Scientific Research Group in Egypt (SRGE)

Swarm Intelligence (5)

Bat Algorithm (BA)
Dr. Ahmed Fouad Ali
Suez Canal University,
Dept. of Computer Science, Faculty of Computers and informatics
Member of the Scientific Research Group in Egypt

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LOGO Scientific Research Group in Egypt
www.egyptscience.net
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LOGO Outline

1.Bat algorithm (BA) (History and main idea)

2. Echolocation of microbats

3. Characteristics of microbats

4. The basic steps of the Bat Algorithm

5. Application of the Bat Algorithm

6. References
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LOGO Bat algorithm (BA) (History and main idea)
• Bat algorithm (BA) is a bio-inspired
algorithm developed by Yang in 2010.

• BA uses a frequency-tuning technique

to increase the diversity of the
solutions in the population.

• BA uses the automatic zooming to try

to balance exploration and exploitation
during the search process by mimicking
the variations of pulse emission rates
and loudness of bats when searching
for prey.
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LOGO Echolocation of microbats
• There are about 1000 different species
of bats.

• Their sizes can vary widely, ranging

from the tiny bumblebee bat of about
1.5 to 2 grams to the giant bats with
wingspan of about 2 m and may weight
up to about 1 kg.

• Microbats use echolocation extensively,

to a certain degree, while megabats do
not.
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LOGO Echolocation of microbats (Cont.)
• Microbats typically use a type of sonar,
called, echolocation, to detect prey, avoid
obstacles, and locate their roosting
crevices in the dark.

• They can emit a very loud sound pulse

and listen for the echo that bounces back
from the surrounding objects.

• Their pulses vary in properties and can be

correlated with their hunting strategies,
depending on the species.
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LOGO Characteristics of microbats
• All bats use echolocation to sense distance,
and they also know the difference between
food/prey and background barriers in some
magical way

• Bats fly randomly with velocity vi at

position xi with a frequency fmin, varying
wavelength and loudness A0 to search for
prey.

• They can automatically adjust the

wavelength (or frequency) of their emitted
pulses and adjust the rate of pulse emission
r ϵ [0, 1], depending on the proximity of their
target
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LOGO The basic steps of the Bat Algorithm
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LOGO The basic steps of the Bat Algorithm (Cont.)

• Step 1. The algorithm starts by setting

the initial values of its parameters and
the main iteration counter is set to zero
(lines 1-2).

• Step 2. The initial population is

generated randomly by generating the
initial position x0 and the initial
velocity v0 for each bat (solution) in
the population, the initial frequency fi
is assigned to each solution in the
population.
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LOGO The basic steps of the Bat Algorithm (Cont.)

• The initial population is evaluated by

calculating the objective function for
each solution in the initial population
f(xi0) and the values of pulse rate ri and
loudness Ai is initialized (lines 3-9).

• The new population is generated by

adjusting the position xi and the
velocity vi for each solution in the
population as shown in Equations 6, 7,
8 (lines 12-13)
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LOGO The basic steps of the Bat Algorithm (Cont.)

where β ϵ [0, 1] is a random vector drawn from a uniform

distribution.
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LOGO The basic steps of the Bat Algorithm (Cont.)

• Step 4. The new population is

evaluated by calculating the objective
function for each solution and the best
solution x selected from the population
(lines 14-15).

• Step 5. The local search method is

applied in order to refine the best
found solution at each iteration (lines
16-19).
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LOGO The basic steps of the Bat Algorithm (Cont.)

• Step 6. The new solution is generated

randomly and accepted with some
proximity depending on parameter Ai,
the rate of pulse emission increases
and the loudness decreases.

• The values of Ai and ri are updated as

shown in Equations 9 and 10.

where α and γ are constant, the α parameter plays a similar

role as the cooling factor in the simulated annealing algorithm
(lines 21-24)
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LOGO The basic steps of the Bat Algorithm (Cont.)

Step 7. The new population is evaluated

and the best solution is selected from the
population.

• The operations are repeated until

termination criteria satisfied and the
overall solution is produced (lines 25-28)
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LOGO Application of the Bat Algorithm

• Continuous Optimization.

• Combinatorial Optimization and

Scheduling.

• Inverse Problems and Parameter

Estimation Classifications, Clustering
and Data Mining.

•Image Processing.

•Fuzzy Logic and Other Applications

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LOGO References
• Yang, X. S. and Gandomi, A. H., (2012). Bat algorithm: a
novel approach for global engineering optimization,
Engineering Computations, Vol. 29, No. 5, pp. 464–483.

•Xin-She Yang, Bat algorithm: literature review and

•applications, Int. J. Bio-Inspired Computation, Vol. 5, No. 3,
pp. 141–149 (2013).
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Thank you
Ahmed_fouad@ci.suez.edu.eg

http://www.egyptscience.net