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Vector Analysis
Cross product/ vector product: The cross or vector product of two vectors 𝐴
and 𝐵 is denoted by𝐴 × 𝐵 and defined as the multiplication of the
magnitude of 𝐴 and 𝐵 and sine of the angle between them.
Mathematically 𝐴 ∙ 𝐵 = 𝐴 𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 η
η represents the direction of cross product. The direction is perpendicular to
the plane of the vectors 𝐴 and 𝐵. 𝐴 , 𝐵 and η form a right-hand system.

 Cross product is a vector quantity.

 Vector product is not commutative i.e. 𝐴 × 𝐵 ≠ 𝐵 × 𝐴
 If two vectors are parallel then, 𝐴 × 𝐵 = 0
Geometrically, 𝐴 × 𝐵 represents the area the parallelogram whose adjacent sides
are 𝐴 and 𝐵.
𝐴 × 𝐵 = 𝐴 𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 η
⇒ 𝐴 × 𝐵 = 𝑂𝐴. 𝑂𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃η B
⇒ 𝐴 × 𝐵 = 𝑂𝐴. 𝐵𝑀η
⇒ 𝐴 × 𝐵 = 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒. 𝑕𝑒𝑖𝑔𝑕𝑡. η
O
M
Hence, 𝐴 × 𝐵 represents the area of a parallelogram

Important Vector Products:

𝑖×𝑖=0 𝑖×𝑗=𝑘 𝑗 × 𝑖 = −𝑘
𝑗×𝑗=0 𝑗×𝑘 = 𝑖 𝑘 × 𝑗 = −𝑖
𝑘×𝑘 = 0 𝑘×𝑖=𝑗 𝑖 × 𝑘 = −𝑗
Problem: If 𝐴 = 𝐴1 𝑖 + 𝐴2 𝑗 + 𝐴3 𝑘 and 𝐵 = 𝐵1 𝑖 + 𝐵2 𝑗 + 𝐵3 𝑘 then show that𝐴 ×
𝐵 = 𝐴2 𝐵3 − 𝐴3 𝐵2 𝑖 − 𝐴1 𝐵3 − 𝐴3 𝐵1 𝑗 + (𝐴1 𝐵2 − 𝐴2 𝐵1 )𝑘
Solution:
Given, 𝐴 = 𝐴1 𝑖 + 𝐴2 𝑗 + 𝐴3 𝑘
𝐵 = 𝐵1 𝑖 + 𝐵2 𝑗 + 𝐵3 𝑘
Now
𝐴 × 𝐵 = (𝐴1 𝑖 + 𝐴2 𝑗 + 𝐴3 𝑘 ) × (𝐵1 𝑖 + 𝐵2 𝑗 + 𝐵3 𝑘)
⇒ 𝐴 × 𝐵 = 𝐴1 𝐵1 𝑖 × 𝑖 + 𝐴1 𝐵2 𝑖 × 𝑗 + 𝐴1 𝐵3 𝑖 × 𝑘 +
𝐴2 𝐵1 𝑗 × 𝑖 + 𝐴2 𝐵2 𝑗 × 𝑗 + 𝐴2 𝐵3 𝑗 × 𝑘 +
𝐴3 𝐵1 𝑘 × 𝑖 + 𝐴3 𝐵2 𝑘 × 𝑗 + 𝐴3 𝐵3 𝑘 × 𝑘
⇒ 𝐴 × 𝐵 = 𝐴1 𝐵1 0 + 𝐴1 𝐵2 𝑘 + 𝐴1 𝐵3 −𝑗 + 𝐴2 𝐵1 −𝑘 + 𝐴2 𝐵2 0 +
𝐴2 𝐵3 𝑖 + 𝐴3 𝐵1 𝑗 + 𝐴3 𝐵2 −𝑖 + 𝐴3 𝐵3 0
⇒ 𝐴 × 𝐵 = 𝐴2 𝐵3 − 𝐴3 𝐵2 𝑖 − 𝐴1 𝐵3 − 𝐴3 𝐵1 𝑗 + (𝐴1 𝐵2 − 𝐴2 𝐵1 )𝑘

𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
⇒ 𝐴 × 𝐵 = 𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴3
𝐵1 𝐵2 𝐵3
Problem: Find 𝐴 × 𝐵 𝑖𝑓𝐴 = 𝑖 − 2𝑗 + 𝑘 and 𝐵 = 4𝑖 − 4𝑗 + 7𝑘
or, Find a vector perpendicular to the plane of 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵
Find a unit vector perpendicular to the plane of 𝑨 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑩
Solution:
Given, 𝐴 = 𝑖 − 2𝑗 + 𝑘
𝐵 = 4𝑖 − 4𝑗 + 7𝑘
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
⇒𝐴×𝐵 = 1 −2 1 = −14 + 4 𝑖 − 7 − 4 𝑗 + (−4 + 8)𝑘
4 −4 7
⇒ 𝐴 × 𝐵 = −10𝑖 − 3𝑗 + 4𝑘
𝐴×𝐵 = (−10)2 +(−3)2 +(4)2 = 125

Now the unit vector perpendicular to the plane of 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 is

𝐴×𝐵 −10𝑖−3𝑗+4𝑘
η = =
𝐴×𝐵 125
Problem: Find the area of a parallelogram whose adjacent sides are
𝑖 − 2𝑗 + 3𝑘 and 2𝑖 + 𝑗 − 4𝑘
Solution: B

Let 𝑂𝐴 = 𝑖 − 2𝑗 + 3𝑘
𝑂𝐵 = 2𝑖 + 𝑗 − 4𝑘
O A
M
Now the vector area of the Parallelogram is
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝐴 × 𝐵 = 1 −2 3 = 8 − 3 𝑖 − −4 − 6 𝑗 + (1 + 4)𝑘
2 1 −4
⇒ 𝐴 × 𝐵 = 5𝑖 + 10𝑗 + 5𝑘
𝐴 × 𝐵 = (5)2 +(10)2 +(5)2 = 5 6
 HW
Problem: If 𝐴 = 2𝑖 + 2𝑗 − 𝑘 and 𝐵 = 6𝑖 − 3𝑗 + 2𝑘 find the unit vector
perpendicular to the plane of 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵. Also find the sine of the angle between
𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵.

Problem: Find a vector of magnitude is 9 which is perpendicular to both 𝐴 = 4𝑖 −

𝑗 + 3𝑘 and 𝐵 = −2𝑖 + 𝑗 − 2𝑘

Problem: Find the area of a parallelogram whose adjacent sides are 2𝑖 + 3𝑗 + 𝑘 and
𝑖 + 4𝑗 + 5𝑘 Ans: 563

Problem: Find the area of a parallelogram whose diagonals are 3𝑖 + 𝑗 − 2𝑘 and

𝑖 − 3𝑗 + 4𝑘 Ans: 5 3
Thank You So Much