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New Integrated Smart Antenna Analysis
New Integrated Smart Antenna Analysis
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Antenna Diversity: Agenda
! Overview
! Diversity Systems
! Summary
! References
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Antenna Diversity: Overview
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Antenna Diversity: Overview
! Bandwidth
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Antenna Diversity: Overview
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Antenna Diversity: Overview
! System Analysis with Ansoft Symphony
! Adaptive Processing is intended to modify receiver characteristics with a changing signal
environment to improve performance
! At the system level, Ansoft Symphony can be used to investigate receiver improvements
! Mixed mode simulator – Time/Frequency Domain
! Time Domain:
Domain inter-symbol interference (ISI - delay and signal spreading between signals),
multi-path reflection interference, amplitude/phase distortion, SNR and BER degradation due to
noise (Gaussian, shot and thermal), etc.
! Frequency Domain:
Domain inter-modulation and harmonic distortion, spectral regrowth, Doppler
effects, spurious signal generation, small carrier suppression due to large interferer, etc.
! Powerful models:
models Channel Equalization, Raleigh Fading, Rohde and Schwarz 3G I and Q baseband
signal sources, CDMA Toolbox, MATLAB™ and C co-simulation
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Antenna Diversity: Overview
(
P1 = E x1 (t )
2
) (
P2 = E x2 (t )
2
)
! The complex cross correlation is:
E denotes the Expectation
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Antenna Diversity: Overview
ρ
Em (θ , φ ) = Eθm (θ , φ )θˆ + Eφm (θ , φ )φˆ Electric field pattern of antenna m = 1,2
Sθo
Γ=
Sφo
Γ = Cross-
•Γ Cross-polarization discrimination(XPD) – ratio of vertical to
horizontal electric field strength of the incident field
Γ = 0 dB – Equal likely hood of either polarization
•Γ
Γ = 6 dB – Vertical polarization
•Γ
•Instantaneous
Instantaneous XPD = -6 to 18 dB
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Antenna Diversity: Overview
•Normalized
Normalized Mutual Resistance – ratio of the standard two port impedances
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Antenna Diversity: Antenna Geometry
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Antenna Diversity: Antenna Geometry
lpifa
lpifa = 25mm
Wpifia = 10mm
lcf dcf
hpifia = 5mm hpifa
Wcap = 4mm dcap
dcap = 0.5mm
lcf = 23mm
x Wcap
Wcf = 10mm Side View
dcf = 2.5mm
Wpifa Wcf
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Antenna Diversity: Antenna Geometry
! Using the Parametric Geometry Editor, the model is quickly parameterized to allow for
quick and efficient control of the antenna configuration.
! The resulting parametric model can be controlled directly by Ansoft
Optimetrics(Optimization/Parameterization/Sensitivity)
Parametric 3D Model
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Antenna Diversity: Antenna Geometry
! To study the affects of the capacitive load on the antenna performance, Ansoft Optimetrics
will be used to generate sets of design curves:
dcap
Wcap
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Antenna Diversity: Antenna Results
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Antenna Diversity: Antenna Results
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Antenna Diversity: Antenna Results
! Vary the capacitive load width (Wcap) for various plate separations(dcap)
! Investigate resonant frequency(where the phase of the input impedance is equal to zero)
! Cases: (dcap), (Wcap = 0, 2, 4, 6, 8) [mm]
! I: (0.5)
! II: (1.0)
! III: (2.0)
! IV: (3.0)
! V: (4.0)
dcap
Wcap
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Antenna Diversity: Antenna Results
I II III IV V
Design Goal
Design Curve IV
Wcap = 0.3mm
dcap = 3.0mm
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Antenna Diversity: Antenna Geometry
! From the design curves created by Ansoft Optimetrics, the dimensions for the antenna can
be determined to achieve a specific operating band(resonant frequency)
! For this study, we will select a capacitively loaded PIFA design for DCS 1800(GSM)
operation(frequency band 1.71 to 1.88GHz).
! From design curve IV, this would correspond to Wcap = 0.3mm and dcap = 3.0mm
! By updating the Parametric 3D Model with the new design values, the single antenna
Ansoft HFSS simulations will be used to determine the performance
! After the simulations are completed, an Ansoft Serenade project is created directly from
HFSS for plotting and further analysis.
! The following slides outline the performance of the single capacitively loaded PIFA
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Antenna Diversity: Integration
Quickly design
matching
networks using
Smith Tool
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Antenna Diversity: Antenna Results
VSWR/Return Loss
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Antenna Diversity: Antenna Results
Smith Chart – S11
Matching Network
Ideal response for a series
Response
resonant network in series
with the antenna.
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Antenna Diversity: Antenna Results
Impedance
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Radiation Patterns
Antenna Diversity: Antenna Results
[dBi]
Eθ
Eφ
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Antenna Diversity: Antenna Results
Field Animations
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Antenna Diversity: Antenna Results
! When the handset is simulated in free space, the size of the simulation space can be
reduced by taking advantage of the antennas symmetry
Symmetry Plane
4x Speed Improvement
2x Less Memory
"Full
Model: 283s (200MB)
"Symmetry/PML: 61s (85MB)
! In addition to symmetry, the simulation space can be reduced by using Perfectly Matched
Layers(PML). The PML layer can be placed as close as λ/8-λ/10 compared to the
minimum of λ/4 for a radiation boundary.
! When used in conjunction with the symmetry boundary, the overall simulation space can
be reduced by a significant amount.
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Antenna Diversity: Antenna Geometry
! By adding a 2nd antenna to the handset, Ansoft HFSS can be used to determine the
performance of the antenna used in a diversity configuration.
Antenna 2
Antenna 1
Antenna 1 – 3D Far-
Far-Field Pattern
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Radiation Patterns
Antenna Diversity: Antenna Results
[dBi]
Antenna 1 Antenna 2
Eθ Eθ
Eφ Eφ
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Antenna Diversity: Antenna Results
VSWR/S-Parameters
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Port Impedance
Antenna Diversity: Antenna Results
Cross Correlation
Good Diversity Gain
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Antenna Diversity: Antenna Results
! Using (1), the Complex Cross Correlation is calculated
from the Ansoft HFSS far-field antenna patterns.
! The calculations are performed for various values of
XPD(-5 to 20dB)
! The calculations are performed for the stand-by(0°)
and talk(60°) position
Talk (60°
(60°)
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Cross Correlation
Antenna Diversity: Antenna Results
Results
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Antenna Diversity: Antenna Geometry
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Antenna Diversity: Antenna Geometry
! Bone(5mm thick)
! εr = 4.6
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Antenna Diversity: Antenna Results
VSWR/S-Parameters
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Antenna Diversity: Antenna Results
Smith Chart – S11
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Radiation Patterns
Antenna Diversity: Antenna Results
[dBi]
Eθ
Eφ
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Cross Correlation
Antenna Diversity: Antenna Results
Results
0deg
60deg
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Antenna Diversity: Antenna Results
! When developing new PCS handsets, the Specific Absorption Rate(SAR) is an important
design parameter. To help us understand the SAR performance, the fields post processor
can be used to find and calculate the maximum SAR.
Specific
SpecificAbsorption
AbsorptionRate Rate(SAR):
(SAR):Time
Timerate
rateofofenergy
energyabsorbed
absorbed
ininan
an incremental mass, divided by that mass. Average SARininaa
incremental mass, divided by that mass. Average SAR
body
bodyisisthe
thetime
timerate
rateofofthe
thetotal
totalenergy
energyabsorbed
absorbeddivided
dividedby
bythe
the
total mass of the body. The units are watts per kilogram
total mass of the body. The units are watts per kilogram (W/kg) (W/kg)
σ | E |2
SAR =
rms
ρ
! Where:
! σ = conductivity of the tissue (S/m)
! ρ = mass density of the tissue
(kg/m3)
! E = rms electric field strength (V/m)
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Antenna Diversity: Antenna Results
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Antenna Diversity: Summary
! The design and development of a PCS handset for use in the DCS-1800 band was
presented. Using Ansoft’s Electronics Design Automation(EDA) software, the engineer
has the ability to perform end-to-end design simulations. This avoids costly prototypes and
allows the engineer to investigate more “what-if” designs - Thereby increasing the
likelihood of producing superior products that cost less and take less time to develop.
! By applying software tools early in the development process, problems can be quickly
identified and resolved prior to production. Thus decreasing a products time to market.
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Antenna Diversity: References
! C.R. Rowell and R.D Murch, A Capacitively Loaded PIFA for Compact Mobile Telephone
Handsets, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol 45, No 5, May 1997
! C.K. Ko and R.D. Murch, Compact Integrated Diversity Antenna for Wireless
Communications, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol 49, No 6, June
2001
! C.K. Ko and R.D. Murch, A Diversity Antenna for External Mounting on Wireless Handsets,
IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol 49, No 5, May 2001
! C.R. Rowell and R.D Murch, Design of Diversity Antennas for Mobile Telephones
! C. Braun, G. Engblom, and C. Beckman, Evaluation of Antenna Diversity Performance for
Mobile Handsets Using 3-D Measurement Data, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and
Propagation, Vol 47, No 11, November 1999
! B.M Green and M.A. Jensen, Diversity Performance of Dual-Antenna Handsets Near
Operator Tissue, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol 48, No 7, July
2000
! M.A. Jensen and Y. Rahmat-Samii, Perfromance Analysis of Antennas for Hand-Held
Transceivers, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol 42, No 8, August 1994
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