Grace Ptak - Annotated Bibliography Template

✓ Annotated Bibliography - Source #1
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Citation
Coppock, A., Hill, S. J., & Vavreck, L. (2020). The small effects of political advertising are small regardless
of context, message, sender, or receiver: Evidence from 59 real-time randomized experiments. Science
Advances, 6(36), 1–6. https://doi-org.jeffcolibrary.idm.oclc.org/10.1126/sciadv.abc4046
Important Vocabulary & Phrases
“Average effects of persuasive messages are small” Found that regardless of circumstance, persuasive messages that
political science says should be persuasive actually aren’t.
Summary of Key Findings
“Effects are not substantially different depending on which P.2 (PDF)

campaign produced the advertisements or in what electoral
context they were presented.”
“Our experiments were fielded from March to November P.2 (PDF)

(Election Day) in 2016, covering the primary elections of
both major American political parties and the general
election.”
“We find that attack advertisements are about as effective P.5 (PDF)
in achieving their goals as promotional advertisements and
that PAC- or SuperPAC-sponsored advertisements are no
more effective than those sponsored by candidates.”
❏ Summarize significant findings or key information from the source

❏ Evaluate the credibility and relevance of the source as it pertains to your inquiry
❏ Quotes from the source that are applicable to your inquiry (where necessary)
❏ Reflect on whether or not the source will be used in your academic paper and if not, why not.
This article focuses on the effectiveness of different political advertisements on the general population. Coppock (et al.) (2020) believe that no
matter the content or context of a political advertisement, they all rate the same in effectiveness. These authors made use of 59 different
experiments to provide evidence for their claim that no matter the population’s inherent bias towards a certain political party, all advertisements
were all similar in their non-effectiveness: “We find that attack advertisements are about as effective in achieving their goals as promotional
advertisements and that PAC- or SuperPAC-sponsored advertisements are no more effective than those sponsored by candidates.” The authors’
conclusion is of interest to me in my research on the effectiveness of different advertisements because it makes me think about inherent bias and
how much people are willing to ignore to stick to their original bias. I can’t tell quite yet if I will use this in my paper or not.

● To note citation style, delete the checkbox and replace it with an “X”
● Delete text in italics and replace with your notes…
● For subsequent sources, copy and paste titles and tables on to the next page, re-title, and replace with new information…
● There is a section break (next page) at the end of the last table
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Citation
Vafeiadis, M., Li, R., & Shen, F. (2018). Narratives in Political Advertising: An Analysis of the Political
Advertisements in the 2014 Midterm Elections. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 62(2), 354–370.
https://doi-org.jeffcolibrary.idm.oclc.org/10.1080/08838151.2018.1451858
“Narratives in political advertising” Explores and defines the categories into which most political ads fall -
autobiographical, testimonial, etc.
“Previous research on narratives has identified transportation as an Definition of “transportation:” the methods by which
important mechanism underlying narrative impact. Green (2004) advertisements/narratives in general hook people and persuade them
defined transportation as the ‘integrative melding of attention, imagery, to believe in their morals/story.
and feelings, focused on story events.’”
“Narratives have a long tradition throughout human history P.4 (PDF)

and have been consistently employed to convey
persuasive messages and/or to change attitudes and
beliefs.”
[Paragraphs upon paragraphs of percentage statistics on P.7 (PDF)

which ad types were used by each type of candidate and
why]

❏ Quote from the source that are applicable to your inquiry (where necessary)
This article focuses on the different types of ads used by different candidates, and what messages each were trying to convey. Vafeiadis, Li, &
Shen (2018) believe that certain ad types could be correlated with which candidate lost and which won. These authors used a process of internet
searching for different candidates’ ads during the 2014 midterms to provide evidence for their statistics on which types of candidates produced
which types of ads. Additionally, the authors provide evidence that each different appeal to the brain (logos, ethos, pathos) is more heavily tied
with certain ad categories than with others. The authors’ conclusion (or process) is of interest to me in my research on political advertisements
because it is a paper that provides no real persuasive claims, but carries a lot of statistics and terms to define different categories of political ads
that I can use later on. I can’t tell quite yet if I will use this in my paper yet.

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Citation
Lipsitz, K. (2018). Playing with Emotions: The Effect of Moral Appeals in Elite Rhetoric. Political Behavior,
40(1), 57–78. https://doi-org.jeffcolibrary.idm.oclc.org/10.1007/s11109-017-9394-8
“Moral Language” “It argues that the values invoked by candidates in their ads, such as
‘‘liberty’’ and ‘‘equality,’’ reflect meaningful differences between
conservatives and liberals and even between libertarians and social
conservatives.”
“At the same time, however, the study will demonstrate that candidates
are strategic actors who use moral language in a strategic fashion.”
“Emotional Appeals” “When it occurs in the ad of a preferred candidate, it increases a

supporter’s emotional response to the ad and helps them remember it.
At the same time that moral language energizes supporters, however, it
conveniently creates apathy among an opponent’s supporters. Thus, it
serves a dual purpose for candidates.”
“...the analysis shows that candidates reduce their moral P.5 (PDF)
language as they switch from appealing to a primary election
electorate to a general election electorate.”
“...the findings in this paper require further confirmation namely P.20 (PDF)
in the form of a carefully designed experiment that tests how
varying levels of moral argumentation affect citizens.”

This article focuses on the different types of appeals that different parties’ candidates include in their advertisements. Lipsitz (2018) believes that
candidates use moral appeals as emotional appeals, dragging more voters over to their side. These authors use evidence from nearly 3500
political ads to provide evidence to back up his claim that candidates use moral appeals in their ads to sway voters. Additionally, the authors
provide explanations for the effects of the same ad on groups with different inherent biases. Lipsitz (2018) claims that the same ad can create an
emotional tie with supporters and apathy among opponents. The authors’ conclusion (or process) is of interest to me in my research on political
advertisements because it analyzes a specific type of viewer manipulation that candidates employ in their ads. I can’t tell quite yet if I will use this
in my paper yet.

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Citation
A., M. J., & V., N. (2019). Perceived effectiveness of advertisements: The role of emotions. Indian Journal of
Health & Wellbeing, 10(7–9), 271–275.
“ADSAM” “This is one of the only easy-to-administer non-verbal methods of

measuring emotion.” **look up later
“...the role of emotion in ads is highly significant. Those ads which are P.4 (PDF)
emotional are rated as effective and those are not emotional are rated
as less effective, by the participants.”
“...the aim of an advertisement is primarily to create brand loyalty and a P.4 (PDF)
positive brand attitude…”

This article focuses on the effects of emotional appeals in common product advertisements. Junaid and Neethulal (2019) believe that emotional
appeals undoubtedly increase the effectiveness of an advertisement. These authors use a survey of participants watching both emotional and
non-emotional ads to provide evidence for this claim. Junaid and Neethulal (2019) claim “...the role of emotion in ads is highly significant…”
Furthermore, the authors recommend a connection of this study with the phenomenon of media sensationalization. The authors’ conclusion (or
process) is of interest to me in my research on political advertisements because it covers one of the most broadly used formats of advertisement--
emotional. I can’t tell quite yet if I will use this in my paper yet.

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Citation
Friestad, M., & Wright, P. (1994). The Persuasion Knowledge Model: How People Cope with Persuasion
Attempts. Journal of Consumer Research, 21( 1), 1–31.
https://doi-org.jeffcolibrary.idm.oclc.org/10.1086/209380
“Persuasion knowledge" “persuasion knowledge will contain causal-explanatory beliefs about

the psychological states and processes thought to mediate the effect of
one person's persuasion attempts on another person's ultimate
actions.” **how we persuade each other
“Over time consumers develop personal knowledge about the tactics P.1 (PDF)
used in these persuasion attempts. This knowledge helps them identify
how, when, and why marketers try to influence them. “

This article focuses on the psychological nature of human persuasion. Friestad and Wright (1994) believe that most persuasive interactions can
be mapped using their model, the PKM. These authors use already-established psychological phenomena to provide evidence for their new
psychological theory. Additionally, the authors provide explanations for the effects that this cycle might have on marketer/consumer relationships.
Friestad and Wright (1994) claim that all people assimilate “persuasion knowledge” as they advance in life. Furthermore, the authors recommend
that their model not be assigned to vast complexities-- research in psychology must take small steps and much confirmation. The authors’
conclusion (or process) is of interest to me in my research on political advertisements because it establishes the many complicated psychological
principles of basic persuasion. I can’t tell quite yet if I will use this in my paper yet.

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Citation
Geer, J. G., & Geer, J. H. (2003). Remembering Attack Ads: An Experimental Investigation of Radio.
Political Behavior, 25(1), 69–95. https://doi-org.jeffcolibrary.idm.oclc.org/10.1023/A:1022904428357
“Attack politics” In this sense, an ad that actively attacks a political opponent to weaken
their image and create doubt in the public.
“Critics of attack advertising fear that “negativity” has pernicious effects P.1 (PDF)
on the citizenry, ranging from lessening people's faith in the political
process to decreasing people's willingness to participate in elections.”
“...no relationship exists between recall and the tone of the P.13 (PDF)
advertisement.” (positive or negative)
“...attack ads do not depress people’s interest in or learning of P.13 (PDF)

politics…”

This article focuses on the nature of attack ads on the public. Geer and Geer (2003) believe that attack ads have no bearing on the viewers’
investment in the political race. These authors use an ad-viewing and survey to provide evidence for their claim that attack ads are more neutral
than once was thought. Additionally, the authors provide explanations for the effects of advertisement tone (no difference in remembering
negative ads over positive ads). Geer and Geer (2003) claim that there is “...no relationship exists between recall and the tone of the
advertisement”. The authors’ conclusion (or process) is of interest to me in my research on political advertisements because it specializes in a
common form of political ad. I can’t tell quite yet if I will use this in my paper yet.

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Citation
Finkel, S., & Geer, J. (1998). A Spot Check: Casting Doubt on the Demobilizing Effect of Attack Advertising.
American Journal of Political Science, 42(2), 573-595. doi:10.2307/2991771
“Advertisement tone” The relative negative or positive lean of an advertisement
“Recent research contends that campaign "attack" advertising P.1 (PDF)

demobilizes the electorate, with particularly strong effects among
political Independents. We dispute this claim, arguing instead that there
is little reason to expect a powerful relationship between the tone of
campaign advertising and voter turnout.”
P.6 (PDF)

This article focuses on the relative neutrality of attack advertising. Finkel and Geer (1998) believe that despite other scholars believing that attack
ads turn some people away from the idea of voting, these ads might actually pull voters in. These authors use thorough analysis of ad tone and
voter turnouts to provide evidence for their claim of attack ad beneficiality. Additionally, the authors provide explanations for the effects of positive
ads. Finkel and Geer (1998) claim that positive ads might be associated with “less perceived differentiation between the candidates”. The authors’
conclusion (or process) is of interest to me in my research on political ads because it compliments Source #6. I can’t tell quite yet if I will use this
in my paper yet.

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Citation
Begala, P. (2012). More Attack Ads, Please. Newsweek, 159(13/14), 15–16.
“Attack ad” An advertisement actively denouncing an opposing candidate based on

negative information about them
When I see a positive ad, even one from a candidate I (no pages)
support, my reaction often ranges from bored to annoyed.
But show me a negative ad--even one against a candidate
I support--and my blood starts to race. What can I say? I'd
much rather eat picante sauce than chocolate.
Drew Westen, a psychologist and neuroscientist at Emory (no pages)

University, notes that "when we were evolving, failing to
pick up on negative cues could lead us to fail to escape or
fight a predator." Positive cues, on the other hand, didn't
"save us from danger in the same way."
The most important thing about a negative ad these days (no pages)
is that it must stand up to scrutiny.
The biggest reason negative ads are so ubiquitous in (no pages)

politics, but much less common in commercial advertising,
is this: elections present a mutually exclusive choice.

This article focuses on the beneficial natures of attack ads. Begala (2012) believes that attack advertisements are by far the most effective form of
political ad. The author uses his own experience working for the Obama campaign to provide evidence for his claim. Additionally, the author
provides explanations for the effects of negative ads on a person’s psychology. Begala (2012) quotes Drew Westen as he claims that “when we
were evolving, failing to pick up on negative cues could lead us to fail to escape or fight a predator.” Furthermore, the author recommends more
money to be spent on producing more negative ads. The authors’ conclusion (or process) is of interest to me in my research on political ads
because he embodies a third of the possible outcomes of my research. I can’t tell quite yet if I will use this in my paper yet.

X APA MLA Chicago
Citation
Vafeiadis, M., Li, R., & Shen, F. (2018). Narratives in Political Advertising: An Analysis of the Political
Advertisements in the 2014 Midterm Elections. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 62( 2),
354–370. https://doi-org.jeffcolibrary.idm.oclc.org/10.1080/08838151.2018.1451858

...our results support the notion that, regardless of the (no pages)
narrative types, issue-related ads were preferred to
character-based ads in both senatorial and gubernatorial
races.
Ads that focused on attacking a candidate were more (no pages)

likely to be used by candidates who lost the election
(82.3% vs. 17.7%).

This article focuses on the makeup of advertisement styles within the 2014 midterm elections. Vafeiadis and Shen (2018) explain the
relationships between ad style, format, voice, and tone. These authors categorized over 200 advertisements to provide data for which styles were
most prevalent and which elements were often used in conjunction. Chamberlin and Powers (2010) claim that the use of narrative advertisements
has been increasing steadily. Furthermore, the authors strongly recommend further study on these narratives’ effects on voters. The authors’
conclusion (or process) is of interest to me in my research on political ads because it provides data and vocabulary dealing with advertisement
styles. I can’t tell quite yet if I will use this in my paper yet.

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Citation
Christ, W. G., & Thorson, E. (1994). Do attitudes toward political advertising affect information processing
of televised political.. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 38(3), 251.
https://doi-org.jeffcolibrary.idm.oclc.org/10.1080/08838159409364264

Though people do not like attack political advertising, (No pages)

memory, as measured by recall and/or recognition, for
attack p
olitical ads is often good.
Garramone (1984) discovered that attack ads might either (no pages)
produce a "boomerang effect" where there was "more
negative feelings toward the sponsor, rather than toward
the target," or a "victim syndrome" where unfair attack ads
might "generate more positive feelings toward the target"
(p. 251).
The general belief of most practitioners is that attack ads (no pages)
are much more effective than positive ads.

This article focuses on the relationships between voters and stylings of political advertisements. Christ and Thorson (1994) believe that different
stypings of advertisement hold completely unique views within the eyes of individual witnesses. These authors use a study wherein participants
watch and react to political advertising to provide evidence for their ambiguous claim. Christ and Thorson (1994) claim “Here, those with higher
interest in the political process showed higher voting intent, more positive attitude toward the candidate's ability, and were more aroused in
response to issue commercials than were those with lower interest in politics.” Furthermore, the authors recommend further study on a wider
range of US citizens. The authors’ conclusion (or process) is of interest to me in my research on political advertising because it sheds more light
on an audience’s reactions to political ads. I can’t tell quite yet if I will use this in my paper yet.

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Citation
Housholder, E., Watson, B. R., & LoRusso, S. (2018). Does Political Advertising Lead to Online Information
Seeking? A Real-World Test Using Google Search Data. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 62( 2),
337–353. https://doi-org.jeffcolibrary.idm.oclc.org/10.1080/08838151.2018.1451854
Google Search Trends A built-in browser data archive that shows the search trends from
specific verbiage during a specific time frame.
Results suggest that increased advertising volume is (no pages)

associated with increased online information seeking.
if a voter is exposed to a political advertisement today, (no pages)

they are also most likely to go online to search for related
information today (as opposed to the next day).
...there is not a consistently clear pattern in either more (no pages)

positive or more negative advertisements being more
strongly correlated with similarly valenced Web searches.

This article focuses on the relationship between viewing a political ad and the subsequent quest online to find data related to these ads.
Householder and Watson (2018) believe that Google data trends do indeed tend to increase around the same time that a political ad is shown.
These authors use Google Search Trends to provide evidence for their claim. Additionally, the authors provide explanations for the effects of
diminishing interest on the ads over time. Householder and Watson (2018) claim “if a voter is exposed to a political advertisement today, they are
also most likely to go online to search for related information today (as opposed to the next day).” The authors’ conclusion (or process) is of
interest to me in my research on political advertisements because it shows the relevance of political advertisements in a voter’s decision-making
process. I can’t tell quite yet if I will use this in my paper yet.

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Citation
Banda, K., & Windett, J. (2016). Negative Advertising and the Dynamics of Candidate Support. Political
Behavior, 38(3), 747–766. https://doi-org.jeffcolibrary.idm.oclc.org/10.1007/s11109-016-9336-x
Negative advertising An advertisement actively denouncing an opposing candidate based on

We find that a candidate's support declines as her Pg. 1 (PDF)

advertising strategy includes a higher proportion of
negative ads relative to her opponent and that this
process unfolds slowly over the course of the campaign.
Our analysis suggests that candidates enjoy a small Pg. 16 (PDF)

short-term boost to their levels of support during the week
in which they attack more relative to their opponents.
Candidates may weigh the short-term benefits against the Pg. 16 (PDF)
long-term costs of attacking and decide that the former
outweighs the latter, a calculation that is likely easier
towards the end of the campaign season because the
long-term costs are not important after Election Day.

This article focuses on the back-and-forth evident in strategic attack advertising. Banda and Windett (2016) believe that the creation of political
advertisements is related entirely to a candidate’s strategy. These authors use data from hundreds of Senate and gubernatorial election campaign
ads to provide evidence for their claim that advertising is entirely related to in-the-moment response strategy. Additionally, the authors provide
explanations for the effects of short-term vs. long-term thinking within candidates. Banda and Windett (2016) claim “Candidates may weigh the
short-term benefits against the long-terms costs of attacking and decide that the former outweighs the latter, a calculation that is likely easier
towards the end of the campaign season because the long-term costs are not important after Election Day.” The authors’ conclusion (or process)
is of interest to me in my research on political advertising because it took into account the psychology and decision-making processes of the
candidates being advertised. I can’t tell quite yet if I will use this in my paper yet.

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Citation
Franz, M. M., Freedman, P., Goldstein, K., & Ridout, T. N. (2008). Understanding the Effect of Political
Advertising on Voter Turnout: A Response to Krasno and Green. Journal of Politics, 70( 1), 262–268.
https://doi-org.jeffcolibrary.idm.oclc.org/10.1017/S0022381607080188
Voter turnout The numerical portion of Americans that cast their ballots in a given
election
Using Krasno and Green’s data, we reestimated their turnout models Pg. 2 (PDF)
using total ads aired in the media market as the main explanatory
variable, rather than only including presidential ads.
Advertising can and sometimes does have a positive effect on voter Pg. 6 (PDF)
turnout, but by no means is that effect large, universal, or consistent
across election years. On the other hand, there is very little evidence
that advertising, whatever its other effects, has any negative effect on
voter participation in America.
... the goal of television advertising is not to mobilize [voters]... Pg. 6 (PDF)

This article focuses on opposing the points brought up by another academic study by Krasno and Green on political advertising influencing voter
turnout. Franz et al. (2008) believe that while these authors produced mostly agreeable points, their estimates were to be disputed in some
places. These authors simply reworked their estimates to provide evidence that voters are not negatively affected by political ads, and can
sometimes be slightly positively affected, voting-wise. Franz et al. (2008) claim “Advertising can and sometimes does have a positive effect on
voter turnout, but by no means is that effect large, universal, or consistent across election years. On the other hand, there is very little evidence
that advertising, whatever its other effects, has any negative effect on voter participation in America.” The authors’ conclusion (or process) is of
interest to me in my research on political advertising because they bring up and dispute other authors’ claims on the same subject and provide a
different view. I can’t tell quite yet if I will use this in my paper yet.

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Citation
Tavris, E. (2020). The Role of Cognitive Dissonance in the Pandemic. Retrieved November 02, 2020, from
https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/07/role-cognitive-dissonance-pandemic/614074/?fbclid=IwA
R1MYZeg2ujJPonk7czJ0Sm6--AmMNGFKsB3J1EJnWVeIgCcmmv2vN_y4wA
“Cognitive dissonance” The reluctance of the mind to “admit mistakes or accept scientific
findings”
Human beings are deeply unwilling to change their minds. And when (No Pages)
the facts clash with their preexisting convictions, some people would
sooner jeopardize their health and everyone else’s than accept new
information or admit to being wrong.
As people justify each step taken after the original decision, they will (No Pages)
find it harder to admit they were wrong at the outset. Especially when
the end result proves self-defeating, wrongheaded, or harmful.
For example, when people feel a strong connection to a political party, (No Pages)
leader, ideology, or belief, they are more likely to let that allegiance do
their thinking for them and distort or ignore the evidence that
challenges those loyalties.

This article focuses on the cognitive dissonance in people’s refusal to wear masks during the COVID-19 pandemic. Aronson and Tavris (2020)
subscribe to the well-documented phenomenon of cognitive dissonance and use it to explain this irrational behavior. These authors use examples
of people displaying this behavior in justifying their right to not wear masks to provide evidence for their argument. Aronson and Tavris (2020)
claim that “As people justify each step taken after the original decision, they will find it harder to admit they were wrong at the outset. Especially
when the end result proves self-defeating, wrongheaded, or harmful..” The authors’ conclusion (or process) is of interest to me in my research on
political advertisements because it explains people’s natural tendencies to stick to their original beliefs despite sound reasoning to believe
otherwise. I can’t tell quite yet if I will use this in my paper yet.

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Citation
Wilner, K. (2012). The strategy behind political ads. Retrieved November 02, 2020, from
https://www.politico.com/story/2012/01/the-strategy-behind-political-ads-071390
“Super-PACs” Independent political action committee that raises money for things like
political ads
Ads give political reporters and analysts crucial clues about a (No Pages)
campaign’s polling, fundraising and focus grouping.
Since they assumed most voters already had formed opinions about (No Pages)
Bush, they dedicated their ads to discrediting Kerry. The Kerry
campaign assumed the same about Bush and focused most of their
ads on their own candidate.

This article focuses on the vocabulary and definitions of certain strategies that go into creating a political ad. Wilner (2012) believes that the time
of day the ads air, their sponsor, and their tone can all contribute to the understanding of their origin. These authors use widely-understood
political and marketing terminology to give readers an understanding of the strategies used. Additionally, the authors provide explanations for the
effects that the time-slot of the advertisement have on who it reaches, and at what part in their daily schedule. The authors’ conclusion (or
process) is of interest to me in my research on political advertisements because it provides vocabulary and inside information on the nature of ad
strategies. I can’t tell quite yet if I will use this in my paper yet.



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✓​ Annotated Bibliography - Source #1

X APA MLA Chicago

Important Vocabulary & Phrases

Summary of Key Findings

“Effects are not substantially different depending on which P.2 (PDF)

“Our experiments were fielded from March to November P.2 (PDF)

❏ Summarize​ significant findings or key information from the source

Important Vocabulary & Phrases

Summary of Key Findings

“Narratives have a long tradition throughout human history P.4 (PDF)

[Paragraphs upon paragraphs of percentage statistics on P.7 (PDF)

❏ Summarize​ significant findings or key information from the source

Important Vocabulary & Phrases

“Emotional Appeals” “When it occurs in the ad of a preferred candidate, it increases a

Summary of Key Findings

❏ Summarize​ significant findings or key information from the source

Important Vocabulary & Phrases

“ADSAM” “This is one of the only easy-to-administer non-verbal methods of

Summary of Key Findings

❏ Summarize​ significant findings or key information from the source

Important Vocabulary & Phrases

“Persuasion knowledge" “persuasion knowledge will contain causal-explanatory beliefs about

Summary of Key Findings

❏ Summarize​ significant findings or key information from the source

Important Vocabulary & Phrases

Summary of Key Findings

“...attack ads do not depress people’s interest in or learning of P.13 (PDF)

❏ Summarize​ significant findings or key information from the source

Important Vocabulary & Phrases

“Advertisement tone” The relative negative or positive lean of an advertisement

Summary of Key Findings

“Recent research contends that campaign "attack" advertising P.1 (PDF)

❏ Summarize​ significant findings or key information from the source

Begala, P. (2012). More Attack Ads, Please. ​Newsweek​, ​159​(13/14), 15–16.

Important Vocabulary & Phrases

“Attack ad” An advertisement actively denouncing an opposing candidate based on

Summary of Key Findings

Drew Westen, a psychologist and neuroscientist at Emory (no pages)

The biggest reason negative ads are so ubiquitous in (no pages)

❏ Summarize​ significant findings or key information from the source

Important Vocabulary & Phrases

“Attack ad” An advertisement actively denouncing an opposing candidate based on

Summary of Key Findings

Ads that focused on attacking a candidate were more (no pages)

❏ Summarize​ significant findings or key information from the source

Important Vocabulary & Phrases

“Attack ad” An advertisement actively denouncing an opposing candidate based on

Summary of Key Findings

​Though people do not like ​attack​ ​political​ advertising, (No pages)

❏ Summarize​ significant findings or key information from the source

Important Vocabulary & Phrases

Summary of Key Findings

Results suggest that increased advertising volume is (no pages)

if a voter is exposed to a political advertisement today, (no pages)

...there is not a consistently clear pattern in either more (no pages)

❏ Summarize​ significant findings or key information from the source

Important Vocabulary & Phrases

Negative advertising An advertisement actively denouncing an opposing candidate based on

Summary of Key Findings

We find that a candidate's support declines as her Pg. 1 (PDF)

Our analysis suggests that candidates enjoy a small Pg. 16 (PDF)

❏ Summarize​ significant findings or key information from the source

✓ Annotated Bibliography - Source #1

❏ Summarize significant findings or key information from the source

❏ Summarize significant findings or key information from the source

❏ Summarize significant findings or key information from the source

❏ Summarize significant findings or key information from the source

❏ Summarize significant findings or key information from the source

❏ Summarize significant findings or key information from the source

❏ Summarize significant findings or key information from the source

Begala, P. (2012). More Attack Ads, Please. Newsweek, 159(13/14), 15–16.

❏ Summarize significant findings or key information from the source

❏ Summarize significant findings or key information from the source

Though people do not like attack political advertising, (No pages)

❏ Summarize significant findings or key information from the source

❏ Summarize significant findings or key information from the source

❏ Summarize significant findings or key information from the source

❏ Summarize significant findings or key information from the source

❏ Summarize significant findings or key information from the source

❏ Summarize significant findings or key information from the source