Dr. D. Y.

Patil Unitech Society’s

Dr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Technology

Webinar for Two Days National Seminar on “Aspects of New Era in Transportation Engineering”,
Organized by Dr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Technology

Performance of Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) with Different

Fibers

Presented by
Dr. Ayyanna Habal
Research Associate,
IIT Bombay.

Stone Matrix Dense Graded

Asphalt Date: 10th June 2020 HMA
 Quick facts about Death rate in India
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

By Road Accidents By COVID-19

According to MoRTH report on 'Road Accidents in India, 2018’.

There were 1,51,417 deaths due to road accidents in 2018

Approximately 415 deaths per day Approximately 75 deaths per day*

Roughly FIVE times higher death rate due to Road accidents in India

Can we say Roads we have are deadlier than Corona Virus

*from 01-03-2020 to 09-06-2020
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Source: Google Images “Performance of Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) with Different Fibers” by Dr. Ayyanna Habal, IIT Bombay | 10th June 2020 | 3
 Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

➢ SMA is a gap-graded asphalt mix that was developed in Germany during 1960s to enhance rutting
resistance and durability by using stone-on-stone contact concept.

SMA consists of two parts

a high concentration coarse
aggregates skeleton and a
high binder content

SMA Aggregate Skeleton

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Source: https://pavementinteractive.org/of Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) with Different Fibers” by Dr. Ayyanna Habal, IIT Bombay | 10th June 2020 | 6
Advantages of SMA
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 Increased rutting resistance due to coarse gradation

 Increased durability due to high binder content (Min 5.8 %)

 Better fatigue life

 Increased skid resistance due to gap graded texture

 Best suited for surface courses on high volume roads

 Extended life as compared to conventional dense-graded mixtures

 If used in the right situations, it should be cost-effective because of its

increased rut resistance and durability.

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“Performance of Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) with Different Fibers” by Dr. Ayyanna Habal, IIT Bombay | 10th June 2020 | 8
Specifications for SMA
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

IRC: SP: 79 (2008), “Tentative

Specifications for Stone Matrix
Asphalt”,
Indian Road Congress (IRC)

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“Performance of Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) with Different Fibers” by Dr. Ayyanna Habal, IIT Bombay | 10th June 2020 | 9
 Challenges with SMA
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 Drain down, if not controlled may lead to bleeding Bleeding in pavements

 Additives/Fibers [Cellulose fibers: min 0.3%]

 Typically rich and modified asphalt binder is used for SMA

 Cost of SMA [about 20 – 25 % expensive than a typical dense-graded HMA]

 SMAs are generally stickier than conventional HMA because (1) they have more
asphalt binder, (2) the asphalt binder is modified, and (3) the binder and filler
combination creates a viscous mastic.

 It is common to deposit large amounts of mastic on paving equipment. If not

carefully monitored, will create fat spot on surface. Fat spots in new SMA
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Source: https://pavementinteractive.org/of Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) with Different Fibers” by Dr. Ayyanna Habal, IIT Bombay | 10th June 2020| 10
Need for local additives for SMA
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Cellulose fibers are

 Patented

 Imported

 Costly, and

 are not readily available.

Cellulose Fibers

Then, can’t we use locally available additives?

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“Performance of Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) with Different Fibers” by Dr. Ayyanna Habal, IIT Bombay | 10th June 2020| 12
SMA with Coir and Cellulose fibre- A case study
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Objectives:

 Marshall mix design of SMA with coir and cellulose fibres

 Drain down and Durability of SMA mixes with coir and cellulose fiber in terms of
Tensile Strength Ratio (TSR)

 Comparison of static Indirect Tensile strength for SMA mix with Coir fiber and
Cellulose fiber at different temperatures

 Fatigue life of SMA with Coir fiber & Cellulose Fibers by conducting Indirect
Tensile Fatigue test.

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“Performance of Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) with Different Fibers” by Dr. Ayyanna Habal, IIT Bombay | 10th June 2020| 13
Properties of Materials
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Asphalt binder and aggregates satisfied the requirements of IRC SP 79-2008

Property Coir Fibre Cellulose Fibre

Specific gravity 1.0 <1

Diameter 200 to 600 µm 45 µm

Length 3 to 8 mm 1.10 mm

Cellulose content ~ 45 % 80 %+/- 5%

Average Tensile strength 58.N/mm2 --

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“Performance of Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) with Different Fibers” by Dr. Ayyanna Habal, IIT Bombay | 10th June 2020| 15
 SMA Mix Design
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

IRC: SP: 79 (2008), “Tentative Specifications for Stone Matrix Asphalt”

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Steps: Mix Design Criteria:
 Material selection (aggregate, asphalt  VMA (17 % min.)
binder, and fibers)
 Air voids (4.0%)
 Evaluate trial gradations especially for
 Binder Content (5.8 % min.)
volumetric to ensure stone-on-stone contact
 Drain down (0.3% max.)
 Determine OBC for selected gradation
 VCAMIX should be less than VCADRC
 Check for binder drain down and moisture
susceptibility.

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Source: IRC SP 79 “Performance of Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) with Different Fibers” by Dr. Ayyanna Habal, IIT Bombay | 10th June 2020| 16
 SMA Gradation
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% Passing
IS sieve Size (mm)
13.0 mm NMAS 19.0 mm NMAS
Nominal Layer thickness 40-50 mm 45-75 mm
26.5 -- 100
19.0 100 90-100
13.2 90-100 45-70
9.5 50-75 25-60
4.75 20-28 20-28
2.36 16-24 16-24
1.18 13-21 13-21
0.600 12-18 12-18
0.300 10-20 10-20
0.075 8-12 8-12
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Source: IRC SP 79 “Performance of Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) with Different Fibers” by Dr. Ayyanna Habal, IIT Bombay | 10th June 2020| 18
 Voids in Coarse Aggregate (VCA)
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Gca * Yw - Ys Gmb
VCADRC = ( ) *100 VCA MIX = 100 − [( ) * Pca ]
Gca *Yw Gca

Gca = Bulk specific gravity of the coarse aggregate, PS = % of aggregate in mixture

Yw = Unit weight of water (998 kg/m3), Pca = % of coarse aggregate in the total mixture

Ys = Unit weight of coarse aggregate fraction in Gmm = theoretical max. specific gravity of the mix

dry rodded aggregate in kg/m3 Gmb= bulk specific gravity of compacted mixture
Gca= Bulk Sp. gravity of the coarse aggregate fraction.

VCAMIX < VCADRC Ensures the stone-on-stone contact in SMA

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“Performance of Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) with Different Fibers” by Dr. Ayyanna Habal, IIT Bombay | 10th June 2020| 21
Results of SMA mix design
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

SMA with SMA with Requirements as per

Parameters
Coir Fibres Cellulose Fibres IRC SP 79
Optimum Bitumen Content, % 6.0 5.8 5.8
Air voids, % 4.0 4.0 4.0
VMA, % 26.31 25.67 17
VCAmix, % 37.75 37.42 Less than VCADRC
VCADRC, % 40.12 40.12 --
Drain down, % 0.1 0.04 0.3 max
TSR, % 87.93 86.75 85 min.

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“Performance of Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) with Different Fibers” by Dr. Ayyanna Habal, IIT Bombay | 10th June 2020| 22
Fatigue performance of SMA
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Indirect tensile fatigue life at 30 °C

Applied stress, Fatigue life, No.

Mix type
N/mm2 of cycles
SMA with Coir Fibres 0.22 850
SMA with Cellulose Fibres 0.22 645

Tensile strength
Indirect Tensile strength , MPa
Mix type at different temperatures, °C
10 20 30 40
SMA with Coir Fibres 1.58 1.08 0.54 0.38
SMA with Cellulose Fibres 1.18 0.82 0.40 0.34
By comparing the Indirect tensile fatigue life, SMA with coir shows 24.57 % higher repetitions of load as
compared to SMA with cellulose fibres
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“Performance of Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) with Different Fibers” by Dr. Ayyanna Habal, IIT Bombay | 10th June 2020| 23
Conclusions from Case study
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1) The OBC of SMA-coir shows 0.2% higher binder content when compared to SMA-
cellulose.

2) Drain down of both SMA with coir and cellulose are within specified limits.

3) The SMA with coir at different temperatures shows higher static indirect tensile
strength when compared to SMA with cellulose fibres.

4) Indirect tensile fatigue life of the SMA-coir shows 24.57% higher repetitions of load as
compared to SMA-cellulose at 30°C temperature.

5) SMA-coir founds to be economical when compared to SMA-cellulose as coconut fibers

are locally available and cheaper than cellulose fibers
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“Performance of Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) with Different Fibers” by Dr. Ayyanna Habal, IIT Bombay | 10th June 2020 | 24
Takeaway
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

✓ SMA is a gap-graded mix that was developed to enhance rutting resistance by using
stone-on-stone contact concept

✓ SMA consists of two parts a high concentration coarse aggregates skeleton and a high
binder content

✓ Drain down is the challenge in SMA and additives (fibres) are mandatory to control it

✓ IRC: SP: 79 (2008) specification available for SMA

✓ Cost of SMA is 20 – 25 % expensive than a typical dense-graded HMA

✓ Locally available coir fibres found to be best alternative for imported cellulose fibres.
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“Performance of Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) with Different Fibers” by Dr. Ayyanna Habal, IIT Bombay | 10th June 2020 | 25
References
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. S. S. Awanti, A. Habbal, P. N. Hiremath, S. Tadibidi, and S. N. Hallale (2012) “Characterization of stone matrix asphalt with
cellulose and coconut fiber” Advances in Civil Engineering and Building Materials. CRC Press, Nov 2012, pp. 639 -642.
https://doi.org/10.1201/b13165-134
2. IRC: SP: 79 (2008), “Tentative Specifications for Stone Matrix Asphalt”, Indian Road Congress
3. Sarang, G., Lekha, B. M., Krishna, G., & Ravi Shankar, A. U. (2016). Comparison of Stone Matrix Asphalt mixtures with polymer-
modified bitumen and shredded waste plastics. Road Materials and Pavement Design, 17(4), 933-945.
4. National Asphalt Pavement Association (NAPA) (1999), “Designing and Constructing SMA Mixtures: Stateof-the-Practice”, QIP
122
5. AASHTO T305 (2000), “Determination of Draindown Characteristics in Uncompacted Asphalt Mixtures”, American Association
of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington DC.
6. Bindu C S (2013), “Influence of additives on the characteristics of Stone Matrix Asphalt” Cochin University of Science and
Technology
7. Kumar Pawan, Chandra Satish and Bose Sunil (2007), 'Laboratory Investigations on SMA mixes with Different Additives',
International Journal of Pavement Engineering, Volume 8, Issue1
8. Satander Kumar and Anukul Saxena, “Soil and Aggregate Stabilization for Sustainable Pavement” NBM&CW, December 2010
9. NCHRP, Report 425 (1999), “Designing Stone Matrix Asphalt for rut resistant pavement mixtures”, National Cooperative Highway
Research Programme (NCHRP), Transportation Research Board, National Research Council.
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“Performance of Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) with Different Fibers” by Dr. Ayyanna Habal, IIT Bombay | 10th June 2020| 27
 Acknowledgements
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Prof. S S Awanti
PDACE Gulbarga Dr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Technology, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra
(Research Advisor)

S. S. Awanti, A. Habbal, P. N. Hiremath, S. Tadibidi, and S. N. Hallale (2012) “Characterization of stone matrix asphalt with
cellulose and coconut fiber” Advances in Civil Engineering and Building Materials. CRC Press, Nov 2012, pp. 639 -642.
https://doi.org/10.1201/b13165-134
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“Performance of Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) with Different Fibers” by Dr. Ayyanna Habal, IIT Bombay | 10th June 2020| 29
Thank You.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Let’s practice social distancing to fight coronavirus

Pandemic.

Any Questions…?

Dr. Ayyanna Habal

Research Associate,
IIT Bombay.
ayyanna.habal@gmail.com
https://sites.google.com/view/ayyannahabal/home
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“Performance of Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) with Different Fibers” by Dr. Ayyanna Habal, IIT Bombay | 10th June 2020| 30