07 Alternative energy sources (solar energy)

index over Oman. These maps will serve as a much needed reference UK. The models are now run under variable solar conditions tn ordcr-
for design and performance evaluation of solar energy conversion to optimize the dryers and compare their performance. The inputs to
\ystcm\ rn this region. the simulation models were Zambian weather conditions and materials.
The solar drying simulations arc combined with the cost of the dryer
materials and a search technique that finds the dryer dimensions at the
OWO1290 New method to store heat energy in horizontal
solar desalination still minimum drying cost. Optimization gave a shorter collector length for
the mixed-mode solar dryer (1.8 m) than for the indirect-mode dryer
Rahim, N. H. A. Ranewcrh/~~ E~c,xI~. 2003. 2X. (3). 419 433.
A new approach is proposed to store excess heat energy in horizontal (3.34 m) of the same grain capacity (90 kg). The drymg cost, annual
cost and initial cost of the mixed-mode dryer are lower than those of
solar desalination stills during daytime for the continuation of the
the indirect-mode although the quantity of dry grain ohtained from the
process at night. This technique divides the horizontal still into
mixed-mode for the whole year is less than for the indirect-mode: the
evaporating and heat storing zones and combines the advantages of
drying costs are 12.76 and 16.05 US%/ton for mlxcd-mode and indit-rcl-
shallow and deep stills. The performance of heat storing zone was
mode dryers. respectively.
studied over one year and exhaustive data were collected, analysed and
presented. To show the effectiveness of the system, its performance was
compared with that of the shallow still. The heat storing capacity of the 03101288 Patterns of efficiency and de radation in dye
system during the daytime was found to be an average of 35.7% of the sensitization solar cells measured with Bmaging techniques
total amount of solar energy entering the system. The efficiency of Macht, B. et al. Solnr Energ,~ Mntwids and Solar Crlk. 2002, 73. (2).
recovering process, in the form of portable water produced at night, 163-173.
was found to be an average of 47.2% of the total amount of energy A larger number of dye sensitization solar cells based on cis-
stored during the day. Furthermore, this technique does not require Ru”(LH&(NCS)~ with LHa =2,2’-bipyridyl-4,4’-dicarboxylic acid with
any kind of external power for storing and recovering processes. an electrolyte consisting of 0.5 M LiI, 50 mM I*. 0.2 M tert-hutyl
pyridine in acetonitrile have been studied, using spatially resolved
photocurrent imaging techniques. Measurements have been made after
03/01291 New progresses of solar energy utilization preparation and periodically during a longer period of simulated solar
technology light illumination. The observed phenomena have been grouped into
Tanaka. T. Tui.ro Enerugi, 2002, 28, (2) 2-6. (In Japanese)
five categories. The first one concerns significant inhomogeneities
A review of the title subject, including solar fuel methanol production
reflecting the TiOz-layer preparation technique used. The second
from fossil fuels and biomass and hydrogen production and storage
category concerns an inhomogeneous deterioration of the dye
technology.
sensitization cell during illumination, The third phenomenon involves
photodegradation itself, which can be visualized by selectively
03/01292 Novel external field source by localization of illuminating the dye sensitization solar cell. Changes observed in the
electrons for improvement of solar cells composition of the electrolyte, typically indicated by a bleaching of the
Konig. D. and Ebest, G. So/or Encrgr Matcviuls tmd Solar c‘~ll.s, 2003, iodide/iodine solution were also observed. Finally, the fifth category to
75, (i-4). 335343. be considered deals with a loss of electrolyte and the parallel
For drift field generation IS structures with a fixed positive charge were appearance of gas bubbles in the solar cell. All these phenomena
developed in the 1970s and employed on solar cells. While many papers may coexist, being responsible for the overall process of degradation.
were published about the positively charged IS structure there has been The different mechanisms are discussed and analysed in an effort to
little interest in a negatively charged IS structure. In comparison to determine parameters critical for increasing efficiency and stability of
solar cells with back surface field such structures could improve dye sensitization solar cells.
conversion efficiency more significantly. They also open the way to
novel-field-effect-supported solar cells on n-type silicon. The paper
03/01297 Perceived performance of dayiighting systems:
represents results of the preparation and characterization of the IS
lighting efficacy and agreeableness
structure on Silicon (Si) consisting of a layer compound AIF 11SiOz on Fontoynont, M. S&r Energy, 2002. 73. (2). 83 -94.
Si, a discussion of the phenomena encountered and respective
Can daylighting systems be assessed through objective procedures? On
conclusions. one hand, they can be considered as lighting techniques and deserve to
be characterized through the same type of parameters: illuminances,
03/01293 Optical fibers for a mini-dish/Stirling system: uniformity, luminances, colour temperature, colour rendering indices,
thermodynamic optimization etc. On the other hand, two major aspects differentiate them from
Jaramillo, 0. A. and Del Rio, J. A. Journcd of’ Phyric.~ D: Applied artificial lighting installations. Firstly, the daylight source is variable,
Pltpics, 2002. 35, (1 I), 1241-1250. requiring a long term approach and an assessment of the duration of
A thermodynamic optimization of a solar mini-dish/Stirling system is the phenomena per day, month or year. Secondly, the brightness of the
presented. The solar collector heat losses by convection and radiation window cannot be totally disconnected from the content of the view
arc diminished by using optical fibres to transport concentrated solar and its agreeableness. This suggests that psychological well-being may
energy. An absorber-heater for the solar heat engine was analysed to be in some cases as important as visual comfort issues. For the window
ensure the reduction of the heat losses using the first law and the component industry, it appears that a serious concern about the two
second law. Taking into account internal and external irreversibilities aspects of windows - i.e. lighting efficacy and agreeableness - should
for the solar heat engine, the optimal operating temperature and the he carefully approached for each design.
overall efficiency of the system are established.
03/01298 Photoelectrochemlcal characterieation of indium
03/01294 Optimal process of solar to thermal energy nitride and tin nitride in aqueous solutfon
conversion and design of irreversible flat-plate solar Lindgren, T. PI al. Solar Energy Materials and Solttr Celk. 2002. 73. (4).
collectors 377-389.
Torres-Reyes, E. ct cd.Energy. 2003. 28, (2), 99 -I 13. Indium nitride (InN) and tin nitride (SnN,) films were produced with
Thermodynamic optimization based on the first and the second law is reactive dc. magnetron sputtering technique. The thin film semicon-
developed to determine the optimal performance parameters and to ductors were optically and photoelectrochemically characterized and
design a solar to thermal energy conversion system. An exergy analysis the energetic positions of the two semiconductors’ band edges were
is presented to determine the optimum outlet temperature of the determined with respect to the normal hydrogen electrode. The
working fluid and the optimum path flow length of solar collectors with sputtered InN thin film showed an indirect bandgap of 1.4 eV and a
various configurations. The collectors used to heat the air flow during direct bandgap of 1.8 eV. The optical spectra of SnN, indicated a
solar-to-thermal energy conversion, are internally arranged in different bandgap energy of approximately 1.4 eV. All nitride films showed n-
ways with respect to the absorber plates and heat transfer elements. type photoresponse in KI (aq) electrolyte at an irradiation Intensity ol
The exergy balance and the dimensionless exergy relationships are 1000 W/m2. The photoelectrochemical characterization indicated that
derived by taking into account the irreversibilities produced by the InN and SnN, with a bias of about 400 mV or less can he used for
pressure drop in the flow of the working fluid through the collector. photo-oxidation of water.
Design formulas for different air duct and absorber plate arrangements
arc obtained. 03/01299 Relationships between UV (0.290-0.399 m) and
broad band solar radiation hourly values in Valencia and
03/01295 Optimization of mixed-mode and indirect-mode Cbrdoba, Spain
natural convection solar dryers Canada, J. et a/. Energy, 2003, 28, (3), 199-217.
Simate, I. N. Renewable Energy, 2003, 28, (3), 435453. Data were analysed of hourly UV (0.290-0.385 urn) and broad band, G,
This paper presents a comparison of optimized mixed-mode and irradiation on a horizontal plane measured in Cordoba and Valencia,
indirect-mode natural convection solar dryers for maize. The mixed- Spain, during the period January 1996 to December 1998. The mean
mode and indirect-mode solar drying simulation models were validated monthly hourly values of the quotient between UV and total global
against results from a laboratory solar dryer with experiments carried radiation varied within the interval 4.4-5.6% for Valencia with a mean
out under a solar simulator at the University of Newcastle upon Tyne, value of 5%. and in Cordoba they ranged from 3.9 to 4.5% with a mean

236 Fuel and Energy Abstracts July 2003