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Astm D381-19 PDF
Astm D381-19 PDF
Astm D381-19 PDF
c6 .U 117
INTERNAnONAL
Designation:
• U I § 'I West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania 19428-2959,
D 8~lrNAL United States of America. This copy hasbeen made
by the Directorate for Standaids "nd Quality (STAMEQ) under license
from ASTMInternational.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
I This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee 002 on 2 For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astrn.org, or
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book ofASTM
Subcommittee 002.14 on Stability, Cleanliness and Compatibility of Liquid Fuels. Standards volume information, refer to the standard's Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Dec. I, 2019. Published December 2019. Originally the ASTM website.
approved in 1934. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as D381 - 12 (2017). 3 Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London. WIG 7AR,
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MY
AI11~~CopyrightASTMIntemational; 100 BarrHarbor Drive,
•u! ,1
!NTERNAOOHAL
West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania 19428-2959,
U,t"I ed ~t
_ ales
a,
0fA menca
. Th'IScopy has been made
by the Directorate for Standards and Ouaiity (STAMEQ)under license
from ASTM Internae 0381 - 19
7. Materials ._---~--.- on pe ormmg t e air ow calibration procedure. Note the
7.1 Air-Supply of filtered air at a pressure not more than setting of the flow indicator device for use with air and use this
35 kPa. setting for subsequent tests.
10.1.1.1 One way to calibrate the air flow is to use a
7.2 Gum Solvent-A mixture of equal volumes of toluene
calibrated flow indicator device, such as a flowmeter, separate
and acetone.
from the device specified in 6.5, to check the air flow rate at
7.3 Heptane-Minimum purity of 99.7 %. each outlet directly at room temperature and atmospheric
7.4 Steam-Supply of steam free of oily residue and at a pressure. To obtain accurate results, ensure that the back
pressure not less than 35 kPa. (Warning-If a steam super- pressure of the flowmeter is less than 1 kPa.
heater is used, there may be exposed hot surfaces on the steam 10.1.1.2 Alternatively, another way to calibrate the air flow
superheater. Avoid contact with exposed skin by use of is to measure and adjust as appropriate the total air flow rate
protective equipment as required.) (mLls) supplied to the outlets. The total air flow rate equals the
expected air flow rate at each outlet times the number or outlet
8. Assembly of Air-Jet Apparatus positions (for example, instrument has 5 positions and a total
8.1 Assemble the air-jet apparatus as shown in Fig. 1. With air flow rate measurement of 3000 mLls, indicating an ex-
the apparatus at room temperature, adjust the air flow to give a pected air flow rate of 600 mLls at each outlet). Once verifying
rate of 600 mL/s ± 90 mL/s for the outlet under test. Check the total flow supplied to the outlets is at the appropriate rate,
the remaining outlets for uniform air flow. perform uniformity checks by comparing the relative air flow
rates at each outlet position versus the requirements in 10.1.I.
NOTE 4--A rate of 600 mL/s ± 90 mL/s from each outlet, at room
temperature and atmospheric pressure, will ensure delivery of 1000 mL/s 10.2 Steam Flow:
± 150 mL/s at the temperature of 155°C ± 5°C for each outlet. It is 10.2.1 Verifyor calibrate the steam flow to ensure all outlets
recommended to follow the manufacturers' instructions to verify total meet the 1000 mLls ± 150 mL/s steam flow requirement.
flowls (600 mL/s air flow x number of outlets = total flow/s) and Refer to the instrument manufacturer instructions for specific
uniformity from each outlet.
guidance on performing the steam flow calibration procedure.
8.2 Apply heat to the evaporation bath (see 6.4) until the Note the setting of the flow indicator device for use with steam
temperature of the bath is between 160°C and 165 DC. and use this setting for subsequent tests.
Introduce air into the apparatus at a rate indicated on the flow 10.2.1.1 One way to calibrate the steam flow, is to attach a
indicator (see 6.5) from the exercise carried out in 8.1. Measure copper tube to a steam outlet and extend the tube into a 2 L
the temperature in each well with the temperature sensor (see graduated cylinder that has been filled with crushed ice and
6.8) placed with the bulb or sensor tip resting on the bottom of water that has been previously weighed. Exhaust the steam into
the beaker in the well. Do not use any well having a recorded the cylinder for approximately 60 s. Adjust the position of the
temperature outside the range from 150°C to 160 "C. cylinder so that the end of the copper tube is immersed in the
water to a depth of less than 50 mm to prevent excessive back
9. Assembly of Steam-Jet Apparatus pressure. After the appropriate time has elapsed, remove the
9.1 Assemble the steam-jet apparatus as shown in Fig.!. copper tube from the cylinder and weigh the cylinder.The gain
(Warning-The sample and solvent vapors evaporated during in mass represents the amount of steam condensed. Calculate
the performance of this test procedure can be extremely the steam rate (mLls) as follows:
flammable or combustible and hazardous from the inhalation R= (M-m)IOOOlkl (I)
standpoint. The evaporation bath must be provided with an
effective exhaust hood to control such vapors and reduce the where:
risk of thermal explosion.) R steam rate (mLls),
9.2 To place the apparatus in operation, apply heat to the M mass of graduated cylinder with condensed steam, g,
m mass of graduated cylinder and ice, g,
bath. When the temperature reaches 232°C, slowly introduce
k mass of 1000 mL of steam at 232°C at atmospheric
dry steam into the system until a rate of 1000 mLls ±
pressure = 0.434 g, and
150 mLls for each outlet is reached (see 10.2). Regulate the condensing time, s.
temperature of the bath to a range from 232°C to 246 °C to
provide a well temperature of 232°C ± 3°C. Measure the
11. Procedure
temperature with the temperature sensor, placed resting on the
bottom of a beaker in one of the bath wells with the conical 11.1 Wash the beakers, including the tare, with the gum
adapter in place. Any well having a temperature that differs by solvent until free of gum. Rinse thoroughly with water and
more than 3 °C from 232°C is not suitable for standard tests. immerse in a mildly alkaline or neutral pH laboratory detergent
cleaning solution.
10. Calibration and Standardization 11.1.1 The type of detergent and conditions for its use need
10.1 Air Flow: to be established in each laboratory. The criterion for satisfac-
10.1.1 Verify or calibrate the air flow to ensure all outlets tory cleaning shall be a matching of the quality of that obtained
meet the 600 mL/s ± 90 mLls air flow requirement as mea- with chromic acid cleaning solutions on used beakers (fresh
sured at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. Refer to chromic acid, 6 h soaking period, rinsing with distilled water
the instrument manufacturer instructions for specific guidance and drying). For this comparison visual appearance and mass
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A (ilk, Copyright ASTMInternational, 100 Barr Harbor Drive,
¥ West con~hoh~cken,. penn~lvania 19428-2959,
INTERIJXflONAt United States OT America. This copy has been made
- T
~ Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive,
~U B.1 WestConshohocken, Pennsylvania 19428-2959,
fNT£RNAnGNAL United StatEsof America. This copy hasbeen made
by the Directorate for Standards and Quality (STAMEQ) under license
from ASTM InternatiOf~ 0381 - 19
---
~
-- --
I--
L.--- ..... - ~
~
~
L---- ~
5 10 15 20 2S 30
Existent Gum, "'II/lOG mL
1- R.epIIatIbiIity - Repodudbility 1
---
Aviation Turbine fuels Precision for Existent Gum
-
--- ~
~
-~
---
,__-
-- 5
l,..---
I--
10 15
~
20
Existent Gum, mg/1OG mL
1- R.epIIatIbiIity - Repoducibility I
2S 30
where: <0.5 mgl100 mL, the washed gum may also be reported as
A = existent gum content, mgll 00 mL, "<0.5 mgl100 mL" (see 11.8).
S = solvent washed gum content, mg/I 00 mL, 13.3 For all fuels, if the filtration step (see 11.4) has been
U unwashed gum content, mg/IOOmL, carried out before evaporation, the expression filtered shall
B = mass recorded in 11.6 for the sample beaker plus follow the numerical value.
residue, g,
C = mass recorded in 11.12 for the sample beaker plus 14. Precision and Bias"
residue, g,
D = mass recorded in 11.3 for the empty sample beaker, g, 14.1 The precision, as obtained by statistical examination of
X = mass recorded in 11.3 for the tare beaker, g, interlaboratory test results, is given in 14.1.1 and 14.1.2, and
Y mass recorded in 11.6 for the tare beaker, g, and illustrated graphically in Fig. 2. Analysis details are in the
Z = mass recorded in 11.12 for the tare beaker, g. research report.
14.1.1 Repeatability-The difference between successive
13. Report test results, obtained by the same operator with the same
13.1 For aviation fuels with existent gum contents apparatus under constant operating conditions on identical test
2:1mgl100 mL, express the results to the nearest 1 mgl100 mL material would, in the long run, in the normal and COITect
as existent gum content by Test Method D381. Round figures operation of the test method, exceed the values below only in
in accordance with Practice E29 or Appendix E of IP Standard one case in twenty.
Methods for Analysis and Testing of Petroleum and Related r = 1.11 + O.095x for existent gum (aviation gasoline), (5)
Products. For results <1 mgl100 ml., report as r = O.5882+0.2490x for existent gum (6)
"<1 mgl100 mL."
13.2 For non-aviation fuels with either solvent washed or (aviation turbine fuel),
unwashed gum content values 2:0.5mgl100 mL, express the r = O.997xo.4 for unwashed gum content (unwashed), and (7)
results to the nearest 0.5 mgl100 mL as either solvent washed r = 1.298xo.~ for solvent washed gum content (washed) (8)
gum or unwashedgum content, or both, by Test Method D381.
Round figures in accordance with Practice E29 or Appendix E
of IP Standard Methods for Analysis and Testing of Petroleum 4 Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may
and Related Products. For results <0.5 mgl100 mL, report as be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1466. Contact ASTM Customer
"<0.5 mgl1 00 mL." If the unwashed gum content is Service at service@astm.org.
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Pl~).) CopyrightklM International, 100 B.arrHarbor Drive,
..:::!ill~~ West Conshohocken,. Penn~ll'anJa' '19428-2959;' ,
iHTlERNAnONAL UnitedStates of America. This copy has been made
by the OJ,rectoratef.O' .+ ndards and Quality (STAMEQ)under license
+, 0381-19
from ASTM In,ernat! . .
where: x is the average of the results emg-cornpared:-'------NOTE ,!-The P ues .given above for solvent :-vashed and
. .., unwashed gum content were obtained on fourteen (14) finished motor
14.1.2 Reproducibility=The difference between two ~est gasolines, which included two samples containing 10 % by volume
results independently obtained by different operators operating ethanol and five (5) samples containing 15 % by volume methyl tertiary
in different laboratories on nominally identical test material butyl ether (MTBE), as well as deposit control additives as determined in
would, in the long run, in the normal and correct operation of a 1997 interlaboratory study." The precision values for the s.ol.ventwashed
. . and unwashed gum content are based on samples contammg between
the test method, exceed the values below only in one case in 0 mg/lOO mL to 15 mg/lOO mL and 0 mg/lOO rnL to 50 mg/lOO mL
twenty: gum content, respectively.
R = 2.09+ 0.126x for existent gum (aviation gasoline), (9) 14.2 Bias-Since there is no accepted reference material
R = 2.941+ 0.2794x for existent gum (10) suitable for determining the bias for the procedure in Test
Method D381 for measuring existent gum (solvent washed or
(aviation turbine fuel), unwashed gum), bias has not been determined.
R = 1.928x"0.4 for unwashed gum content (11)
15. Keywords
R = 2.494x"0.3 for solvent washed gum content (12)
15.1 aviation fuels; existent gum; motor gasoline; solvent
where: x is the average of the results being compared. washed gum; unwashed gum
SUMMARY OF CHANGES
Subcommittee D02.14 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue
(D381-12 (2017» that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved Dec. 1,2019.)
( 1) Revised Fig. 2.
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