GPA Standard 2106-88 Obtaining Natural Gas Samples for Analysis by Gas Chromatography . Adopted as a Tentative Standard, 1966 oo] Rlovised and Adopted as a Standard, 1968 . { Favised 1986 Reames) Reprinted 1988, 1090, 1694, 1996 0601 GPA 1986 oll Gas Processors Association 6526 East 60th Street Tulsa, Oklahoma 74145,FOREWORD ‘This 1986 revicion of GPA Publication 2166 contains major changes from the edopted 1966 stenderd, The ivcarporated chenges are the reuult of three cooperative sampling programs earried cut by the GPA Worl: Group 00 ‘Natural Ges Sampling, A total of 1050 ssmplas wore collected end analyzed resulting in nearly 70,000 data pointa for valuation of sampling methed effects on each of the 10 common compenents of natural gas. Details of this work were roported in the Proeaedings of the GPA 64th Annual Convention (1985), ‘The combined data obtained from this sampling project report the degree of accuracy for each method testod lo be listed in the following order: 1, Water Displacement Method 2, Purging — Controlled Rate Method 3, Purging - Fill & Empty Method 4, Glycol Displacement Method ‘5. Reduced Proacuro Method. 8. Floating Piston Cylinder Method 1. Holium “Pop” Method 8, Evacuated Container Method Good samples can be obtained when using any of the eight methoda texted, provided extreme care is taken while the samples are being secured. Potential usors of these sampling methods are urged to study this report prior to selection of sampling methods Seis) Dokumentasi | *PERPLSTAKAAN © | Sr: 2004 Forel |Obtaining Natural Gas Samples for Analysis by Gas Chromatography 1, SCOPE 1L1_‘Thospecifiepurposoo!thiabulletinis torecommend procédoree for sazopling nataral gas for subeoquent analyela by ges ehromstography. Thin bulletin describes procedures {or obtaining representative "spot samples of natural gas from vacuum of prasoure sourees in containers whick are suitable for transporting the sample to aleboratcry. Contain- eraawal be selected 20 thatthe gas exmposilicn isnotaltered forthe tests to he performed during storage or transportation of the sample, These sumpling procedures shotki be sppli- table far mest aitetions rommly reouvtared in naarel ges sampling. The procedures described in this balletin may bo ‘used for obtaining samples for anclysia by methods other than gas chromatography. Some of the procedures dascribed in this bulletin are auitable for sampling “wet” (rich) mazaral goee at pressure to 1100 paig. Thoro oro nc pressure strictions in sampling “dzy" (oan) natural gases. Both a jample probe and a OPA separator must be used to ‘ebtain good, representative eamples, ‘ots 1-Streame containing hydrogen cafe shouldbe analyed for Japdiogen valde ale dx the fed. 2. OUTLINE OF METHODS 2.1 A gas sample is transferred from the source into a snp conteiner by one of Che folowing methods: Water Displacement Mathod b. Purging Controlled Rate Method ©. Purging~ Fil & limpty Mstkod d. Glycol Displacement Method . Reduced Pressure Method f, Floating Piston Cvlieder Method g Helium “Pop" Method . Bvecusted Container Method 2.2. Themethod selected may depend opon the compor sition of the sample, pragcure and temporatars conditions of the sample source and equipment available 3. GRNERAL INFORMATION 3.1. ‘The objective of any sampling procedure isto chtein 2 represemlative sample of kydrocerbons from the systema wer investigation. Any subsequent analysis of the sample, regardloes of the accuracy ofthe analytics! test, io inaccurats unless @ representative sample Ia obtained. This method fessumen all proceduren begin with clean, leak-frer sample eylinders. 3.2 Entrained liquide are a chiof cause of non-represen: tsrive samples when sampling “wat” (rich) gases. ‘Theeo entrained liquids ean be eliminated by the correct installetion of sample probes end by the use of a sampling saparator daring sample collection. Sample probes should ke inatalied 0 the apper eircumforence of veasel or pipeline and extend. far ensugh into the vessel cr pipeline to meuro vapor sampling, ‘away from vexsel or pipeline walls, Sampling separators cun bbe parmarently installed at che sample paint (Balston filter ‘ype) cx eamried trom sampling point te sampling point, The: portable sejsratars must he thoroughly purged with the gaa be sempled and no visible liquid should be allowed to remain in the separator during sampling [cracking the bottom valve during sampling will inure a "dey" soperatoe), Inaulatad separators with teraperazure probe must be used when gas to be sampled is at elevated temperatures ebove ambient, 3.3. The choice of « sumpling procedure mey depead ‘upon the source proesure, temperature and ssmple composi: ton. ‘The choice of sampling procadurs and apparatus mey luo depend upan the particular teatatohe made, and whether ‘the samples are to be shipped by commen carver. 3.4 Thescopsofthisbulletin doesnobinclude compusite fae sampling (anmplea salon in increments over relatively long time periods). Te should be noted thar savers] -saraples taken at appropriate time intervals nay be substituted, Tora somposite earaple, 3.5 The large voriations in the composition of netural eset require that care be taken in obtaining and handling Samples. (-8s recommended that aamples be obtained under the direction of an individual exparceaced in sampling pro- ‘cedures becsuse it is dificult to write instructions for arspling which will be explicit enough to cover all cases. IZ possible, natural gas saznples shouldbe taken under conditions ‘sbich will provent condensation i the sample contain ‘Shovld condensetion eccur in the sampling container during the sampling operation or during shipment, the eantaine? rust be heeted to a temperature in excess of the sampling temporataro and allomed ta equilibrate at thi temperature Tor one hour or longer priot to anelysis to insure complete vaporization of any condensed liquid. For chromatographic analysis, it is recommended to hoat amples 20 -50°F above the sempling eouree temperature, 4. SELECTION OF SAMPLING PROCEDURE 41 The sampling procedure should be oclectod as specified in Section 5. Inthe event thatthe natureof the gus is completely unlamown, the safest procedure iso assume that it (rich) naturel gas and to choose the appropriate smpling procedure. Ary gas of urknawn composition at a Dressure greater than 4U0 psig should be coneicered as sat (Gieh) gae for sampling purposes. 42 A “dry” (leon) naturel ges moy be defined a5 one \shieh does not form sondeasate on evoling ky ropid exparsion from eource pressure to stucospheric or any intermediate ‘preseure, 4.3 A“wet" (rich) naturel gos may be defined as one ‘which pertilly condenses upoz evoling or by a variation inDeane Sn Secon teperone or vartaton in Herre as tose mee eee 5, GUIDE FOR SELECTION OF PROPER SAMPLING PROCEDURE SA. Dry (Lean) Nateral Gas Bald Purging Fill end Bmpty Mathod ‘This method ia epplcable where the sample container tempacstura is equal to or grestar than the source tempers: ‘ture, The source pressure must be greater thon atmospheric. B.L2 Purging ~ Controlied Rate Method ‘This method is appliceble for the camo conditions specifiod in Bul. 5.18 Evacuated Container Method ‘This method ia applicable there the cource pressure is above or below atmoaphoriepressure and the gouree tamper tare ia greater or lose thon the sample container texsperabare, 5.4 Reduced Pressure Method ‘Thigwethod se applicable for theaame conditions specified jn 5.1.8 except source pressure must be at least 100 psig to ‘provide a 30 psig cemple for gas chromatography analysis. 6.1.5 Helium “Pop” Method ‘Thisamethod ia uppliceble for thecame conditions specified in.1.3 except source precsure must be grester thea heliam charge pressure. Do 52.6 0 Dinptacemens Method “Thiemethod isupplicabe for hesame conditions specified fn 5.1.9 except source preseuze tant be grcater than aloe phonic presaure. 5.1.7 Glyeot Diaplacement Method ‘Thigmethod is applicable for thesamo conditions apecilied ms16 8.1.8 Floating Pivton Cylinder afothod “Tha method is epplicablo for the came conditions specified 5.16. ‘5.2 Wet (Rich) Natural Gas IE PF ot ign fa mites apa oa as ge vemperature is equel to or greater than the source tempere- ee Sens a aie mae See 5.2.2 Purging — Controlled Rate Method Taio nt enema ox ac mul ps 1) Buea Coabur lund Sil A ee vere A li acta eels rien natalie Sane essen D4 salted Pind Tsao nays oie ends peti pe naam ret cesar ae ures proacure range of 100-1100 psig. 5.28 Helwn “Pop” Method ‘This now-porge sampling method uses a bellu charge to bmeop tho eylindcr “air free” prior to sampling. Itie sometimee pling to provide sufficiant: pressure to purge sample oop at the chromatograph. In cease, the holium charge should not exceed. 6-10 prig. Thie ‘motlod is applicable for the same conditions specified in 5.2.3 except source pressure must be greater than the helium change pressure. 5.2.6 3i0 Displacement Method ‘This method isnpplicablefor the aamne conditions specified in 5.2.3 except source proseure must be greater than cimo. spheric prasoure, 5.2.1 Glycol Displacement Method ‘This mothodisepplicablo forthe same conditions specitiod in5.26. 5.28 Floating Piston Cylinder Method ‘This method is not recommended for wet natural gas lunlens eylinders have been lubricated with notrabsorblng ‘greases ouch a9 DuPont's Krytox AC or AD. CAUTION: Some pes of lubricating flaide wil absorb apereciabe amounts of the Ost fraction from the eos being sampled. thus Canirsniing be tary ofthe carpi ier enon, lalricaliag greases, auch 04, but not lined to DuPont's ‘Rryint AC o” A, Be uaed to prevent this teley Further deta’ regarding now absorbing Laricaling greares can be obtocned fromthe pistor-evinder raretirer, 6. APPARATUS 8.1 Sample Containers 6.11 Single and Double Valve Cylinders SALL1 Use metal sample containars of a type which Ingures meximam eufely and which are corrosion resinlant to the product being campted, Stainless steel containers are rucommendod to asinltnize probleme of surface adsomption of bheavy components (hexanes ond heavier components) and to minimize the reaction of carbon dioxide with the container, IE the container is t be traneported, it must mest DOT specifications and be labeled according to the Hazardous Materials Regulations of the Department of Transportation. "Tne container may be of the one-valve or two-valve type (Gepending upon the sampling proceduro solacted). Sample ‘containers and valves must have a working preasure equal fo orexceeding the maximum pressure anticipated in sampling, ‘etorago, or trangportation ofthe sample container, Soft seated salves are preferable to those having metal-to-metal aeuts. ‘Thesice of the container depends upon the amourt of sample required for the lcboratory tests thal are to be made. G12 Mlobting Piston Cylinders 6.12.1 ‘The container required for this method is con. structed of melal tubing, honed ard polished on the inalde surface. The cylinder fa preferably closed with removable end ‘espa to provide access to remove and rervice the moving piston, The end caps are drilled and tepped for velves, gauges fand relief valves. The cylinder is designed to oxceed the imexitum preature antiefpated dorizg sampling end to be nomesctive to materials being sumpled, the pressurizing ‘lutd, the olonning aelventa and tho expected corrodents. The ‘volume of the cylinder will depend on the amount of sample needed for the laboratory analysis. If the container is to be‘ansported, it must meet DOT specifications and be labeled according to the Flazaridous Materials Regulations of the Deportment of Transportation. 6.1.22 The oylinder itself contains a moving piston ‘equipped with O-rings, tedonrings, orother devices toefieet a, lealefive seal boliver the eemple and the presaurizing Suid and allowed to wove freely within the cylinier. The use of ‘uide rings is recommended to essure smooth piston travel. ‘The piston end sealing device must be nonreactive to the sample, the pressurizing Quid, the cleaning solvents and expected comedente, 6.1.2.4 All valves and safety devices must meet the ‘eparopnats material end pressure requirements for safe esign. The prossure relios may be of sprleg or rupture die type. Theee ellow a partil or complete oss of contents due to ‘thermal expansion or over pressurization. Should relieving ‘ccour, tha sample may be compromised. 6.124 Some pision-type cylinders are fabricated from on-majuotie materials sich ¢s the 300 series stainless alee, ‘The piston likewise is febricated of steinless steel but has ‘magnets attacked to the prochorge side ef tho piston. As the piston moves the length of the aylinder, the magnetic Held generated by the magnets flips = series of bi-colored Nags. ‘This system or aysteras of similer configuration, indicates the piston position and velumme of serapls in the eyliader. 6.1.25 Some piston-type cylinders are fabricated witha rod attached to the pizon whieh extends through the end ep on the inert. gas backpressure chember with eporopriats sealing dovicos to prevont the mort gaa back arcseure from leaking. The travel rod provides an indication of the piston ‘position and the volume cf the eylinder filled with the sample, ‘goin, some medification of this style may exist G.L26 Other types of floating piston cylinders are available which have no visual method of determining the sample volunedireetly. For these eylinclers, aimagaet afsome type (or atud finder) is necessery to follow the movemeat of the piston 6.2 Table Z gives approximate sninimum recommended sample sizes for some of the more coramon teats: ‘co Temperature Fraction ‘naysls ‘Calaimelor Tost for Heating vane 85x 10 20 200 Mass Specter Analysis {Ges Chrmatogooty Analysis 63. Sample TrensforLine-A sompletranatorlins made of stainless steel, stee), copper tubing, oF other flexible metal hse which is nonreactive to he product being sampled is, required. Siainlesy siecle preferred for presuures ever 1000 pig. or for gases containing hydrogen sulfide. ‘The most setisfactorytine isoneequipped with 2xovalveson the wemple container end {zee Figure 1) 0 control valve, A and a vent valve, B. The transfer lin should bave a minimium diametar of %% in (6. 35m0>) and be as shore as Is praccieal, 8.4. Sample Line Separator-When entrained liquide are preacnt at the sample point «liquid separator must be installed between the aotrse andthe somplc eoneaner, (See 5.2) A sintered metal ier may also be roquized to keop sald Particles out of the container. Detale of suggested gas ‘sampling separctors are shown in Figures 2 and 3. Separators should conform to the appropriate pressure vessel ocdo. {Commercial lie seporetors are svete) 6.5. Sample Polnts-Cara should be veed in selecting tho tocetion of sampling poin:s, Por gas sarapling, iis areferoble thatthe sempling posnta be looeted on the top of a horizontal line to reduce the chances of liquid eontarainetion. Sampling Figura t ‘Typleat Layout for Gas Sampling 6eps ot one So re nea Figure 2 ournet aL xt scned nippie Te mer erie fa3" pon $03" awoged Mepis tnsutare Irmvlating ‘ope. ‘Separator snouta conterm to apeeapriene praseu raat cde, RAIN VALVE, Figures Exaraple of Gea Sampling Separator, Tos B points should slao be located in a section sway from bends or obstructions for the seme reasoe. Good sampling mandates that the sample line (proba) extend into the line or vesuel 80 that liquids on the line or vesuel wall will not be withdrawn with the eample. (Commercial probes ere available.) Samples should never be taken trom stagnant or dend-end sources, 3.6 Duplicale Sampies-When ronampling fe difficult oF impossible, it in advisablo to take duplicate comples wa a precaution against accidental oss, Duplicats sample contain- 1s should be connected ir parallel an filled simultaneously, 87 Preparation of Sample Container-Sampla containers ‘must be thoroughly cleenad before sumptea are taken. This is particularly rue ifthe containers have previously contained gold hydrocarbon samples. Oil flhus, grease, or sludge should he cemoved by purging with Lvs steam, by washing ‘with abot detergent eolution, or by wasbing with solvent and drying, For preparation of Floating Piston Oslinders, refer to GPA Standard 2174, paragraph 2.7. It is preferable to segregate containers ‘used in different sarvieos, such as liquids, rich geses, or loon gases to facilitate cleaning, 7. SAMPLING PROCEDURES 7A Purging - FR and Empty Mothod-Tse equipment arrangement is chown in Figure 4, Itienecmmry ioeormectan extension tube (length of 2-4 £0) witha valve on the discharge tend to the outlet valve of the comiainer. This arrangement elirainates the possibly of heavy hydrocarbon condnsation i the sample container cutlet valve. The procedure for sampling by this method is as follows: 7.1.1 Openvaive at sampling point and thoroughly blow foul any accumulated material. Clase velve at sampling point, 7.1.2 Install sample container os shown in Figure 4.'Ths container should be in a vertical position, With all valvea ‘loeed, open valve at sampling point to fully open position. Sample Source Figure Gas Sampling - Purging - Fill and Empty Method(Valves 1, 2 and & should be fally opened and Velve 4 Guottled} 7.14. Clore the atension line valve (Yalve 4) and allow the pressure to build up rapidly to line pressure. 7.15 Close tha inlet valve (Valve 2) and slowly vent the the camping cylinder to detect any loahs batween evac- uation and actus! sampling in the field. Since standerd ‘yacwm gauges can only be read to about 5% accuracy, it in forther recommended that samples collected by evacuation methods be analyzed on the molecular sieve column 16 correctly determine the free nitrogen (vee GPA Standard 2261). 7.4.2 Open velveat sampling pointend thoroughly blow font any accumulated material. C.oze valve at sampling point 7.4.3 Install the oomple oontoiner as chown in Figura 10, Jeeving the connection to the inlet valve (Valve 3) loose to allow purging of the sample line to the sample container intel valve. The container should be in a vertical position. Open ‘valve at sampling point to fully open position. 7.44 Slewly purge the sample lino with source gas to displace air by partially opening the vent valve (Valve 2) end the sampling valve (Valve 1) until gas is slowly lowing out of the looxe connection t the sample conteiner inlet valve end ‘ukof the vent valve (Valve 2). Tighten the connection at tho sample conésinerinlecvalve and then close the sempling valve (alve 1). allowing tho sample line to vent to almost atmo: sphoric pressure and taon close the vent valve (Valve 2), 7.45 Open the sample vaiva (Valve 1) v0 fully open position and slowly open the container lala: valve (Valve 5) Allowing the sonteiner pressure to increase ta the decired sampling preasare. 7.4.6 Gloss the container inlet valve (Valve 2) and the ympling valve (Valve 1). Open the vent velve (Valve 2) to 1elisve prosaure in the saiple line, Close sarple source velve Slomiy oper bottom valve on saraple line separator to relieve ‘prota 03 aoparator. 7.4.1 Remove sample container and check for leaks by somersion ofthe velves in water or by the use of «commercial Teak taco loon. Pog vale femal or omy vee male). [Note6-Itisnotrecormended that reduced pressure samples betahen tuhen fine presses are Beles 100 aie 7.5 Helium "Pop" Metkod 7.5.1 Evcuate the cylinder container to a pressure of L tam He of less, (Use a cylinder tact bas beon proviously ‘vocuatod and tested to hold this vacuum) 7.6.2. Conaect the stimple container loosely to a helium source, with the helium flomng out ofthe loese eonnestion to ‘urge the aaraple container valve. Tighten the connection at ‘he sample container inet valve. Open the sarople container inlet valve and allom helium: Lo flow into tho sample container ‘until the pressure reaches approximately 5 psig. Close the ample container valve. Close helio: sowce volve. Remove container from heliam source. 7.5.3 Open valve ot sampling point and thoroughly blow cout ny accumulated onaterial Close valve at sampling point,7.5.4 Tnatllthe sample container as shown in Figure 10, Jeaving the connection to the inlet valve (Valve 2) locse to allow purring of tho sample line tothe comple containe® inlet valve. The cortainer should be in a vertical position. Gpen vvaive at aarpling point to fully open position. 7.5.5 Slowly purge the sample line with source gea to displace air by partially opening the vent valve (Velve 2) and he sampling valve (Valve 1) until gaa i slowly flowing out of the loose connection et the sample container inlet valve and ‘out of the vent valve (Valve 2) ‘Tighten the coamection athe ample container inlotvlve ard then clossthesemplingvalve (Valve 2), allowing the sample line to vent to almost atmo- spheric pressure and then close the vent valve (Valve 2). 7.56 Open the sampling valve (Valve 1) to ally open position and slowly open the container inlet valve (Valve 8, ‘llowing the sontainar pronoure to incroare to the source ga Dresnire. In zome cazea eordensetion may be eliminated by ompling at a pressure lego than the source pressure. (See Reduced Pressure Method.) 7.5.7 Close the container inlet valve (Velve 3) and the sampling valve (Valve 1). Open the vent valve {Valve 2) to relesse pressure in the semple line. Close sample source valve, Slonly open bottom valve on sample linc separator to reliove prosoure ea separator. 7.5.8 Hemove ssmple container and check for leaks by Immersion of the valves in watarorby the use cf a commercial leak cetection solution. Plugvalves Gt female) oreap vaiventit male). ‘Note 6-This matnod requires separate dtermaton fr helium in Do etic te core et 7.0. Glycol ar Water Displacement Method 7.6.1 A semple cylinder filled with clean elyeol or mater vearel to measure the displaced liavid are reavized for ethod. Waier must have a pH betwoon 5.0 and 7.0 Waterwilhss oH greater than 7.0 must be acidified tobring the pHwithinthe properrange. (0.1 N H8Qsise satisfactory acid olution) All givcelor water muct be displaced by the source 0 during sarapling 7.6.2 Open vaivest sampling point end thoroughly blow out any accumulated material. Cloxe valve at sampling point 7.6.8. Inatall the sample container as shown inPigure 10, lenving the connection to the inlet velve (Valve &) loose to allow parring of the sarple Lins tothe sataple container inlet valve, The container should be in a vertice! position. Open valve at sampling poin:to fly open pos 7.84 Slowly purge the sample line with source ges to displace air by portialy op2ning the vent valve (Valve 2) and the sampling vaive (Valve 1) until gas is slowly slowing out of| the loose connection at the sample container inket valve ned out ofthe vont valve (Valve 2) Tighten the conmectioa a: the sample container inlet velve ad then close the ampli (Walve 1), allonicg the xample Une to vent. to almost stmo- spheric presrure und then cioss the vent valve (Valve 2). 7.8.5 Slowly open the sompling valve (Valve 1) to fully open positionend slomly openthe containerinletvalve (Valve 3} to fully open position > 78.6 Slowly open the outlet valve (Valve 4) to allow a slow discharge ofthe glycol or water displacement liquid into ‘the measuring veste] until the Fist sign of gas iaceeaorkeard Immediately cleso the eutiet valve (Valve 4). 1 7.6.7 Cloge the container inlet valve (Valve 3) uod the sampling valve (Valve 1]. Open the veat valve (Valve 2) to. ralieve preasure inthe sampleline. Close sample source valve. Slowy open botzom valve on sample line eeparstor to relieve preceure on neparator. 7.68 Romove sample contsiner and sheck for leaks by jmmersionof the valves in water or by the use of commercial! Ie pasion TO eee ToT male). [Note 7-8 ofthe displacement liquide MUST be romeund from tt plas daring sampling to prevent naizeable changes tages compesion 7.7 Floating Piston Cylinder Method 7.1.1 ‘Toe Iibricent on tha floating piston moving parts should bo as lightas possible and na eomponentaf thesmple can be soluble in the lubricant. (DuPont Krytox AC or AD Juave been tested and found to be nowabsorbing greases) 7.7.2 Teis desirable to use an inert charge gas for the piaton container which i not present in tho sample so that a Teak in the container ital! ean be easily detected éuricg the analysis. Natural gus fromthe sample acurcecan beused inan emergency. Charge the inort gay side of the container (Valve 4) wea preasura equel co ar greater than the line provaure, (See Figure 11) 77.3. Sampling with « platon container equipped with a visual indicator 7.7.0.1 Open valve at sampling point and thoroughly blow oul any ceeuraulated raaienel, Close valve at sompling point. 7.2.3.2 Install the sample container a2 chown in Figure 11, lenving the eornection ta the ialet valve (Velve 3) tose to allow aurging ofthe sample line ta the sample container inlet valve. Open valve at sampling point end top veive on sampla Tine separator to fully open position. 7.7.3.3. Slowly purge the sample line with source gas Lo displace uic by partially opening the vant valve (Valve 2) and the sampling valve (Valve 1) until ges is slowly owing out of tho loo20 eoemoction atthe piston coxtainer inlet valve (Valvo 3} and out of the veat valve (Valve 2). Tighten Che connection atthe sample container inlet valve (Valve 8) and then close the sampling valve (Valve 1), allowing the sample line to vent to almost atmoapherie preaauro, Close the wont valve (Valve 2). 7:1.8.4 Slowly open the sempling valve (Valvo 1) tofully ‘open position and obsezve pressure on Gauge 1, 0.8 Adjust precouss on Geuge N to equal preseure on aaa by lating ce guae rege thooph he chergs valve (Valve 4 3.6 With the inert gos dischange valve closed (Valve 4, slowly open the inlet valve (Valve) tall. There should he ao pressure change on Gauge. Pressure at GaugteL, Mand N ehould all be equal, 72.3.7 Partially open the inert gas discharge valve (Velve 4) to allow the inert gus to alowly ventto atmoaphere. Do rot allow pressure Gauge M to drop below sampling pressure. Continue operetion until the indicatoc designates the container to be full ‘7.78.8 Close the inert gas dinchurge valve (Valve 4), the container inlet value (Volve 9}, the sampling valve (Valve 1) and tho velve at campling polnt.Figure 14 Example of Typical Viaual Indicator Sampling System 7.7.8.9 Relieve the proacure on the sample transfer line using the vent vaive (Valve 2). Slowly open hcttom velve on sample line separator to relieve pressure on separator. 7.7.3.10 Remove sample container and check sample inlet vaive (Valve 3) and inert gas discharge valve (Valve 4) fur Jouks. Plug valves (if femele) or cep valves (Wf male). Note &-Sore pressure is requted to mawe the piston inate these epider “‘Tnorefere this melhed may net be appropriate in the ‘sampling of eaves of very low presstres 7.7.4 Sampling with 2 piston contsiner not equipped with a visual indicator, 7.7:41 Thelubricant onthe focting piston moving paris should be as ight es possible end no component of the gus to ‘be sampled ean be soluble in the lubriewat. (DuPont Keytox AC or AD have been tsted and found to be non-shaarbing Frente) 7.142 Ibis desirable to use en inert change gas for the platen container which in not prosent in the cample 60 that 0 Teak in the container itvelf con be easily detected doring the ‘analysis, Natural gas froma the eaunple source canbe used inn ‘emergency. Charge the inert gas side of the container (Valve 4) with presaare eqs] to or groater than line prevaure. (See Figure 12), 7743. Open valve et sampling point and thoroughly ‘blow aut eny accumulated material. Close valve at sampling point. Gas Sample Floaling Piston 12 Inert Gas: 7144 Install che sample conteiner a3 shown ta Figure 12, leaving the connection tothe inte: valve (Valve 8) looae t0 allon purging ofthe came line to tae semplo container inlet valve, Open velva et somplong post and top valve on samp! Tine separator to fally open position. 7.7.4.5. Stowly purge the sample line with source gas to displace air by partelly opening the vent valve (Valve 2) and the sampling valve (Valve 1) until gas is slomly flowing out of the loove connection atthe piston container inlet valve (Valve 3) and outof the vent velve (Valve 2}. Tighten the eonnsction azthocample containcr inlet valve (Valve 3} andthenclosethe sampling valve (Valve 1), allowing eke samp line to vent to almost aimospheric preseure, Close the vent valve (Valve 2),Figura 12 Exaruple of Sampling System Without Visuel Indicator 2.IA8 With the vent valve (Valve 2) and the piston container flat valve (Valve 3) closed, clowly open sample source valve (Valve 1} to uly open postion. Obssrve sample source pressure on Gauze L, 7.74.7 If pressure Gauge N Gauge L adjust proeeure on Gave: sg through Valvo 4. 7.1.48 Slowly open the sarple container inlet valve (Valve 8) to fly open position ‘There should be no pressure change indicated on Gauge N. Pressure et Ganges , Mand should oll be equel 7.14.9 Partlly open the inert gaa discharge valve (Valve's to allow the inr: gas to slowly vent to ntmospher= Do nob allow prossare Gauge M to drop below sampling presvere, Continue operationuntl the containeriscompla‘ely {ul and no flow ia observed through Valve 4. T.TAA@ Closo the inort gaa dieckarge valve (Valve 4), the piston container inlet valve (Valve 3), the eanzpling valve (Valve 3) and the valve at sampling point, in thet order. 7.74.11 Relieve the pressure onthe emple transfer tine using the vent valvo (Valve 2). Slowiy epen bottom valve on sample line veparstor to elleve pretuure on weparator 7.14.12 Remove semple container end check sample inlet vale (Velve') and inert gan diachargevalve(Valve4) for Tkoka. Plug velves (f female or eap valves {if male). Do se Sone prone negated mane the a nie tne ‘Tharfor, is raed ay no! bs cpprepiate tthe pling of sons of ery tw prsure. greater than pressure by slowly venting inert Floating Piston 13 Gas Sample Inert Gas Cylinder Valve 4 ‘8. HANDLING OF SAMPLE CONTAINERS IN THE LABORATORY git Sapte containers should be stored on selves or 82 We container has leaked, aceure onother ‘ample. IT this ia impossible, make a note on the anelysis. 8.3. Sample containers should be hested to the temperature of the sample source. For chrometographic ‘analyses, itis recommended Lo heat sample containers 20°- ‘50°F above the sampling source temperature, 8.4 After obtaining scoeptable anslysce, eample con- tainere should be emplied in accordance with OSHA reg- ulations or vie an appropriate vent. SP AIAAN & i©. SAPETY 9.1 Kvery precaution should be taken taincure that afe practices are exiplayed. 9.2 Cylinders, sample tints, sampling separators and velves chould have working pressures above the sample ‘scurce pressure. In particular, copper tubing and copper ‘fittings can be hazardous. Thene shonld be uned with caution ‘ond inspocted frequenziy for bed eonnsctions, Hettening aad 9.3. Porprosmres aver 1000 peig orfor gaoee that contain hydrogen sulfide, stainless steal tubing should be wsod instead of copper tubing. 9-4 During sampling, and expecially when purging, cor- tala praceutions are mandatory. Smoldng, open flames, ‘vehicles with motors running, or theuse of metcheain the area cas oie tolerated, Caution mua be ereczed wile purging ‘and sampling to preven: forming a hazardous atmosphere. Special precautions should be taken if hydrogen sulfide is present, 9.5 Cylinder valves should be protoctad from damage and must not be plugged prfar to checking for lanka. 9.6 Valves should not be forced with wrenches. Hand tightoatng should be oufficieat. Any feulty valven ahould be iplaced oF repeired before using tho container. Cylinder valves must be pretected in shipment by eapping or by erating the eylindors in strong erates, 1% 10, HYDROGEN SULFIDE 101 Hydrogen Sulfide is a toxic gaa The effect of hhydrogon oulfide on the buman bedy varies with itn concen- aration in tho atmmosphoro and with the length of time a person, is oxpaved to it. The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hyiomta hos ect the throshold limit value for ‘hydrogon sulfide ot 10 ppm, Le,, the maximum concentration in which « pernoo con work safely for eight houra. When the ‘concentration reaches 1,000 ppm, death can occur rapidly (lesa than two minatee). Hydrogen sulfidois about five times 2s toxic na carbon monoxide. Like hydrogen cyanide, inkighsr ‘concentrations, x few breath may prove fata. Inlow eonees- tations, hydrogen sulfide seems to be odotless after a short exposure becauee the sense of smal! ig lost in 2-16 minutos, 10.2 The relative density of hydoogen nulfde is 1.192, ‘out ita presonee (locetion) i often cependent upon tho relative density of tho potroleum product with which it is ‘exsoclated. Depending upon the carrier, hydrogen sulidamay be found in high areas a5 well as low sross. Extreme [Precautions should be taken while sampling gas containing ydregen sulfide because ofits toxicity. 10.3 Length of stain tubes for hydrogen sulfide anslyses ‘are available ard should ic used for quick analyses. (See GPA Publication 2377, “Tentative Mothod of Tost for Hydrogen, Sulfide and Carbon Dioxide in Natural Gas using Length of Stain Tubes.”