bvgK bvwjKv we¯—…Z n‡q j¨vKzwb¸wji g‡a¨ Avš—tms‡hvM
¯’vcb K‡i| Aw¯’i Af¨š—‡i n¨vfviwmqvb bvjx¸‡jv G‡K Ac‡ii mv‡_ AvovAvwofv‡e bvjx Øviv hy³ _v‡K| Gme AvovAvwo bvjx¸‡jv‡K
fKg¨vbm bvjx e‡j| n¨vfviwmqvb Zš¿mg~‡ni Aš—eZ©x ¯’v‡b KwVb g¨vwUª· I Aw÷ImvBU we`¨gvb †_‡K Aw¯’i `„pZv cÖ`vb K‡i I Aw¯’i
m¤úwK©Z mKj Kv‡R mnvqZv K‡i|
Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K GUv ¯úóB †evSv hvq †h, B Ask A_©vr n¨vfviwmqvbZš¿ A Ask A_©vr Aw¯’i MVb I Kv‡Ri GKK|
৫।
A B
wb‡`©wkZ wPÎ A-Gi MVb I KvR e¨vL¨v Ki| wb‡`©wkZ A I B-Gi g‡a¨ h‡_ó êlg¨ we`¨gvb we‡klY Ki|
উত্তরঃ wb‡`©wkZ wPÎ A n‡jv n„r‡ckx ev KvwW©qvK †ckx|
†hme †cwkKjv n„rwc‡Êi cÖvPxi MV‡b Ask †bq Zv‡ì n„r‡ckx e‡j| G¸‡jv A‰bw”QK ai‡bi †ckx Kjv|
MVb: AwbqZvKvi, j¤^v I kvLv-cÖkvLvhy³ KZ¸‡jv †Kvl ev †cwkZš‘ wb‡q n„r‡ckx MwVZ| †Kvl ev Zš‘¸‡jv ci¯úi hy³ n‡q RvwjKvKvi
MVb m„wó K‡i| †Kvl¸‡jv cÖvq 100 gvB‡µvwgUvi j¤^v Ges cÖvq 15 gvB‡µvwgUvi cÖk¯— nq| G‡ì mvi‡Kv‡jgv (†KvlwSwj) AZ¨š—
cvZjv| cÖwZwU †Kv‡li †K›`ªfv‡M GKwU wbDwK¬qvm _v‡K| †Kv‡li Af¨š—‡i mgvš—ivj I j¤^vjw¤^fv‡e mw¾Z AmsL¨ gv‡qvdvBweªj
AYym~Î _v‡K| gv‡qvdvBweª‡ji Mv‡q †WvivKvUv `vM _v‡K| cvkvcvwk Aew¯’Z `ywU †Kv‡li mvi‡Kv‡jgv wgwjZ n‡q PvKwZi g‡Zv GKwU
wW¯‹ MVb K‡i| G‡K
B›UviK¨v‡j‡UW wW¯‹ e‡j| GwU n„r‡ckxi Ab¨Zg kbv³Kvix êwkó¨|
KvR: n„r‡ckxi Aweivg m‡¼vPb-cÖmviY n„rwc‡Ê Q‡›`ve× m‡¼vPb-cÖmviY m„wó K‡i| G‡Z Aweivg n„r¯ú›`‡bi gva¨‡g gvbe‡`‡n Awew”Qbœ
i³ mÂvwiZ nq| G †ckx KLbI Aemv`MÖ¯’ nq bv|
wb‡`©wkZ A n‡jv n„r‡cwk I B n‡jv A‰bw”QK †cwk| A‰bw”QK †cwk I n„r‡ckxi g‡a¨ h‡_ó êlg¨ we`¨gvb|
A‰bw”QK †cwki gv‡qvdvBweª‡j †Kv‡bv AvovAvwo `vM †`Lv hvq bv, wKš‘ n„`‡cwki gv‡qvdvBweª‡ji Mv‡q AvovAvwo †iLv _v‡K|
A‰bw”QK †cwkKjvi ms‡KvPb I cÖmviY Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e axi MwZm¤úbœ, Aciw`‡K n„`‡cwki ms‡KvPb cÖmviY ¶gZv cwiwgZfv‡e `ª“Z|
n„`‡cwki †Kvl¸‡jvi ms‡hvM¯’‡j †Kvlc`©v Nb mwbœweó n‡q GK ai‡bi AbycÖ¯’ †iLvi m„wó K‡i hv B›UviK¨v‡j‡UW wW¯‹ bv‡g cwiwPZ|
A‰bw”QK †cwk‡Z G ai‡bi †Kv‡bv B›UviK¨v‡j‡UW wW¯‹ _v‡K bv|
৬। A
B
wP‡Îi A As‡ki cÖKvi‡f` Av‡jvPbv Ki| wP‡Îi B As‡k †h Zš¿M‡o D‡V‡Q Zvi mwPÎ eY©bv `vI|
উত্তরঃ A AskwU n‡jv Zi“Yvw¯’| wb‡P wewfbœ cÖKvi Zi“Yvw¯’ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv
nvqvwjb Zi“Yvw¯’: G Zi“Yvw¯’i g¨vwUª· ¯^”Q, `„p, w¯’wZ¯’vcK, bgbxq Ges Zš‘ Qvov| GwU †cwiKbwWªqvg bvgK Zš‘gq Avei‡Y Ave„Z
_v‡K|
Ae¯’vb: ¯—b¨cvqx‡ì bvK, k¦vmbvwj, ck©yKvi cÖvš—fvM, ¯îh‡š¿ _v‡K|
cxZ Zš‘gq Zi“Yvw¯’: G Zi“Yvw¯’i g¨vwUª· A¯^”Q, `„p, w¯’wZ¯’vcK, nvjKv njy`|
Ae¯’vb: wcbv, KÉbvwji Zi“Yvw¯’, BwcMwUm bvwmKvi AMÖfv‡M _v‡K|
†k¦Z Zš‘gq Zi“Yvw¯’: G Zi“Yvw¯’i g¨vwUª‡· cÖPzi m~² †k¦Z Zš‘ _v‡K|
Ae¯’vb: K‡ki“Kv mg~‡ni gaëZ©x ¯’v‡b _v‡K|
Pzbgq ev K¨vjwmdvBW Zi“Yvw¯’: g¨vwUª‡· cÖPzi cwigv‡Y K¨vjwmqvg Kve©‡bU _v‡K d‡j G Zi“Yvw¯’ Nl©Y I PvcRwbZ AvNvZ mn¨ Ki‡Z
m¶g|
wP‡Îi B As‡k †h Zš¿ M‡o D‡V‡Q Zv n‡jv n¨vfviwmqvbZš¿| wb‡P Gi mwPÎ eY©bv †Ìqv n‡jv
wPÎ: n¨vfviwkqvbZš¿
n¨vfviwmqvb Zš¿ Aw¯’i MvVwbK I Kvh©Kwi GKK| GwU GKwU n¨vfviwmqvb bvjx, KZ¸‡jv j¨vwgwj, j¨vKzwb, K¨vbvwjKzwj BZ¨vw` wb‡q
MwVZ| cÖwZwU n¨vfviwmqvb Z‡š¿i †K‡›`ª GKwU bvjx _v‡K| G‡K n¨vfviwmqvb bvjx e‡j| G bvjxi ga¨ w`‡q wkiv, agbx, jwmKvbvjx I
øvqyZš¿ cÖmvwiZ nq| Aw¯’i g¨vwUª· n¨vfviwmqvb bvjx‡K †K›`ª K‡i 5-15wU ¯—‡i mw¾Z _v‡K| Gme ¯—i‡K j¨vwgwj e‡j| j¨v‡gwjmg~‡ni
ms‡hvM¯’‡j j¨vKzwb bv‡gi ¶z`ª ¶z`ª duvKv ¯’vb _v‡K| Gme duvKv ¯’v‡b Aw÷ImvBU ev Aw¯’‡Kvl Ae¯’vb K‡i| j¨vKzbvi PZzw`©‡K m~², ¶z`ª
K¨vbvwjKzwj bvgK KZ¸‡jv bvwjKv we¯—…Z n‡q j¨vKzwb¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Avš—tms‡hvM ¯’vcb K‡i| Aw¯’i Af¨š—‡i n¨vfviwmqvb bvjx¸‡jv
G‡K Ac‡ii mv‡_ AvovAvwo bvjx Øviv hy³ _v‡K| Gme AvovAvwo bvjx¸‡jv‡K fKg¨vbm bvjx e‡j| n¨vfviwmqvb Zš¿mg~‡ni Aš—eZ©x
¯’v‡b KwVb g¨vwUª· I Aw÷ImvBU we`¨gvb †_‡K Aw¯’i `„pZv cÖ`vb K‡i
১। GKwUA½B gvby‡li kÖeY I fvimvg¨ i¶v K‡i| A½wUi wPwýZ wPÎ AsKb Ki। D³ A‡½i gva¨‡g DwjwLZ †KŠkj `ywU we‡klY Ki|
উত্তরঃ Av‡jvwPZ A½wU n‡jv gvby‡li Kvb| wb‡P Kv‡bi wPwýZ wPÎ A¼b Kiv n‡jv
Aa©e„ËvKvi bvwj A¨v¤úyjv
ewntAwWUw
i wgUvm
BbKvm †fw÷ey‡jv
†÷wcm KKwjqvi øvqy
g¨vwjqvm
BDwUªKzjvm
KKwjqv
wcbv wUg‡cwbK m¨vKzjvm
c`©v
†d‡b÷ªv †d‡b÷ªv †ivUvÛv
Ifvwjm BD‡÷wkqvb bvwj
wPÎ : gvby‡li Kv‡bi MVb
A½wU A_©vr Kvb GKB mv‡_ kÖeY I fvimvg¨ wbqš¿Y K‡i| wb‡P Kv‡bi kÖeY I fvimvg¨ i¶vi †KŠkj we‡klY Kiv n‡jv|
kÖeY †KŠkj t kãZi½ wcbvi Øviv M„nxZ n‡q ewntAwWUwi wgUv‡m cÖ‡ek K‡i wUg‡cwbK c`©v‡K AvNvZ K‡i K¤úb m„wó K‡i| G K¤úb
ga¨K‡Y© Aew¯’Z g¨vwjqvm, BbKvm I †÷wcm Aw¯’¸‡jv‡K Av‡›`vwjZ K‡i I h_vµ‡g †d‡b÷ªv Ifvwj‡mi c`©v I Aš—tK‡Y©i KKwjqvi
†cwiwj‡ç Av‡›`vjb m„wó K‡i| †cwiwjç Zi½vwqZ n‡q †imbvi c`©v‡K Av‡›`vwjZ K‡i, hvi d‡j KKwjqv bvwji G‡Ûvwjç Av‡›`vwjZ
nq| G‡Ûvwj‡çi Zi½ †jvg‡Kvl I †ewmjvi c`©vq K¤úb m„wó K‡i hvi Kvi‡Y †UK‡Uvwiqvj Avei‡Yi mv‡_ †jvg‡Kv‡li Nl©Y nq| GB
Nl©‡Yi d‡j †jvg‡Kvl DÏxwcZ nq I øvqy Av‡e‡Mi m„wó K‡i| G Av‡eM AwWUwi øvqyi gva¨‡g gw¯—‡®‹i kÖeY‡K‡›`ª †cuŠQvq Ges gw¯—®‹
k‡ãi cÖK…wZ we‡klY K‡i kÖeY cÖwµqv m¤úbœ K‡i| Gici evwK kã Zi½ †d‡b÷ªv †ivUvÊvi gva¨‡g ga¨K‡Y© G‡m cÖkwgZ n‡q hvq|
fvimvg¨ i¶v †KŠkj:
Aš—tK‡Y©i MV‡b G‡Ûvwj‡ç c~Y© BDwUªKzjvm I m¨vKzjvm m¨vKzjv bvgK GK A½ _v‡K hv CaCO3 mg„× A‡Uvwjw_K †gg‡eª‡b Ave× ms‡e`x
†jvg‡Kvl enb K‡i| gvby‡li gv_v †Kvb GK w`‡K †n‡j †M‡j A‡Uvwjw_K †gg‡eªb †jvg‡Kv‡li Dci Pvc m„wó K‡i| d‡j †jvg‡Kvl
DÏxwcZ nq Ges øvqyi gva¨‡g G Abyf‚wZ gw¯—‡®‹ cvVvq I gv_v‡K mwVK Ae¯’v‡b ivL‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| BDwUªKzjvm I m¨vKzjvm ga¨vKl©Y
kw³i Abyf‚wZ kbv³ K‡i, A_©vr ga¨vKl©Y kw³i Abyf‚wZ msMÖ vnK| Ab¨w`‡K A¨v¤úyjv Nl©‡bi Abyf‚wZ msMÖvnK| GB `yB Abyf‚wZ øvqyi
gva¨‡g AbeiZ gw¯—‡®‹ †cuŠQvq| AZtci gw¯—®‹ Zv we‡klY K‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq eë¯’v MÖnY K‡i| hvi d‡j gvbyl wb‡R‡K †mvRv ivL‡Z
A_©vr fvimvg¨ i¶v Ki‡Z m¶g nq|
২। cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Rb¨ Avgv‡ì †`‡n wKQy ms‡e`x A½ i‡q‡Q| †hgbÑ †PvL, Kvb I bvK BZ¨vw`|A½¸‡jv wKfv‡e
cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM i¶v K‡i Zv D‡jL Ki| wØZxq A½wU kÖeY I fvimvg¨ i¶vq ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i Dw³wU e¨vL¨v
Ki|
উত্তরঃ A½¸‡jv A_©vr †PvL, bvK Ges Kvb h_vµ‡g `k©b, k¦mb, kÖeY Ges fvimvg¨ i¶vi gva¨‡g cwi‡e‡ki m‡½ †hvMv‡hvM i¶v K‡i|
cwi‡e‡ki †Kvb e¯‘ n‡Z AvMZ Av‡jvKiwk¥ hLb †Pv‡Li Dci c‡o ZLb †mB Av‡jv KwY©qv, A¨vKzqvm wnDgvi, †jÝ I wfwUªqvm wnDgv‡ii
ga¨w`‡q †iwUbvq G‡m c‡o| †iwUbvi Dci e¯‘wUi GKwU msw¶ß I Dëv cÖwZwe‡¤î m„wó nq hv gw¯—‡®‹ wM‡q Avevi D‡ë hvq Ges
`k©bvf‚wZi m„wó nq| bv‡Ki bvmvi‡Üªi gva¨‡g 02 Uªvwµqv, eª¼vB n‡q dzmdz‡m †cuŠQvq Avevi dzmdzm n‡Z D‡ëv c‡_ CO2 bvmvi‡Üªi
gva¨‡g †ei nq| Gfv‡e bv‡Ki gva¨‡g k¦mb msNwUZ nq| Avevi cwi‡e‡k m„ó †Kvb kã Kv‡bi wUg‡cwbK c`©vq AvNvZ Ki‡j, K¤ú‡bi
ˆZwi nq| †mB K¤úb ga¨KY©, Aš—tK‡Y©i ga¨ w`‡q wM‡q gw¯—‡®‹i kÖeY‡K‡›`ª †cuŠQvq| Gfv‡eB kÖeY wµqv m¤úv`b nq| Avevi Aš—
tK‡Y©i gva¨‡g cwi‡e‡k gvbyl Zvi wb‡Ri fvimvgÏ i¶v K‡i| ZvB DwjwLZ A½¸‡jv `k©b, kÖeY, fvimvg¨ Ges k¦mb wµqvi gva¨‡gB
gvbyl I cwi‡e‡ki g‡a¨ †hvMv‡hvM i¶v K‡i‡Q|
wØZxq A½wU A_©vr Kvb kÖeY I fvimvg¨ i¶vq ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f‚wgKv iv‡L|
kÖeY Gi †¶‡Î Kv‡bi wcbvq msM„nxZ kãZi½ ewntAwWUwi wgUv‡m cÖ‡ek K‡i wUg‡cwbK c`©v‡K AvNvZ Ki‡j Zv †Ku‡c I‡V| Kuvc‡b
ga¨K‡Y© Aew¯’Z g¨vwjqvm, BbKvm I †÷wcm Aw¯’ 3wU Ggbfv‡e Av‡›`vwjZ nq hvi d‡j cÖ_‡g †d‡b÷ªv Ifvwj‡mi c`©v I c‡i Aš—
tK‡Y©i KKwjqvi †cwiwj‡ç Kuvcb m„wó nq| †cwiwj‡ç Kuvcb n‡j KKwjqvi AM©vb Ae KwU©i ms‡ew` †ivg †Kvl¸‡jv DÏxß n‡q øvqy
Av‡e‡Mi m„wó nq| G Av‡eM AwWUwi øvqyi gva¨‡g Avgv‡ì gw¯—‡®‹i kÖeY‡K‡›`ª evwnZ n‡j Avgiv ïb‡Z cvB| Gici evwK kãZi½
†d‡b÷ªv †ivUvÛv c`©vi gva¨‡g ga¨K‡Y© P‡j Av‡m I cÖkwgZ n‡q hvq|
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`kvq cwiYZ nevi avc
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gyLwee‡ii AveiY, wewfbœ †gŠwLK MÖwš’, wRnŸvi AveiY, cvqyi Af¨š—ixY AveiY, †K¬v‡qKvi Ask, ùv‡Zi Gbv‡gj, mKj ms‡e`x A½
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mewKQy A¯úó ev weK…Z †`Lv, Zxeª Aemv` Abyfe Kiv, wZb gv‡mi AwaK mgq a‡i Aw¯’mwÜ dz‡j hvIqv| wkï‡ì †¶‡Î G †iv‡Mi j¶Y
n‡jv `ª“Z †`‡ni IRb e„w× bv nIqv, nuvU‡Z mgm¨v nIqv, gvbwmK eyw×e„wË †`wi‡Z cÖKvk cvIqv, Kv‡b msµgY, wbD‡gvwbqv I Ubwm‡ji
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kix‡ii wbi‡e HIV evm Ki‡Z cv‡i|
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৩। wbtmš—vb `¤úwZ Avwmd-gxbv| Wv³vwi cix¶vi gva¨‡g gxbvi wKQy kvixwiK mgm¨vi K_v Rvb‡Z †c‡i Zviv Zv‡ì GK Wv³vi
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উত্তরঃ †Kv‡bv `¤úwZ we‡qi ci †Kv‡bv cÖKvi Mf© wb‡ivaK c×wZ Aej¤^b bv K‡i ¯^vfvweK `v¤úZ¨ Rxeb KvUv‡bvi ciI hw` GK ev
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৪।
C AskwUi cwiùzU‡bi mgq å“Y¯—i¸‡jvi †h cwiYwZ N‡U Zv e¨vL¨v K‡iv| cÖ`Ë wPÎwUi C AskwUi cwiùzUb A Ask Qvov m¤¢e
bqwe‡klY K‡iv|
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WvB A·vB‡Wi wewbgq NwU‡q k¦m‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i| å~‡Yi wecvKxq Kv‡R D™¢~Z bvB‡Uªv‡RbRvZ eR©¨ c`v_© Agivi gva¨‡g gvZ…‡`‡n cÖ‡ek
K‡i| Agiv‡Z †øn, MvB‡Kv‡Rb I †jvnv mwÂZ _v‡K hv åƒ‡Yi cwiùzU‡b f‚wgKv iv‡L| GQvovI gvZ…‡`‡ni i‡³ K‡qKwU †iv‡Mi
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A_©vr Agiv Qvov m¤¢e bq|
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evi evi wefvwRZ nq| m„ó †Kvl¸‡jv‡K ¯úvg©v‡Uv‡Mvwbqv e‡j| †Kvl¸‡jv‡Z wWc‡qW (2n) msL¨K †µv‡gv‡mvg _v‡K|
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cwiYZ nq|
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GwmW, cUvwmqvg BZ¨vw` MÖnY Ki‡Q wKbv †mw`‡K we‡kl †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e| Mf©ve¯’vq gv I wkï `y R‡bi Pvwn`vi K_v we‡ePbv K‡i
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Gfv‡eB, AbvMZ mš—v‡bi wbivc` f‚wgô nIqvi Rb¨ gv‡qi hZœ †bqvi welq¸‡jv we‡klfv‡e †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e|
১। gvbe‡`‡n ¯^vfvweK cÖwZi¶vi g‡a¨ Av‡Q Z¡K, k¦mbZ‡š¿i AveiYx c`©v| cvK¯’jxi Gwm‡WI cwicvKZ‡š¿i Dr‡mPK, d¨v‡MvmvBU
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Lv`¨`ª‡eï e¨vK‡Uwiqv aŸs‡m cwicvKbvjxi GwmW I GbRvB‡gi f‚wgKv e¨vL¨v Ki| †`‡n Gw›U‡R‡bi Dci Gw›UewW wµqvkxj Zv we‡k-
lY Ki|
উত্তরঃ Lv`¨`ª‡eï e¨vK‡Uwiqv aŸs‡m cwicvKbvwji GwmW I GbRvBg ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| gvby‡li cvK¯’jxi cÖvPx‡i we`¨gvb
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wgDKvm wbtm„Z nq hv cvK¯’jxi Ab¨vb¨ †Kvl‡K A¤xq cwi‡ek n‡Z i¶v K‡i| cvK¯’jxi jy‡g‡b A‡¤i gvÎv e„w× †c‡j Gi pH Gi gvb
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Salmonella, Proteus BZ¨vw` AYyRxemg~n pH Gi gvb 1  2 Gi g‡a¨ euvP‡Z cv‡i bv wKš‘ pH Gi gvb 4 Gi g‡a¨ n‡j euv‡P|jvjvMÖwš’
wbtm„Z jvB‡mvRvBg GbRvBg gyLwee‡i Lv‡`ï mv‡_ AvMZ e¨vK‡Uwiqv aŸsm K‡i| cÖK…Zc‡¶ e¨vK‡Uwiqv †_‡K i¶v cvIqvi Rb¨B G
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A¤xq cwi‡ek m„wó K‡i|
†`‡n Gw›U‡R‡bi Dci Gw›UewWi wµqvkxjZv we‡klY Kiv n‡jv
†`‡ni †fZ‡i †hme c`v_© ewnivMZ e‡j wPwýZ nq Ges hv‡ì AbycÖ‡e‡ki d‡j †`n AbvµgZvRwbZ mvov †`q, Zv‡ì A¨vw›U‡Rb ev
BwgD‡bv‡Rb e‡j| wnD‡gvivj Abvµg¨Zvi †¶‡Î A¨vw›UewW m„wói gva¨‡g RxevYyi AvµgY cÖwZ‡iv‡ai g~‡j _v‡K A¨vw›U‡Rb A¨vw›UewW
wewµqv| B wj‡çvmvBU KZ©„K A¨vw›UewW ¶iY Abvµg¨ZvRwbZ mvov`v‡bi †hgb GKwU w`K, †Zgwb wewfbœ iKg A¨vw›U‡R‡bi mv‡_ wewfbœ
cÖKvi A¨vw›UewWi wewµqvI RxevYy ev fvBivm Øviv AvµgY cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Aci GKwU wewkó w`K| fvBivm wKsev e¨vK‡Uwiqv RvZxq RxevYy
†Kvb †Kvl‡K Avµg‡Yi c~‡e© Dnviv †cvlK †Kv‡li cvRgvc`©vi Dci Ave× nq| AkÖ“, bv‡Ki cvwb, jvjvim I Ab¨vb¨ †`nZi‡j IgA
_v‡K Ges Dnv msµvgK RxevYyi Mv‡q †h A¨vw›U‡Rb _v‡K Zvi mv‡_ Ave× nq| Gi d‡j A¨vw›UewW Ave„Z RxevYy †cvlK †Kv‡li ms¯ú‡k©
Avm‡Z cv‡i bv| †hme RxevYy IgA Gi cÖwZeÜKZv AwZµg K‡i Kjvi †fZ‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i Dnviv wjç‡bvW I wgD‡Kvmv Kjvq we`¨gvb
IgE Gi ms¯ú‡k© Av‡m| IgE gv÷‡Kv‡li mv‡_ Ave× n‡q Dnv n‡Z wn÷vwgb ¶iY K‡i| wn÷vwg‡bi cÖfv‡e ¯’vwbK wfwË‡Z cÖ`vn wewµqv
ïi“ nq| G Ae¯’vq IgG mieivn nq Ges ¶Z¯’v‡b Kgwc‡g›U wm‡÷gI KvR K‡i| hw` RxevYyi A¨vw›U‡Rb mivmwi T wj‡çvmvBU KZ…©K
wPwýZ bv nq ZLb Dnv g¨v‡µv‡d‡Ri mnvqZvq B wj‡çvmvB‡Ui wbKU Dš§y³ nq| G Ae¯’vq  wj‡çvmvBU A¨vw›U‡R‡bi mv‡_ Ave×
n‡j Dnv A¨vw›UewW ¶iY Ki‡Z _v‡K| A¨vw›UewW¸‡jv RxevYyi Mv‡q A¨vw›U‡R‡bi mv‡_ Ave× n‡q A¨vw›U‡Rb-A¨vw›UewW Kg‡c· MVb
K‡i Ges RxevYy cÖwZ‡ivax wewµqv †`Lvq|
২। A = †`‡n cÖweó fvBivm I e¨vK‡Uwiqv

B = wbDwK¬qvmhy³ i³KwYKv
C = A-Gi cÖwZwµqvq m„ó MvB‡Kv‡cÖvwUb|
wPÎmn ÔCÕ-Gi MVb eY©bv Ki|ÔAÕ aŸs‡m B I C wKfv‡e KvR K‡i Zv Av‡jvPbv Ki|
উত্তরঃ DwjwLZ ÔCÕ nj A¨vw›UewW| wb‡P C-Gi MVb wPÎmn eY©bv Kiv n‡jv
A¨vw›U‡Rb
c¨vivUc
Kâv
fvix k„•Lj
A¨vw›UewW
wPÎ : A¨vw›UewW
mKj ai‡bi A¨vw›UewWi GKwU mvaviY MVb _v‡K| G‡K BwgD‡bv‡MvweDwjbI ejv nq| cÖwZwU BwgD‡bv‡MvweDwjb PviwU cwj‡ccUvBW
wkKj wb‡q MwVZ nq| G‡ì `ywU wkKj ˆ`‡N©¨ †QvU Ges `ywU eo| †QvU I eo AvK…wZi wkKj‡ì h_vµ‡g nvjKv I fvix wkKj ejv nq|
cÖwZwU wkK‡ji `ywU wbw`©ó Ask Av‡Q| GKwU Ask ¯’vqx I AcwieZ©bkxj, G‡ì CL I CH wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv nq| Aci AskwU A¯’vqx
I cwieZ©bkxj, G‡ì VL I VH wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv nq| †QvU I nvjKv cwj‡ccUvBW cÖvq 220 wU A¨vwg‡bv GwmW wb‡q MwVZ| Ab¨w`‡K
eo I fvix¸‡jv‡Z _v‡K 440wU| PviwU cwj‡ccUvBW wkKj ci¯úi WvBmvjdvBW eÜbx Øviv cvkvcvwk hy³ n‡q Y AvK…wZi A¨vw›UewW
m„wó K‡i| Y AvK…wZi A¨vw›UewW AYyi `xN© `ÊvK…wZi AskwU †Kej fvix cwj‡ccUvBW wkK‡ji ¯’vqx Ask Øviv MwVZ hv‡K FC AÂj
e‡j| Aciw`‡K Y Gi cÖmvwiZ `yB evû Dfq ai‡bi cwj‡ccUvBW wkKj Øviv MwVZ nq hv‡K Fab AÂj e‡j| A¨vw›UewWi Y †h Ask
Øviv A¨vw›U‡R‡bi mv‡_ hy³ nq Zv c¨viv‡Uvc bv‡g cwiwPZ|
ÔAÕ n‡jv A¨vw›U‡Rb, B n‡jv †k¦Z i³KwYKv Ges C n‡jv A¨vw›UewW| A A_©vr A¨vw›U‡Rb aŸs‡m B A_©vr †k¦Z i³KwYKv Ges C A_©vr
A¨vw›UewWi KvR wb‡P Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv
gvbe‡`‡n bvbv Dcv‡q RxevYy ev ¶wZKi e¯—y cÖ‡e‡ki gva¨‡g †iv‡Mi msµgY NU‡Z cv‡i| Gme ¶wZKi Dcv`vb ev RxevYyi nvZ †_‡K
†`n‡K i¶vi Rb¨ †k¦Z i³KwYKv I A¨vw›UewW ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f‚wgKv iv‡L| gvbe‡`‡n cÖ‡ekK…Z †h‡Kv‡bv e¯—yi b¨vq RxevYy I Gi
Dcv`vbmg~n i‡³i gva¨‡g mviv †`‡n Qwo‡q hvq| ZvB Gi g‡a¨B RxevYy‡K aŸsm Kivi Rb¨ A¨vw›UewW‡K Kvh©Ki _vK‡Z nq| †`‡ni
†h‡Kv‡bv ¯’v‡b RxevYy msµgY NU‡j i³ cÖev‡ni gva‡g A¨vw›UewW mg~n `ª“Z †m ¯’v‡b †cuŠQv‡Z cv‡i I RxevYy‡K aŸsm ev AKvh©Ki
Ki‡Z cv‡i| A¨vw›UewWi cÖfv‡e i‡³i †k¦ZKwYKv d¨v‡MvmvB‡Uvwmm cÖwµqvq RxevYy‡K MÖvm K‡i AKvh©Ki K‡i| g‡bvmvBU I wbD‡Uªvwdj
d¨v‡MvmvB‡Uvwmm cÖwµqvq RxevYy f¶Y K‡i| wj‡çvmvBUmg~n A¨vw›UewW m„wó K‡i †ivM cÖwZ‡iva K‡i| `vbv`vi †k¦Z KwYKv A_©vr
†e‡mvwdj, BIwm‡bvwdj I wbD‡Uªvwdj wn÷vwgb m„wó K‡i †`‡ni †ivM cÖw Z‡iva ¶gZv evovq| wbD‡Uªvwd‡ji welv³ `vbv RxevYy aŸsm
K‡i| BIwm‡bvwdj i‡³ cÖ‡ekK…Z K…wgi jvfv I A¨vjvwR©K A¨vw›UewW aŸsm K‡i| GQvov wj‡çvmvBU ai‡bi †k¦Zi³KwYKv cvRgv‡Kvl
ˆZwii gva¨‡g RxevYy aŸsm K‡i Ges GB RxevYy aŸs‡mi ¯§„wZ Gi g‡a¨ Rgv K‡i iv‡L hv ¯§„wZ‡Kvl wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| A_©vr cieZ©x‡Z
Giƒc RxevYy ev A¨vw›U‡Rb †`‡n cÖ‡ek Ki‡j ¯§„wZ‡Kvl¸‡jv G¸‡jv‡K `ª“Z kbv³KiY I aŸsm Kivi cvkvcvwk i³ msen‡bi gva¨‡g
RxevYyi AvMgb evZ©v cy‡iv †`‡n Qwo‡q †`q hv‡Z A¨vw›UewWmn G‡Z mvov †`q| Gfv‡eB †`‡n cÖweó fvBivm ev e¨vK‡Uwiqv avs‡m
A¨vw›U‡Rb, †k¦Z i³KwYKv Ges A¨vw›UewW we‡kl f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i|
৩। Z¡K gvbe‡`‡ni cÖv_wgK cÖwZi¶v ¯—i| wKš‘ RxevYy kix‡i cÖ‡ek Ki‡j g¨v‡µv‡dR, wbD‡Uªvwdj RxevYy f¶Y K‡i
GKwU we‡kl cÖwµqvq| Avevi kix‡i A¨vw›U‡Rb cÖ‡ek Ki‡j Zv cÖwZ‡iva Kivi Rb¨ †cÖvwUb RvZxq GK ai‡bi e¯‘ Drcbœ nq|
DwjwLZ cÖwµqvwU eY©bv Ki|
উত্তরঃ DwjwLZ cÖwµqvwU n‡jv d¨v‡MvmvB‡Uvwmm|
†h cÖwµqvq g¨v‡µv‡dR †Kvl ¶Yc‡ì g‡Zv MVb m„wó K‡i RxevYy‡K wN‡i a‡i GKwU MnŸ‡i Ave× K‡i †d‡j Ges RxevYy‡K aŸsm K‡i
Zv‡K d¨v‡MvmvB‡Uvwmm e‡j| DÏxc‡K DwjwLZ i‡³i †k¦ZKwYKv ev g¨v‡µv‡d‡Ri RxevYy aŸs‡mi GB cÖwµqv‡KB †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
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wN‡i a‡i GKwU MnŸ‡i Ave× K‡i †d‡j| G MnŸi d¨v‡Mv‡mvg bv‡g cwiwPZ| d¨v‡Mv‡mvg cieZ©x‡Z †Kv‡li jvB‡mv‡mv‡gi mv‡_ GKxf‚Z
n‡q hvq| d‡j jvB‡mv‡mv‡gi GbRvBg d¨v‡Mv‡mv‡gi mv‡_ wg‡k wM‡q d¨v‡MvjvB‡mv‡mvg MVb K‡i| G‡Z K‡i jvB‡mv‡mv‡gi RxevYy
weaŸsmx GbRvBg Ave× e¨vK‡Uwiqv‡K †g‡i †dj‡Z cv‡i| Gfv‡eB DÏxc‡K DwjwLZ d¨v‡MvmvB‡Uvwmm cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g †`‡n cÖ‡ekK…Z
¶wZKi RxevYy aŸsm nq|
৪।
Òf¨vw·b cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g DÏxc‡Ki MVbwU ˆZwi K‡i wewfbœ †ivM †_‡K i¶v cvIqv m¤¢eÓ Dw³wUi h_v_©Zv wbiƒcY Ki|
উত্তরঃ MVbwU n‡jv GKwU Av`k© A¨vw›UewW MVb| f¨vw·b cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g A¨vw›UewW ˆZwi K‡i wewfbœ †ivM †hgb nvg, ûwcs Kvwk,
†cvwjI, UvBd‡qW, wWc‡_wiqv BZ¨vw` †_‡K i¶v cvIqv hvq| KviY, f¨vw·b cÖ‡qv‡Mi d‡j kix‡i A¨vw›UewW ˆZwi nq Ges AvRxeb
†`‡nB †_‡K hvq| Avi A¨vw›UewWi KvR n‡jv †`‡ni cÖwZi¶v A_©vr RxevYy aŸsm Kiv| f¨vw·b cÖ‡qv‡Mi d‡j ˆZwi A¨vw›UewWi
cwieZ©bkxj As‡k ÒjK GÛ KxÓ c×wZ‡Z AvU‡K A¨vw›UewWA¨vw›U‡Rb Kg‡c· ˆZwi K‡i| Gfv‡e m„ó AmsL¨ Kg‡c· cyÄxf‚Z n‡q
Ab¨vb¨ A¨vw›UewWi Avµg‡Yi wkKvi nq, d‡j gvbe‡`n cÖwZi¶v mPj _v‡K| A¨vw›UewW `ªeYxq A¨vw›U‡R‡bi mv‡_ wg‡j eo eo KYvq
cwiYZ I Aatw¶ß nq| hv mn‡RB g¨v‡µv‡d‡Ri wkKv‡i cwiYZ nq| †`‡n AbycÖ‡ewkZ RxevYy welv³ c`v_© ˆZwi K‡i| A¨vw›UewW Gme
c`v‡_©i mv‡_ hy³ n‡q welv³gqZv‡K wbw¯µq K‡i †`q| RxevYyi Mv‡q †hLv‡b A¨vw›UewW¸‡jv hy ³ nq †mLv‡b wKQy †cÖvwUb GbRvBg Rgv
nq| GbRvB‡gi Kg©Kv‡Ê RxevYy wewkó n‡q aŸsm nq|
Avi Gfv‡eB f¨vw·b cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g A¨vw›UewW ˆZwi K‡i wewfbœ †ivM †_‡K i¶v cvIqv m¤¢e|
১। cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI:

♀mv`v †jMnb© ♂ IqvBb WU

(F1)

(F2)
F1 G †h is cvIqv †Mj Zvi KviY e¨vL¨v Ki| F2 Rby‡Z †Kb iwOb is cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q Zv h_vh_ g~j¨vqb Ki|
উত্তরঃ GKwU wRb hLb Ab¨ GKwU bb-A¨vjxwjK wR‡bi Kvh©KvwiZv cÖKv‡k evav †`q ZLb G cÖwµqv‡K Gwc÷¨vwmm e‡j| aiv hvK,
mv`v †jMn‡b©i iwOb cvj‡Ki Rb¨ `vqx cÖKU wRb = C Ges mv`v †jMn‡b©i iwOb cvj‡Ki evav `vbKvix wRb = I.
AZGe, mv`v †jMn‡b©i wR‡bvUvBc CCII Ges mv`v IqvBb W‡Ui wR‡bvUvBc ccii
G‡¶‡Î C n‡”Q cÖKU nvB‡cv÷¨vwUK wRb Ges I cÖKU Gwc÷¨vwUK wRb|
wcZvgvZv P1 : ♂ mv`v †jMnb© X ♀ mv`v IqvBbWU
wR‡bvUvBc  CCII ccii
M¨v‡gU  CI CI ci ci
F1 Ryb  CcIi CcIi CcIi CcIi

wd‡bvUvBc  me¸‡jv mv`v
Dchy©³ µ‡mi djvdj †_‡K †`Lv hvq †h, F1 Rbyi cÖ‡Z¨K kve‡Ki wR‡bvUvB‡c evav`vbKvix I Gwc÷¨vwUK cÖKU wRb _vKvi Kvi‡Y
cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki wd‡bvUvBc mv`v n‡q‡Q |
mv`v †jMnb© I mv`v IqBbWU †gviM-gyiwMi µ‡m cÖvß F1 Rbyi †gviM-gyiwMi g‡a¨ µm NwU‡q †`Lv hvq †h, F2 Rby‡Z mv`v I iwOb Dfq
ai‡bi kve‡KiB Avwef©ve N‡U hv DÏxc‡K †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
wb‡P †PKvi †ev‡W©i gva¨‡g F1 Rbyi g‡a¨ µ‡m cÖvß F2 Rbyi djvdj †`Lv‡bv n‡jv :
F1 Rbyi g‡a¨ µm, : ♂ CcIi mv`v  ♀ CcIi mv`v
F2 Rby M¨v‡gU 
CI Ci cI ci CI Ci cI ci
♀ M¨v‡gU CI Ci cI ci
♂ M¨v‡gU
CCII CCIi CcII CcIi
CI
mv`v mv`v mv`v mv`v
CCIi CCii CcIi Ccii
Ci
mv`v iwOb mv`v iwOb
CcII CcIi ccII ccIi
cI mv`v mv`v mv`v mv`v
CcIi Ccii ccIi ccii
ci mv`v iwOb mv`v mv`v
†PKvi †ev‡W© †`Lv hvq †h, I wRb Gi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z C wRb KZ…©K iwOb cvjK cÖKvk cvq bv| †Kej I wRb Gi Abycw¯’wZ‡ZB wR‡bi iwOb
êwk‡óï cÖKvk N‡U| d‡j wd‡bvUvBwcK AbycvZ 13 (mv`v) : 3 (iwOb) nq|
Kv‡RB, F2 Rby‡Z wZbwU †¶‡Î Gwc÷¨vwUK ev evav`vbKvix wRb cÖKU I bv _vKvq iwOb cvj‡Ki iO cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q|
২। eY©vÜZv GKwU wj½ RwoZ †ivM| Gi †Kvb wPwKrmv †bB Ges gwnjv‡ì Zzjbvq cyi“livB †ekx Avµvš— nq|
ewY©Z-wj½ RwoZ †ivMwUi wRbZvwË¡K e¨vL¨v `vI| wRbZvwZ¡K e¨vL¨vi mvnv‡h¨ eY©bv Ki gwnjv‡ì Zzjbvq cyi“livB †ekx eY©vÜ nq
উত্তরঃ ewY©Z wj½ RwoZ †ivMwU n‡jv eY©vÜZv| Gi wRbZvwË¡K e¨vL¨v †Ìqv n‡jv:
gvby‡li X †µv‡gv‡mv‡g we`¨gvb GKwU cÖ”Qbœ wRb Øviv eY©vÜZv wbqwš¿Z nq| cyi“‡li X †µv‡gv‡mv‡g eY©v‡Üi wRb _vK‡jB Dnv cÖKvwkZ
n‡e| wKš‘ cÖ”Qbœ cÖK…wZi nIqvq gwnjv‡ì †¶‡Î †Kej †nv‡gvRvBMvm Ae¯’vq eY©vÜ wR‡bi ewntcÖKvk N‡U| `„wói ¯^vfvweK wRb X+ Ges
eY©vÜZvi wRb Xc n‡j gvby‡li `„wókw³i wR‡bvUvBc wbæwjwLZfv‡e cÖKvk Kiv hvq|
i. ¯^vfvweK `„wói cyi“l- X+y
ii eY©vÜ cyi“l Xcy
iii. ¯^vfvweK `„wói gwnjv X+X+
iv. evnK gwnjv X+Xc
v. eY©vÜ gwnjv XcXc
eY©vÜ cyi“l I ¯^vfvweK `„wóm¤úbœ bvixi g‡a¨ we‡q n‡j F1 Rbyi cyÎ ev Kb¨v mevB ¯^vfvweK `„wóm¤úbœ n‡jI Kb¨v‡ì mevB n‡e wR‡bi
evnK Ges cieZ©x es‡ki A‡a©‡K G wRb mÂvwiZ n‡e|
wcZv-gvZv (P1) t wd‡bvUvBc  eY©vÜcyi“l  ¯^vfvweK bvix
wR‡bvUvBc  XcY X+X+
M¨v‡gU 
F1 Rby t wR‡bvUvBc  XcX+ XcX+ X+Y X+Y

wd‡bvUvB  eY©vÜevnK Kb¨v ¯^vfvweK cyÎ
F1 Rbyi mš—vb‡ì Abyiƒc wR‡bvUvBcavix (KviY gvby‡l fvB-†ev‡bi we‡q nq bv) ¯^vfvweK `„wó m¤úbœ cyi“‡li mv‡_ eY©vÜevnK gwnjvi
we‡q n‡j H gwnjvi Pvi mš—v‡bi g‡a¨ `yRb ¯^vfvweK `„wó m¤úbœ Kb¨v (G‡ì g‡a¨ GK Kb¨v eY©vÜZvi evnK), GKRb ¯^vfvweK `„wó
m¤úbœ cyÎ Ges GKRb eY©vÜ cyÎ Rš§ jvf Ki‡e|
wcZv-gvZv P2 t wd‡bvUvBc ¯^vfvweK cyi“l  eY©vÜevnK gwnjv
wR‡bvUvBc  X+Y X+Xc
M¨v‡gU X+ Y X+ Xc
cysM¨v‡gU ♂
X+ Y
¯¿xM¨v‡gU ♀
X+ X+ X+ X+ Y
¯^vfvweK Kb¨v ¯^vfvweK cyÎ
X+ Xc Xc Y
F1 Rby t  Xc
eY©vÜevnK Kb¨v eY©vÜ cyÎ
gvby‡li ¯^vfvweK `„wói wRb X+ Ges eY©vÜZvi wRb Xc| Zvn‡j eY©vÜ wcZvi wR‡bvUvBc n‡e XcY| G eY©vÜ wcZv †_‡K Xc wRb mKj
Kb¨v mš—v‡b mÂvwiZ n‡e Ges G‡Z mKj Kb¨v ¯^vfvweK `„wó m¤úbœ n‡jI Giv cÖK…Zc‡¶ eY©vÜZvi wRb enb Ki‡e| A_©vr mKj Kb¨vB
evnK cÖK…wZi X+Xc wR‡bvUvBc wewkó n‡e| eY©vÜ wcZv †_‡K Xc wRb KL‡bvB cyÎ mš—v‡b mÂvwiZ nq bv GRb¨ eY©vÜ wcZvi cyÎ mš—
vb ¯^vfvweK `„wó m¤úbœ n‡e Ges Zvi wR‡bvUvBc Aek¨B XcY n‡e| Ges X+Xc wR‡bvUvBc wewkó evnK †g‡qi mv‡_ XcY wR‡bvUvBc
wewkó †Q‡ji we‡q n‡jt
wcZvgvZvi wd‡bvUvBc  ¯^vfvweK †Q‡j  evnK †g‡q
wcZvgvZvi wR‡bvUvBc  X+Y X+Xc
M¨vwgU  X+
Y X+ Xc
mš—v‡bi wR‡bvUvBc X+X+ X+Xc X+Y XcY

mš—v‡bi wd‡bvUvBc ¯^vfvweK evnK ¯^vfvweK eY©vÜ
 Kb¨v Kb¨v cyÎ cyÎ
myZivs †`Lv hvq gwnjv‡ì Zzjbvq cyi“liv †ewk eY©vÜ nq| Gi cÖK…Z KviY n‡jv
1| cÖ”Qbœ cÖK…wZi nIqvq gwnjv‡ì †¶‡Î †Kej †nvgvRvBMvm Ae¯’vq (XcXc) eY©vÜ wR‡bi ewntcÖKvk N‡U| wKš‘ cyi“‡li X †µv‡gv‡mv‡g
eY©v‡Üi wRb _vK‡jB (XcY) Dnv cÖKvwkZ n‡e|
2| hw` †Kvb gwnjv wcZv ev gvZv GKR‡bi wbKU †_‡K eY©vÜZvi cÖ”Qbœ (Xc) Ges Ab¨R‡bi wbKU †_‡K ¯^vfvweK cÖKU wRb (Xc) cvq
Zvn‡j †m †nUv‡ivRvBMvm Ae¯’v (XcXc) jvf K‡i Ges Giv eY©vÜZvi wR‡bi evnK nq| evnK gwnjviv eY©vÜ nq bv| cyi“‡li †¶‡Î
evnK nIqvi †Kvb my‡hvM †bB|
wb‡æ wewfbœ ai‡bi wcZv-gvZvi cyÎ I Kb¨vi
eY©vÜZvi ZvwjKv †`qv nj:
c¨v‡i›U Kb¨v cyÎ

gvZv wcZv ¯^vfvweK evnK eY©vÜ ¯^vfvweK eY©vÜ
1| ¯^vfvweK eY©vÜ  100%  100%
2| evnK ¯^vfvweK 50% 50%  50% 50%
3| eY©vÜ ¯^vfvweK  100%   100%
4| evnK eY©vÜ  50% 50% 50% 50%
৩। ¯^vfvweKgv-evevi mš—vb nvwdR gyKewai|NUbvwUi wRbZvwË¡K e¨vL¨v `vI|

উত্তরঃ nvwd‡Ri mš—vb gyKewai bv nIqvi Rb¨ Kx eë¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i e¨vL¨v Ki|
D‡jwLZ n‡q‡Q ¯^vfvweK gv-evevi mš—vb nvwdR g~K I ewai| g~jZ GwU GKwU wRbZvwË¡K NUbv Ges ˆØZ cÖ”Qbœ Gwc÷¨vwmm wR‡bi
Kvi‡Y GgbwU nq| aiv hvK, d I e `yBwU cÖ”Qbœ wRb|
nvwd‡Ri wcZv-gvZvi g‡a¨ µmt
♂ ¯^vfvweK evK-kÖeY¶g  ♀ ¯^vfvweK evK-kÖeY¶g
wR‡bvUvBc  DdEe DdEe
M¨v‡gU  DE De dE de  DE De dE de
cysM¨v‡gU ♂
DE De dE de
¯¿xM¨v‡gU ♀
DDEE DDEe DdEE DdEe
DE
¯^vfvweK ¯^vfvweK ¯^vfvweK ¯^vfvweK
F1 Rby t  DDEe DDee DdEe Ddee
De ¯^vfvweK gyKewai ¯^vfvweK gyKewai
DdEE DdEe ddEE deEe
dE ¯^vfvweK ¯^vfvweK gyKewai gyKewai
DdEe Ddee ddEe ddee
de ¯^vfvweK gyKewai gyKewai gyKewai
myZivs ¯^vfvweK evK-kÖeY¶g c“i“l (DdEe) I gwnjv (DdEe) Gi g‡a¨ wgjb n‡j ¯^vfvweK Ges g~K I ewai Dfq ai‡bi mš—v‡bi
Rš§ n‡e| Kv‡RB ejv hvq nvwd‡Ri wcZvgvZvi g‡a¨ ˆØZ cÖ”Qbœ Gwc÷¨vwmm wRb d I e †nvgvRvBMvm Ae¯’vq wQj bv| wKš‘ nvwd‡Ri
g‡a¨ Giv †nvgvRvBMvm Ae¯’vq Av‡Q ZvB nvwdR gyK I ewai n‡q‡Q|
nvwd‡Ri wR‡bvUvBc n‡jv DDee| Zvn‡j mKj mš—vb ¯^vfvweK nIqvi Rb¨ nvwd‡Ri ¯¿x‡K DDEE wR‡bvUvBcavix n‡Z n‡e| wb‡P Gi
wRbZvwZ¡K e¨vL¨v †Ìqv n‡jv|
nvwdR (g~K I ewai) ♂  nvwd‡Ri ¯¿x (¯^vfvweK)♀
wR‡bvUvBc DDee DDEE
M¨v‡gU De DE
eskai DDEe
¯^vfvweK mš—vb
myZivs Dc‡iv³ µm †_‡K †`Lv hvq nvwdR †_‡K AvMZ M¨v‡gU De hvi mv‡_ DE M¨v‡g‡Ui wgj‡b ¯^vfvweK mš—vb Drcv`b m¤¢e hv
cieZ©x eska‡i mÂvwiZ n‡e| GKBfv‡e hw` nvwd‡Ri ¯¿xi
wR‡bvUvBc DdEE n‡Zv Zvn‡jI GKwU M¨v‡gU dE nvwd‡Ri De M¨v‡g‡Ui mv‡_ µm Ki‡j ¯^vfvweK mš—vb Rš§ wb‡e|
nvwdR (g~K I ewai) ♂  nvwd‡Ri ¯¿x (¯^vfvweK) ♀

wR‡bvUvBc DDee DdEE
M¨v‡gU De De DE dE
DDEe DdEe DDEe DdEe

eskai  mKj mš—vb ¯^vfvweK|
ZvB gyKewai mš—vb bv nIqvi R‡b¨ nvwdR DDEE (¯^vfvweK) ev ddEE (¯^vfvweK) wR‡bvUvBcavix gwnjv‡K we‡q Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
৪। M‡elYvMv‡i Kv‡jv I mv`v Bu`y‡ii g‡a¨ µm NwU‡q †`Lv †Mj Zv‡ì mš—vb‡ì 25% å“Yve¯’vqB gviv hvq| weÁvbx Zvi e¨vL¨vq
ej‡jb, GwU we‡kl GK ai‡bi wRb Gi Kvi‡Y N‡U| Bu`y‡ii g‡a¨ D‡jwLZ we‡kl wRb bv _vK‡j F2 Rbyi djvdj Kx n‡e e¨vL¨v Ki|
we‡kl wRbhy³ Bu`y‡ii F2 Rbyi AbycvZ e¨vL¨v Ki|
উত্তরঃ Kv‡jv I mv`v Bu`y‡ii g‡a¨ D‡jwLZ we‡kl wRbwU n‡jv wj_vj wRb| GB wR‡bi Dcw¯’wZi Rb¨ Kv‡jv I mv`v Bu`y‡ii g‡a¨ µm
NUv‡j Zv‡ì mš—vb‡ì 25% åƒYve¯’vq gviv hvq| Bu`y‡ii g‡a¨ wj_vj wRb bv _vK‡j F1 Rbyi djvdj †g‡Û‡ji 1g m~Î‡K mg_©b
Ki‡e|
aiv hvK,
Bu`y‡ii Kv‡jv is Gi Rb¨ `vqx wRb = B
Bu`y‡ii mv`v is Gi Rb¨ `vqx wRb = W
wcZvgvZv : wd‡bvUvBc  ♂ Kv‡jv  ♀ mv`v
wR‡bvUvBc  BB WW
M¨v‡gU  B W
F1 Rby : wR‡bvUvBc  BW
wd‡bvUvBc  me Bu`yi Kv‡jv
F1Rbyi Bu`y‡i µm : wd‡bvUvBc  ♂ msKi Kv‡jv + ♀ msKi
Kv‡jv wR‡bvUvBc  BW BW
M¨v‡gU  B W B W
♀M¨v‡gU
♂M¨v‡gU B W
B BB (Kv‡jv) BW (Kv‡jv)
W BW (Kv‡jv) WW (mv`v)
 F2 Rby‡Z Bu`y‡ii Kv‡jv I mv`v is Gi AbycvZ h_vµ‡g 3 : 1|

M‡elYvMv‡i Kv‡jv Bu`y‡ii gv‡S µm NwU‡q †`Lv hvq †h, Zv‡ì mš—vb‡ì 25% åƒYve¯’vB gviv hvq| Avi GUv nq wj_vj ev NvZK wRb
bvgK GK ai‡bi we‡kl wRb Gi Kvi‡Y| GB wR‡bi Dcw¯’wZi Kvi‡Y Bu`y‡ii g‡a¨ µm NUv‡j G‡ì wd‡bvUvBwcK AbycvZ 3 : 1 Gi
cwie‡Z© 2 : 1 nq|
awi,
Kv‡jv Bu`y‡ii Rb¨ `vqx cÖKU wRb = AB
mv`v Bu`y‡ii Rb¨ `vqx cÖKU wRb = W
wcZvgvZv : wd‡bvUvBc  ♂ Kv‡jv Bu`yi  ♀ mv`v Bu`yi
wR‡bvUvBc  ABW ABW
M¨v‡gU 
F2 Rby :
♀ M¨v‡gU AB W
♂M¨v‡gU
AB ABAB (g„Z) ABW (Kv‡jv)

W ABW (Kv‡jv) WW (mv`v)
 DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K wj_vj wRb hy³ Bu`y‡ii F2 Rbyi AbycvZ h_vµ‡g 2 : 1|
১। বি‡Îi cix¶YwU eY©bv K‡iv| wP‡Îi cix¶YwU Øviv cÖvwYi AvPi‡Yi †Kvb welqwU wb‡`©k Kiv n‡q‡Q? e¨vL¨v K‡iv|
উত্তরঃ wP‡Îi cix¶vwU KzKz‡ii jvjvi cÖwZeZ©x wµqv| c¨vfjf 1891 mvj †_‡K 1900 mvj ch©š— G hyMvš—Kvix M‡elYvwU m¤úbœ
K‡ib| DÏxc‡Ki wPÎ Abyhvqx GKwU KzKzi‡K cÖwZw`b GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡q Lvevi w`‡Z n‡e| IB mgq KzKz‡ii jvjv wbtmiY n‡e| c‡i
Lvevi †èvi mgq GKwU NÈv evRv‡Z n‡e| K‡qK w`b Abykxj‡bi ci wbw`©ó mg‡q Lvevi †`qvi cwie‡Z© †Kej NÈv aŸwb evRv‡jB
KzKziwU eyS‡e GLb Zv‡K Lvevi †`qv n‡e Ges NÈvi kã ïb‡jB Zvi gyL †_‡K jvjv wbtm„Z n‡e| G e¨vcviwU kvixiwe`¨v Avi
g‡bvweÁv‡bi mswgkÖY| G M‡elYvi Kvi‡Y c¨vfjf‡K 1904 mv‡j wPwKrmv weÁv‡bi †bv‡ej cyi®‹vi cÖ`vb Kiv nq|
wPÎwU Øviv cÖvYxi cÖwZeZ©x wµqv welqwU wb‡`©k Kiv n‡q‡Q| ¯^bvgab¨ ivwkqvb kvixiwe` AvBfvb wc‡ÎvwfP c¨vfjf Gi Ab¨Zg
M‡elYvK‡g©i welq wQj i³Pvc wbqš¿‡Y f¨vMvm øvqyi cÖfve AZ¨waK| NÈv aŸwbi mv‡_ KzKz‡ii jvjv wbtmiY msµvš— Zvi cix¶v wkLb
AvPi‡Yi GK we¯§qKi NUbv|
G gZev‡ì g~j K_v n‡jv- c~‡e© †h cÖwZwµqvwU GKwU ¯^vfvweK DÏxcK Øviv m„wó n‡Zv, ¯^vfvweK DÏxc‡Ki mv‡_ GKwU mv‡c¶ Ry‡o †Ìqvi
d‡j mv‡c¶ DÏxcKwUI IB cÖwZwµqv m„wó Ki‡Z m¶g nq|
weÁvbx c¨vfjf KzKz‡ii jvjvi cÖwZeZ©x wµqvi gva¨‡g mv‡c¶ cÖwZe‡Z©i GKwU my›ì D`vniY e¨vL¨v K‡i‡Qb| wZwb GKwU KzKzi‡K cÖZ¨n
wbw`©ó mg‡q Lvevi w`‡Zb| IB mgq KzKz‡ii jvjv wbtmiY n‡Zv| c‡i wZwb Lvevi †Ìqvi mgq GKwU NÈv evRv‡Zb| K‡qKw`b
Abykxj‡bi ci wZwb wbw`©ó mg‡q Lvevi †Ìqvi cwie‡Z© †Kej NÈvaŸwb ïbv‡Zb| Zv‡ZI KzKziwUi jvjv wbtmiY n‡Z †`Lv †Mj| GLv‡b
NÈvaŸwb †kvbv m‡Ë¡I KzKz‡ii cÖwZeZ© N‡U‡Q, d‡j jvjv¶iY n‡q‡Q| G cÖKvi cÖwZeZ© wµqv mv‡c¶ ev kZ©v‡c¶ cÖwZeZ©x wµqvi
D`vniY| GiKg wbw`©ó mg‡q Lv`¨MÖnY, Nygv‡bv, gjZ¨vM BZ¨vw` mv‡c¶ ev AwR©Z cÖwZeZ©x wµqvi D`vniY| mvK©v‡m Avgiv †h `wo ev
wis Gi †Ljv †`wL G¸‡jv evievi Af¨vm ev Abykxj‡bi Øviv AvqË Kiv n‡q‡Q| G¸‡jvI GK cÖKv‡ii mv‡c¶ cÖwZeZ© wµqv|
২। Kbv Zv‡ì evwoi DVv‡b e‡mwQj| †m j¶ Kij Zvi cvk w`‡q GK`j wcucov mvwi‡eu‡a PjvPj Ki‡Q| †m †`Lj wcucov¸‡jv Lvevi
msMÖn K‡i M‡Z© wb‡q hv‡”Q| Kbv GKwU KvwV w`‡q wcucovi Pjvi c‡_ euvav m„wó Kij, G‡Z wcucov¸‡jv Zv‡ì PjvPj _vwg‡q w`j Ges
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†m cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ wb‡R‡ì Lvc LvB‡q †bq| D‡jL¨ †h, DÏxc‡Ki Kbv wcucovi MwZc‡_ evav m„wó K‡i| ZLb wcucov¸‡jv Zv‡ì
PjvPj _vwg‡q w`‡q wKQy¶Y ci Ab¨ c_ w`‡q Zv‡ì Mš—e¨¯’‡j hvÎv ïi“ K‡i|hv cÖwZK‚j cwi‡e‡k cÖvYxi Lvc LvB‡q †bIqv mnRvZ
AvPiY wb‡`©k K‡i| cwi‡e‡ki cwieZ©b mnRvZ AvPiY‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i| Lv`¨ msMÖ‡ni †¶‡Î cÖvYxiv `~‡h©v‡Mi wPš—v K‡i| H mg‡qi
Rb¨ Lv`¨ msMÖn K‡i hv cÖvYx‡ì `~‡h©v‡Mi cÖwZK‚j cwi‡e‡k cÖvYx‡ì Awf‡hvwRZ nIqvi GKwU DrK…ó D`vniY| cÖwZK‚j cwi‡e‡k
cÖvYx‡ì Lv`¨ msMÖn AwbwðZ n‡q co‡j cÖvYxiv GB msM„nxZ Lv`¨ †L‡q Rxeb aviY K‡i| M‡Z© †divi †¶‡ÎI G AvPiY j¶ Kiv hvq|
Lv`¨ msMÖn Ki‡Z hvevi mgq †i‡L hvIqv wewfbœ wPý ¯§iY K‡i wcucov M‡Z© wd‡i| †Kvb Kvi‡Y wPý bó n‡j ev gy‡Q †M‡j Zv‡ì M‡Z©
†div Am¤¢e nevi K_v wQj, wKš‘ Zv bv n‡q DÏxc‡K j¶ Kiv hvq wcucov¸‡jv Ab¨c_ w`‡q M‡Z© wdi‡Q hv cÖwZK‚j cwi‡e‡k Awf‡hvwRZ
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উত্তরঃ D‡jwLZ wPÎwU gvKomvi Rv‡ji| gvKomvi Rvj †evbv GKwU mnRvZ AvPiY| KviY RxeÏkvq we‡kl D‡Ïk¨ mva‡bi Rb¨ †Kvb
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mnRvZ AvPiY e‡j| Gme AvPiY mnRvZfv‡e GKB cÖRvwZi cÖ‡Z¨K cÖvYx‡Z GKBfv‡e weivRgvb _v‡K| gvKomvi †¶‡Î, cix¶vi
gva¨‡g †`Lv hvq †h, gvKomvi wKQy ev”Pv‡K R‡š§i ciciB Ab¨ mKj m`m¨ †_‡K cy‡ivcywi Avjv`v K‡i jvjb cvjb Ki‡jI Zviv
wkKv‡ii D‡Ï‡k¨ Rvj MVb Ki‡Z cv‡i| GB mnRvZ AvPiYwU Rš§MZ nq e‡jB GgbwU N‡U|
DwjwLZ wPÎwU‡Z A_©vr gvKomvi Rvj eyb‡b mnRvZ AvPi‡Yi D`vniY wn‡m‡e †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| Rš§MZ †h kw³i mvnv‡h¨ GKwU
cÖRvwZi mKj m`m¨ †Kvb wk¶Y Qvov, D‡Ïk¨ Ges djvdj m¤^‡Ü AewnZ bv †_‡K AvÍi¶vq I cÖRvwZ i¶vq eskci¤úivq GKBfv‡e
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mnRvZfv‡eB mvc‡K fq Kwi| GwU AvÍi¶viI GKwU †KŠkj e‡U|
৪। wewfbœ DÏxcbvq mvov †Ìqvi †cÖw¶‡Z †h †Kvb AvPiYMZ mvovi e¨vwß I cÖK…wZi cwieZ©b N‡U| wbw`©ó cÖvwY‡Z me mgq GKB DÏxcbv
GKB mvov †dj‡Z cv‡i bv| Gi †cQ‡b wewfbœ DÏxcbv mw¤§wjZfv‡e KvR K‡i| UzbUzwbi evmv GKwU mnRvZ AvPiY e¨vL¨v K‡iv|gvB‡MÖkb
AvPiY GKwU mnRvZ AvPiY| cvwL‡ì Rxe‡b Gi ¸i“Z¡ wj‡Lv|
উত্তরঃ D‡jwLZ UzbUzwb cvwLi evmv euvav mnRvZ AvPi‡Yi PgrKvi D`vniY| GK j¤^v‡jwR ZiYx UzbUzwb m½x wba©viY †k‡l Zvi cÖ_g
bxo euvavi Kv‡R mwµq n‡jv| †ek K‡qKwU MvQ Ny‡i Lyu‡R †`Lj †Kv_vq `ywU eo Szjš— cvZv i‡q‡Q †hLv‡b evmv euva‡j kveK¸‡jv
wbivc‡` eo n‡e| gbg‡Zv MvQ-cvZv-RvqMv †c‡j ïi“ K‡i †`q evmv euvav| cvZv `ywUi wKbviv †VuvU w`‡q wQ`ª K‡i P‡Ui e¯—v †mjvB
Kivi g‡Zv wQ`ª¸‡jvi †fZi w`‡q gvKomvi Rvj, KKzb cÖf…wZ w`‡q myZv evwb‡q wKbviv¸‡jv AvU‡K †Ìqvi †Póv K‡i| myZv †hb Qy‡U bv
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euvavi Kg©KvÊ ev †KŠkj m¤^‡Ü wKQyB Rv‡b bv| Zv m‡Ë¡I †h evmvwU euv‡a †mwU wbLyuZ bv n‡jI kveK jvj‡b PjbmB MY¨ nq|
ZvB ejv hvq UzbUzwb cvwLi evmv euvavi cÖwµqv GKwU mnRvZ AvPi‡Yi myjf I h_vh_ D`vniY|
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cvq; MÖx‡®§ ¯^‡`k f‚wg‡Z G‡m Dc‡hvMx I wb®‹ÈK Rbb †¶Î wd‡i cvq, Kg K‡ó ch©vß Avnvi cvq, ZLb RbmsL¨vi e„w× N‡U| wewfbœ cÖRvwZi
wgj‡b wRb mshyw³i m¤¢vebv †e‡o hvq|
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hvq; AvenvIqvi AvKw¯§K cwieZ©b, †hgb cÖej el©Y, ZzlvicvZ I S‡o c‡o wecyj msL¨K cwihvqx cvwL g„ZzëiY K‡i; Zi“Y cvwLiv
`~i ciev‡m A‡bK cÖvK…wZK kÎ“i gy‡LvgywL nq; ê`y¨wZK Zvi I jvBU nvDR QvovI AMwYZ cvwL gvby‡li wkKv‡i cwiYZ nq Ges
gvby‡li wkKv‡i cwiYZ n‡q AKv‡j cÖvY nvivq|
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cv‡qi wUweqvq civMSzwo; kÎ“i AvµgY cÖwZnZ Kivi g‡Zv k³ ûj Ges KvP ˆZwi‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq †gvg wbtmi‡Yi Rb¨ †gvgMÖwš’ G‡ì
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Kiv, gay I civM msMÖn Kiv, †gŠPvK cvnviv †Ìqv, cvwb cwienY cÖf…wZ KvR K‡i _v‡K|
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w`‡bi g‡a¨B hv‡Z ivYxi Afve c~iY nq, †m Rb¨ wbe©vwPZ jvf©v‡K ivRKxq †Rwj LvIqv‡bvi gva¨‡g c~Y©v½ ivYx wn‡m‡e eo K‡i †Zv‡j|
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†c‡j G Pv‡Ki gay jyUcvU K‡i wb‡q †h‡Z _v‡K| G‡ì Rxeb cÖYvjx †_‡K †evSv hvq, †gŠgvwQi mvgvwRK RxebhvÎvi GKw`‡K †hgb
kÖg wefvM eZ©gvb, †Zgwb Aciw`‡K Kv‡Ri wewPÎ aib, k„•Ljvc~Y© emevm, `vwqZ¡c~Y©| ZvB ejv hvq †gŠgvwQi mvgvwRK AvPiY mwZ¨B
cÖksmbxq Ges hv †_‡K Avgv‡ì mwZ¨B A‡bK wKQy †kLvi Av‡Q|

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2020-21

wPÎ : DNA UªvÝwµckb

cÖwµqvwUi cieZ©x avc¸‡jv wP‡Îi gva¨‡g †`LvI|

৩। gvB‡Uvwmm †Kvl wefvR‡bi cÖ_g ch©vq ব্যাখ্যা িশ্ল া।

১। এনজাইমমর Kv‡Ri †KŠkj e¨vL¨v K‡iv|

৩। ডেঙ্গু wbqš¿‡Y cÖwZKvi QvovI cÖwZ‡iva ¸i“Z¡c~Y© e¨vL¨v Ki|

৪। মযালেবরয়া wKfv‡e †jvwnZ i³ KwYKv aŸsm K‡i Zv e¨vL¨v Ki|

AI B Gi wg‡_vRxexZvq A I B `ywUB DcK…Z nq e¨vL¨v K‡iv|

iii.G‡`i Rb¨ Av‡jv iii.G‡`i Rb¨ Av‡jv

৪। Agaricus Gi e¨vwmwWIKvc© Gi MVb eY©bv Ki|

উত্তরঃ Agaricus Gi e¨vwmwWIKvc© wZbwU cÖavb Ask wb‡q MwVZ| h_v- A

†¯úv‡ii A¼z‡iv`Mg (n)

bZzb †¯úv‡ivdvBU (2n)

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১। wUmy¨ Kv‡Ri aiY

†d¬v‡qg RvB‡jg †d¬v‡qg

K. RvB‡jg †Kw›`ªK L. †d¬v‡qg †Kw›`ªK M. Aixq

wØexRcÎx Dw™¢‡`i GKexRcÎx Dw™¢‡`i

wPÎ : MvB‡KvjvBwmm av‡ci †iLvwPÎ

wPÎ: RxecÖhyw³i gva¨‡g gvbe Bbmywjb ˆZwi cÖwµqv

wPÎ-1 wPÎ-2 wPÎ-2

২। i“B gv‡Qi eqm wKfv‡e wbY©q Kiv hvq?

১। wb‡Pi wPÎwU j¶ K‡iv Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI|

২। wb‡Pi wPÎwU j¶ Ki:

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৪। myg‡bi evev †fvRbwejvmx, ¯’j

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F1 Ryb  CcIi CcIi CcIi CcIi

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AB ABAB (g„Z) ABW (Kv‡jv)

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