Integration

INDEX:
Theory: ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 1 – 19

Simulator: ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 20 – 25

Answer Key: ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 26

Solutions: ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 27 – 40
INTEGRATION

Integration

THEORY:

1. INTRODUCTION TO INTEGRATION

If a function f ( x ) is given and we have to find a function g ( x) such that

g '( x) = f ( x )
Then g ( x) is called anti-derivative or integral of f ( x ) or indefinite integral of f(x).
Therefore integration is an inverse process of differentiation. It is also called anti
derivative or primitive.

1.1 Integration as an Inverse Process of Differentiation:

If f ( x ) is a function and F ( x ) is its integral.

d
Then  F ( x) = f ( x)
dx
 f ( x) dx = F ( x)
Here, F ( x ) is the integration of f ( x ) with respect to x.
Symbol  is used for integration and dx means to integrate w.r.t. variable x.
f ( x) → Integrand
F ( x) → Integral
x → Variable of integration

Note: Integration and differentiation are inverse process of each other.

d  d
 f ( x) dx  =  F ( x) 
dx   dx
d 
f ( x) dx  = f ( x)
dx   
d
Eg. ( sin x ) = cos x   cos xdx = sin x
dx
d 2
dx
( )
x = 2 x   2 xdx = x 2

2
INTEGRATION

1.2 Indefinite Integral and Constant of Integration:

d
( C ) = 0, where C is a constant.
dx
d
Let  F ( x) = f ( x)
dx
d d d
Then  F ( x) + C  =  f ( x)  + ( C )
dx dx dx
= f ( x) + 0
d
  F ( x) + C  = f ( x)
dx
On integrating both sides w.r.t. x,
d 
  dx  F ( x) + C  dx =  f ( x) dx
  f ( x) dx = F ( x ) + C
where C is an arbitrary constant.
C → constant of integration.

Eg.
d 2
dx
( )
x + 1 = 2 x   2 xdx = x 2 + 1

d 2
dx
( )
x + 4 = 2 x   2 xdx = x 2 + 4

but ( x 2 + 1) and ( x2 + 4) are not same. i.e.,  2x dx = x

2
+C

1.3 Some Properties of Indefinite Integrals:

d 
. f ( x) dx  = f ( x)
dx  
(i) 
(ii)  k. f ( x ) dx = k  f ( x) dx
(iii)   f ( x)  g ( x ) dx =  f ( x)dx   g ( x) dx
Generalisation:
 k f ( x ) + k f ( x ) + .... + k f ( x ) dx
1 1 2 2 n n

= k  f ( x ) dx + k  f ( x) dx + ... + k  f ( x ) dx
1 1 2 2 n n

3
INTEGRATION

1.4 Basic Integration Formulae:

x n +1 1
 x . dx =
n

n +1
+ C , n  −1  sin x.dx = − cos x + C  1− x 2
dx = sin −1 x + C

−1

1 dx = cos −1 x + C
 x . dx = log | x | +C , x  0  cos x.dx = sin x + C 1− x 2

1
e
x
. dx = e x + C  sec
2
x.dx = tan x + C  1+ x 2
dx = tan −1 x + C

ax 1
 a .dx = +C  cosec x.dx = − cot x + C  1+ x dx = − cot −1 x + C
x 2
2
log e a

1
x
|x| dx = sec−1 x + C
 x dx =| x | +C , x  0  sec x tan x.dx = sec x + C x −1
2

1
1.dx = x + C  cosec x cot x.dx = -cosec x + C  x x −1
2
dx = −cosec−1 x + C

2.1 Integration by Substitution:

Let's first see few examples to understand how substitution helps in integration & how is it
done
Eg: Evaluate the following integral:
 sin ( 2x + 1) dx
Solution
I =  sin ( 2 x + 1) dx
Put 2x +1 = t
Differentiating w.r.t.x
 2dx = dt
dt
dx =
2
dt
 I =  sin ( t ) .
2
1
2
= sin t dt

4
INTEGRATION

1 − cos ( 2 x + 1)
= ( − cos t ) + C  I = +C
2 2

NOTE:
1
If  f ( x ) dx = F ( x ) + C then  f ( ax + b ) dx = a F ( ax + b ) + C
Eg: Evaluate the following integral:

 ( 2 x + 5)
3
dx
Solution
I =  ( 2 x + 5 ) dx
3

 ( 2 x + 5 )4 
 
 4 
=  +C
2
( 2 x + 5)
4

= +C
8

2.2 Integration by Substitution - II:

If I =  f ( x ) dx put x = g ( t )
dx
 = g ' ( t )  dx = g ' ( t ) dt
dt
I =  f ( x ) dx =  f ( g ( t ) ) g ' (t ) dt
Eg.
 cos mx dx
1
Put mx = t  mdx = dt  dx = dt
m
1 1 1
 cos mx dx = m  cos t dt = m sin t + C = m sin mx + C

Some Special Cases:

 f ( x )
n +1

(i)   f ( x ) f ' ( x ) dx =
n
+C
n +1
f '( x)
(ii)  f ( x ) dx = log f ( x ) + C
f '( x)
(iii)  dx = 2 f ( x) + C
f ( x)

5
INTEGRATION

( ) +C
f xn
(iv)  x n −1
( ) dx =
.f ' x n

n
sin x
Eg. Integrate with respect to x
1 + cos x
Solution:
Let 1 + cos x = t
 − sin xdx = dt
sin x
I = dx
1 + cos x
dt
= −
t
= − log | t | +C
= − log |1 + cos x | +C

2.3 Integration of tan x, cot x, sec x and cosec x:

sin x
We have,  tan x dx =  cos x dx
Put cos x = t  sin x dx = −dt
dt
Then  tan x dx = −  t
= − log | t | +C
= − log | cos x | +C

 tan x dx = log | sec x | +C

Similarly,  cot x dx = log | sin x | +C

sec x ( sec x + tan x )

We have,  sec x dx =  dx
sec x + tan x
Put sec x + tan x = t so that sec x ( sec x + tan x ) dx = dt
dt
Then  sec xdx =  t
= log | t | +C

 sec xdx = log | sec x + tan x | + C

Similarly,  cosec x dx = log | cosec x - cot x | + C
Eg. Evaluate  ( tan x + cot x ) dx

6
INTEGRATION

Solution:
 ( tan x + cot x ) dx =  tan x dx +  cot xdx
= log sec x + log sin x + C
= log sec x. sin x + C
sin x
= log +C
cos x
= log | tan x | +C

3. Integration of Some Particular Functions

Standard Trigonometric Substitutions:

(a 2
)
− x 2 , a 2 − x 2 ; x = a sin  , a cos 

(x 2
− a2 ), x 2 − a 2 ; x = a sec  , a cosec

(a 2
+ x2 ), a 2 + x 2 ; x = a tan  , a cot 

a+x
a + x, a − x, ; x = a cos 2
a−x
x
; x = a tan 2  , a cot 2 
a+x
1 1 x−a
• x 2
−a 2
dx =
2a
log
x+a
+C

1 1 a+x
• a 2
−x 2
dx =
2a
log
a−x
+C

dx 1 x
• x 2
+a 2
= tan −1 + C
a a
dx
Integration of the function  ax 2
+ bx + c
 2 b c  b   c b2 
2

ax + bx + c = a  x + x +  = a  x +  +  − 2  
2

 a a  2a   a 4a  
b
Put x + = t  dx = dt
2a
1 dt
The integration is reduced to 
a t  k2
2

7
INTEGRATION

c b2
where − = k 2
a 4a 2
dx
•  x −a 2 2
= log x + x 2 − a 2 + C

dx x
•  a2 − x2
= sin −1
a
+C

dx
•  x +a 2 2
= log x + x 2 + a 2 + C

dx
Eg.  8 − x2
is equal to

Solution:
dx dx
 =
8− x
(2 2 )
2 2
− x2

 x 
= sin −1  +C
2 2

Integration of the functions of type

px + q ( px + q ) dx
•  2 dx and 
ax + bx + c ax 2 + bx + c

Put px + q = A
d
dx
( )
ax 2 + bx + c + B = A ( 2ax + b ) + B

Equating both sides,

p 2aq − bp
A= and B =
2a 2a
After putting the values of A and B, integrals are reduced to one of the known
forms.
Eg. Integrate the following function with respect to x:
4x +1
2 x2 + x − 3
Solution:

Put 4 x + 1 = A
d
dx
(
2x2 + x − 3 + B)
 4 x + 1 = A ( 4 x + 1) + B
A = 1 and B = 0

8
INTEGRATION

4x +1 1
 dx =  dt Putting 2 x2 + x − 3 = t  ( 4 x + 1) dx = dt 
2x + x − 3
2
t
= 2 t +C
= 2 2 x2 + x − 3 + C

4. Integration by Partial Fractions:

P( x)
We know, → Rational function
Q ( x)
Where P ( x ) and Q ( x ) are polynomials and Q ( x )  0 .
Proper rational function: Degree of P(x) < Degree of Q(x)
Improper rational function: Degree of P(x) > Degree of Q(x)
Note :
The improper rational functions can be reduced to the proper rational functions by long division
process.

Note :
P( x) P( x)
For solving  Q( x) dx, where Q( x) is a proper rational function, write the integrand as a sum

of simpler rational functions by a method called partial fraction decomposition.

4.1 Partial Fraction Form - I and Form – II:

px + q A B
• = +  a  b and  A, B  R 
( x − a )( x − b ) x − a x − b 
px 2 + qx + r A B C
• = + +
( x − a )( x − b )( x − c ) x − a x − b x − c
2x + 1 A B
Eg. = +
( x − 1) ( x − 2 ) x − 1 x − 2
2x +1 A ( x − 2 ) + B ( x − 1)
 =
( x − 1) ( x − 2 ) ( x − 1) ( x − 2 )
 2x + 1 = ( A + B ) x − ( 2 A + B )

9
INTEGRATION

 A = −3 and B = 5
2x +1 −3 5
 = +
( x − 1) ( x − 2 ) x − 1 x − 2
2x +1 3 5
 dx = −  dx +  dx
( x − 1) ( x − 2 ) x −1 ( x − 2)
3 5  Putting x − 1 = t  dx = dt 
= −  dt +  du  Putting x − 2 = u  dx = du 
t u  
= −3log | t | +5 log | u | +C
= 5 log | x − 2 | −3log | x − 1| +C

4.2 Partial Fraction Form - III and Form – IV:

px + q A B
• = +
( x − a) x − a ( x − a )2
2

px 2 + qx + r A B C
• = + +
( x − a) ( x − b)
2
x − a ( x − a) ( x − b)
2

2x + 5
Eg.  ( x + 1) 2
dx equals to

Solutions:
2x + 5 A B
Let = +
( x + 1) ( x + 1) ( x + 1)
2 2

 2 x + 5 = Ax + ( A + B )
 A = 2 and B = 3
2x + 5 2 3
 ( x + 1) 2
dx = 
x +1
dx + 
( x + 1)
2
dx

 ( x + 1) 
 −2 +1

= 2 log | x + 1| +3  +C
 −2 + 1 
 
3
= 2 log | x + 1| − +C
x +1

4.3 Partial Fraction Form - V:

px 2 + qx + r A Bx + C
• = + 2
( )
( x − a ) x + bx + c x − a x + bx + c
2

Here x + bx + c cannot be factorized further.

2

10
INTEGRATION

dx
Eg. Evaluate 
(
x x2 + 1 )
Solution:
1 A Bx + C
Let = + 2
(
x x +1
2
x x +1 )
1 = A( x 2
+ 1) + ( Bx + C ) x
Equating the coefficients of x 2 , x and constant term, we obtain
A +B=0
C=0
A=1
On solving these equations, we obtain
A = 1, B = -1, and C = 0
1 1 −x
 = + 2
(
x x +1
2
)
x x +1

1 1 x 
 dx =   − 2  dx
(
x x +1
2
)
 x x + 1
1
= log | x | − log | x 2 + 1| +C
2

5. Integration by Parts:

If u and v are two functions of x,

Then
d
dx
 f ( x ) .g ( x ) = f ( x ) g ( x ) + g ( x )
d
dx
d
dx
f (x)

Integrating both sides,

 d d 
f ( x ) .g ( x ) =   f ( x ) g ( x ) + g ( x ) f ( x )  dx
 dx dx 
 d   d 
 f  f ( x ) g ( x )  dx = f ( x ).g ( x ) −   g ( x ) f ( x )  dx
 dx   dx 
d
Let f ( x ) = u , g ( x ) = v  g ( x ) =  vdx
dx
 du 
 u.v dx = u  v dx −   dx  v dx  dx
Note:
The integral of the product of two functions = (first function) × (integral of the
second function) – Integral of [(differential coefficient of the first function) ×
(integral of the second function)]”

11
INTEGRATION

5.1 Guidelines for Choosing 1st and 2nd Function:

Take that function as 1st function which comes first in ILATE.

• I = Inverse trigonometric functions such as sin −1 x, cos −1 x, tan −1 x
• L = Logarithmic functions such as log x log ( x2 + a 2 )

• A = Algebraic functions such as x, x + 1, 2 x, x

• T = Trigonometric functions such as sin x, cos x, tan x .
• E = Exponential functions such as a x , a − x , e x , e− x .
Note:
I. If both functions are algebraic, take that function as 1 st whose differentiation is
simpler.
II. If both functions are trigonometric, take that function as 2 nd whose integration
is simpler.
III. If there is a single function, consider '1' as 2 nd function.

Eg. Integrate the following function with respect to x:

x 2e x
Solution:
Let I =  x 2e x dx
On taking e x as 2nd function, Integration by parts gives
= x 2e x −  2 xe x dx

= x 2 e x − 2  xe x −  1 e x dx 
 
= x 2 e x − 2 xe x + 2e x + C
(
= ex x2 − 2x + 2 + C )
 e  f ( x) + f '( x) dx and   xf ' ( x ) + f ( x ) dx
x
In integral of the type

d
I. Let I =  e x  f ( x ) + f ' ( x ) dx where f ' ( x ) = f ( x)
dx
=  e x f ( x) dx +  e x f '( x)dx

= f ( x ) e x −  f ' ( x ) e x dx +  e x f ' ( x ) dx + C
= ex f ( x ) + C
II. Let I =  [ xf ' ( x ) + f ( x)]dx

=  xf '( x) dx +  f ( x) dx

= xf ( x ) −  1 f ( x )dx +  f ( x)dx

12
INTEGRATION

= xf ( x ) + C

5.2 Integrals of Some More Types:

I .  x 2 − a 2 dx II .  x 2 + a 2 dx III .  a 2 − x 2 dx

Let I =  x 2 − a 2 dx
Taking constant function 1 as the 2nd function and integrating by parts, we have
1 2x
I = x x2 − a2 −  xdx
2 x2 − a2
x2
= x x2 − a2 −  dx
x2 − a2
x2 − a2 + a2
= x x2 − a2 −  dx
x2 − a2
dx
= x x 2 − a 2 −  x 2 − a 2 dx − a 2 
x − a2
2

dx
= x x2 − a2 − I − a2 
x2 − a2
dx
2I = x x2 − a2 − a2 
x2 − a2
x 2 a2
I =  x 2 − a 2 dx = x − a 2 − log x + x 2 − a 2 + C
2 2
x 2 a2
 x 2 + a 2 dx =
2
x + a 2 + log x + x 2 + a 2 + C
2
x 2 a2 x
 a − x dx = a − x + sin −1 + C
2 2 2

2 2 a

6. Integration using Trigonometric Identities:

For the integrals of type  sin m xdx or  cosm x dx, m is smaller integer, we use
1 + cos 2 x
• cos 2 x =
2
1 − cos 2 x
• sin 2 x =
2
3cos x + cos 3 x
• cos3 x =
4

13
INTEGRATION

3sin x − sin 3 x
• sin 3 x =
4
 1 − cos 2 x 
Eg.  sin 2 x dx =    dx
 2 
1 1
=  dx −  cos 2 x dx
2 2
1 1 sin 2 x
= .x − . +C
2 2 2
x sin 2 x
= − +C
2 4
For the integrals of type
 sin mx.cos nx dx,  sin mx.sin nx dx or  cos mx.cos nx.dx
We use
• 2cos x cos y = cos ( x + y ) + cos ( x − y )
• −2sin x sin y = cos ( x + y ) − cos ( x − y )
• 2sin x cos y = sin ( x + y ) + sin ( x − y )
• 2cos x sin y = sin ( x + y ) − sin ( x − y )
We will study the following types of integrals:
1
•  dx
a sin x + b cos 2 x
2

1 1
•  a + b sin 2
x
dx or  a + b cos 2
x
dx

1 1
•  ( a sin x + b cos x ) 2
dx or 
a + b sin x + c cos 2 x
2
dx

1
Eg. Integrate  9sin 2
x + 4 cos 2 x
dx

Solution:
1 sec2 x
Let I =  dx =  dx
9sin 2 x + 4 cos 2 x 9 tan 2 x + 4
Put tan x = t  sec2 x dx = dt
dt 1 dt
I = = 
9t + 4 9
2
2
2

t2 +  
3
 
1 t  1 3 
= tan   + C = tan −1  tan x  + C
−1

9
2 2 6 2 
3 3

14
INTEGRATION

We will study the following types of integrals:

1
•  dx
a sin x + b cos x
1
•  dx
a + b sin x
1
•  dx
a + b cos x
1
•  dx
a sin x + b cos x + c
sin 2 x
Eg. Integrate with respect to x.
1 + cos x
Solution:
2
 x x
 2sin cos 
2  x 
2
=
sin x 2 x x
 sin x = 2sin cos ;cos x = 2 cos 2 − 1
1 + cos x 2 cos 2
x  2 2 2 
2
x x
4sin 2 cos 2
= 2 2
x
2 cos 2
2
x
= 2sin 2
2
= 1 − cos x
sin 2 x
 dx =  (1 − cos x ) dx = x − sin x + C
1 + cos x

7. Introduction to Definite Integration:

b

A definite integral is denoted by  f ( x) dx

a

a → Lower limit of the integral

b → Upper limit of the integral
Note: The definite integral has a unique value.

7.1 Area Function:

Area of the shaded region is a function of x, denoted by A (x).

A(x) → Area Function

15
INTEGRATION

b
A ( x ) =  f ( x ) dx
a

7.2 Fundamental Theorem of Integral Calculus:

• Theorem 1: If f ( x ) be a continuous function on [a, b] and A(x) be the area

function.
Then A '( x) = f ( x), for all x   a, b .
• Theorem 2: If f ( x ) be a continuous function on [a, b] and F be an anti-derivative
of f ( x ) .
b

 f ( x)dx =  F ( x )
b
Then a
= F (b) − F (a )
a

7.3 Steps for Calculating Definite Integral:

• Step 1: Find  f ( x) dx and let this be F ( x) .

b

Step 2: Find F (b) − F ( a ) =  F ( x )  a , which is equal to  f ( x) dx . Here, integration

b
•
a

constant C is of no mean, because

b

 f ( x)dx =  F ( x) + C 
b
a
a

=  F ( b ) + C  −  F (a) + C 
= F (b ) − F ( a )
3
Eg. I =  xdx
1

x2
Since  x dx = 2
= F ( x)

16
INTEGRATION

 I =  F ( x ) 1 = F ( 3) − F (1)
3

( 3) (1)
2 2

= − =4
2 2

7.4 Definite Integrals Using Substitution Method:

b
To evaluate  f ( x), by substitution, the steps could be as follows:
a

(i) Consider the integral without limits and substitute, the independent variable (say x)
with new variable t to convert the given integral to a known form.
(ii) Integrate the new integrand with respect to the new variable t without mentioning the
constant of integration.
(iii)Resubstitute for the new variable and write the integration in terms of the original
variable and solve it for given limit.

1 3x
Eg. Let I =  dx
0 2 − x2
Put 2 − x 2 = t  −2 xdx = dt
when x = 0, t = 2 and when x = 1, t = 1
3 1 dt
2 2 t
I =−

3
log | t |2
1
=−
2
3
= −  log |1| − log | 2 |
2
3
= log 2
2

8. Some Properties of Definite Integrals:

b b
• Property P0 : 
a
f ( x)dx =  f (t )dt
a
b a
• Property P1 : 
a
f ( x)dx = −  f ( x) dx
b
c b b
• Property P2 : 
a
f ( x)dx +  f ( x)dx =  f ( x) dx
c a

f ( x)dx =  f ( a + b − x ) dx
b b
• Property P3 : 
a a

17
INTEGRATION

f ( x)dx =  f ( a − x ) dx
a a
• Property P4 : 0 0

f ( x) dx =  f ( x)dx +  f ( 2a − x ) dx
2a a a
• Property P5 :  
0 0 0

f ( x ) dx =  f ( x)dx +  f ( 2a − x ) dx... ( i ) ( by P5 )
2a a a
• Property P6 : We have 0 0 0

Now if f ( 2a − x ) = f ( x ) , then ( i ) becomes

2a a
 0
f ( x) dx = 2 f ( x) dx
0

And if f ( 2a − x ) = − f ( x), then (i) becomes

2a
 0
f ( x) dx = 0

Note:
f ( x)dx = 2  f ( x)dx, if f is an even function, i.e., if f ( − x ) = f ( x)
a a
I. −a 0

f ( x)dx = 0, if f is an odd function, i.e., if f ( − x ) = − f ( x)

a
 −a

9. Definite Integral as the Limit of a Sum:

Let y = f ( x ) be a continuous function defined on [a, b]. Also, y  0 . Interval [a, b] is divided
into n
subintervals denoted by
 x0 , x1  ,  x1 , x2  ,...,  xn−1 , xn  ,
where x0 = a, x1 = a + h,...,
b−a
xn = b = a + nh  h =
n
As h→ 0  n → 

18
INTEGRATION

 f ( x)dx = (b − a ) lim n  f ( a ) + f ( a + h ) + ... + f ( a + ( n − 1) h )

1
Then
n →
a

Note:
b
The definite integral  f ( x) dx is the area bounded by the curve
a
y = f ( x ), the ordinates

x = a, x = b and the x - axis.

Eg. Evaluate  xdx as limit of sums.

0

Solution:
1− 0 1
Here, a = 0, b = 1, f ( x) = x, h = =
n n
1  1  2  n −1 
1

 xdx = (1 − 0 ) lim n  f ( 0 ) + f  0 + n  + f  0 + n  + ... + f  0 +

0
n →

n  
1  1 2 n −1
= lim 0 + n + n + ... + n 
n → n  
1
= lim
n → n 2
1 + 2 + ... + n − 1
1 ( n − 1)
= lim 2 .  2 1 + ( n − 1 − 1) .1
n → n 2 
n ( n − 1)
= lim
n → 2n 2
1 1
= lim  1 − 
n → 2
 n
1
1
  x dx =
0
2

19
INTEGRATION

SIMULATOR QUESTIONS

SECTION-A (1 MARK QUESTIONS)

sin 2 x − cos 2 x
1. Find  sin 2 x cos2 x dx
(a) tan x − cot x + C
(b) tan x + cot x + C
(c) sin x + cos x + C
(d) sin x − cos x + C

2. Antiderivative of sec 2 x is
(a) tan x
(b) tan 2 x
(c) sec x
(d) sec 2 x

3. Evaluate  (1 + )
x dx

(a) x 2 + x + C
2
(b) x + x 3/2 + C
3
2
(c) x 2 + x + C
3
(d) None of these

dx
4. Write the value of x 2
+ 16
1 4
(a) tan −1   + C
4 x
1 4
(b) cot −1   + C
4 x
1 x
(c) tan −1   + C
4 4
1
(d) cot −1 ( x ) + C
4

20
INTEGRATION

dx
5. Evaluate  1 − x2
(a) sin −1 x + C
(b) cos −1 x + C
(c) tan −1 x + C
(d) None of these

 ( 2 x + 3) dx
2
6. Evaluate
1
( 2 x + 3) + C
4
(a)
2
1
(b) ( 2 x + 3) + C
3

6
1
(c) ( 2 x + 3) + C
4

6
1
(d) ( 2 x + 3) + C
3

 /2
7. Evaluate  sin x dx
0

(a) 0
(b) -1
(c) 1
(d) None of these

3
1
8. Solve  x dx
2

2
(a) log  
3
3
(b) log  
2
(c) log ( 6 )
(d) 2 log ( 3)

 sec ( 7 − 4x ) dx.
2
9. Evaluate
cot ( 7 − 4 x )
(a) − +C
4

21
INTEGRATION

cot ( 7 − 4 x )
(b) +C
4
tan ( 7 − 4 x )
(c) +C
4
tan ( 7 − 4 x )
(d) − +C
4

2
x
10. Evaluate dx.
2x
(a) +C
log 2
(b) 2 x ( log 2 ) + C

(c)
( log 2 ) + C
2x
(d) None of these

 ( cosec x − cot x ) e
2 x
11. Evaluate dx.

 sin
3
12. Evaluate x dx.
Or
1 − cos 2 x
Evaluate  1 + cos 2 x
dx.

13. Find  (1 − x ) x dx.

Or
2
Evaluate  1 + cos 2 x dx.
5
14. Find  4
e x dx.
Or
 /4
Find 0
tan x dx.

1 dx
15. Evaluate 0
1 − x2

Fill in the blanks:

22
INTEGRATION

16. An antiderivative of x is.............

17. The value of  sec x tan x dx is……………….

 ( x + 1) dx
1
18. The value of is.................
−1

3 dx
19. 1 1 + x2
equals.............

20. The integral of cos ( 2 x + 1) with respect to x is…………….

SECTION-B (2 MARKS QUESTIONS)

2 − 3sin x
21. Write the value of  cos 2 x
dx.

Or
2 cos x
Evaluate  sin 2
x
dx.

1 + tan x
0
22. Write the value of  1 − tan x dx .
−
4

23. Find  log x dx.

a 1 
24. If  0 4+ x 2
dx = , Then find the value of a.
8
Or
1
Evaluate −1
e x dx.

 /2
25. Evaluate 0
cos 2 x dx.

26. Integrate e x sin x with respect to x.

SECTION-C (4 MARKS QUESTIONS)

1
27. Integrate with respect to x.
1 + cot x

23
INTEGRATION

Or
e −12x
Integrate with respect to x.
e2 x + 1

28. Find the integral of sin 4 x with respect to x.

1
29. Find the integral of with respect to x.
( x − a )( x − b )
Or
2
sec x
Find the integrate of with respect to x.
tan 2 x + 4

1
30. Integrate the rational function with respect to x.
x −1
4

 2x 
31. Integrate the function sin −1  2 
with respect to x.
 1+ x 

 /2 sin 4 x
32. Evaluate  0 sin 4 x + cos 4 x
dx.

SECTION-D (6 MARKS QUESTIONS)

  1 − sin x 
33. Evaluate  /2
ex   dx
 1 + sin x 
Or
3

Evaluate  (2 x 2 + 5 x)dx as limit of sum .

1

2 dx
34. Evaluate the integral 0 x +x+4
2
.

3x + 5
35. Integrate the rational function with respect to x.
x − x2 − x + 1
3

Or

24
INTEGRATION

5x + 3
Integrate the function with respect to x.
x + 4 x + 10
2

36. Integrate the function

(
x3 sin tan −1 x 4 ) with respect to x.
1+ x 8

25
INTEGRATION

ANSWER KEY

1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (a) 6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (b) 9. (d) 10. (a)

26
INTEGRATION

SOLUTIONS

SECTION-A (1 MARK QUESTIONS)

sin 2 x cos 2 x
1. Let I =  dx −  sin 2 x cos2 xdx
sin 2 x cos 2 x
=  sec2 dx −  cosec 2 x dx
= tan x + cot x + C

d
2. We know, ( tan x ) = sec2 x
dx
 Antiderivative of sec 2 x = tan x

3.  (1 + )
x dx =  1.dx +  x dx
1
+1
x2
= x+ +C
1
+1
2
2
= x + x3/2 + C
3

dx dx
4. x 2
+ 16
= 2
x + ( 4)
2

1 x  dx 1 x
=
4
tan −1 + C
4 

x 2
+a 2
= tan −1 
a a

dx dx  dx x
5.  = = sin −1 x + C   = sin −1 
1 − x2 (1)  a2 − x2 a
2
− x2

1 ( 2 x + 3)
2 +1

 ( 2 x + 3) dx = 2  2 + 1
2
6. +C

1 ( 2 x + 3)
3

==  +C
2 3
1
= ( 2 x + 3) + C
3

27
INTEGRATION

 /2
sin x dx =  − cos x 0
 /2
7. 0


= − cos + cos 0
2
= −0 + 1
=1

3 1

3
8. dx = log x  2
2 x
= log 3 − log 2
3
= log  
2

tan ( 7 − 4 x )  tan ax 
 sec ( 7 − 4 x ) dx = +C  sec ax dx =
2 2
9. 
−4  a 
tan ( 7 − 4 x )
=− +C
4

2x  ax 
 2 dx = +C  a dx =
x x
10.  
log 2  log a 

 ( cosec x − cot x ) e dx = − ( cot x − cosec x ) e dx

2 x 2 x
11.

= −  cot x + ( −cosec x )  e dx 2 x

 e  f ( x ) + f ' ( x ) dx = e . f ( x ) 
 
= −e cot x + C x x x


3sin x − sin 3 x
 sin x dx = 
3
12. dx
4
1 1
=  3sin xdx −  sin 3 x dx
4 4
1 cos 3 x 
=  −3cos x + +C
4 3 
Or
1 − cos 2 x 2sin 2 x  cos 2 = 1 − 2sin 2  
 1 + cos 2 x
dx = 
2 cos 2 x
dx  
= 2 cos 2  − 1

=  tan x dx = log ( sec x ) + C

28
INTEGRATION

13.  (1 − x ) x dx =  ( x − x x dx )
 x n +1 
(
=  x1/2 − x3/2 dx = ) 2 3/2 2 5/2
x − x +C   x dx =
n

n +1
, n  −1
3 5  
Or
2 2
 1 + cos 2 x dx =  2 cos 2
x
dx  cos 2 = 2 cos 2  − 1

=  sec x dx = tan x + C
2

5

5
14. e x dx = e x 
4 4

= e − e4
5

= e 4 ( e − 1)
Or
 /4  /4
0
tan x dx = log sec x  0


= log sec − log sec 0
4
= log 2 − log1
= log 2

1 dx

1
15. = sin −1 x 
0
1 − x2 0

= sin −1 (1) − sin −1 ( 0 )


= −0
2

=
2

Fill in the blanks:

16. We know that,

d 3/2
dx
x ( 3
= x1/2 =
2
3
2
) x

 x=
2 d 3/2
3 dx
x ( )
d 2 
=  x3/2 
dx  3 

29
INTEGRATION

2 3/ 2
 An antiderivative of x= x .
3

d
17. We know that, ( sec x ) = sec x tan x
dx
  sec x tan x dx = sec x + C

1
 x2 
( )
1
18. −1 x + 1 dx =  + x
2  −1
1 1 
= + 1 −  − 1
2 2 
1 1
= +1− +1
2 2
=2

dx
19.  1+ x 2
= tan −1 x = F ( x )

By second fundamental theorem of calculus, we obtain

( )
3 dx
1 1 + x 2 = F 3 − F (1)
= tan −1 3 − tan −1 1
 
= −
3 4

=
12

20. Let 2 x + 1 = t  2 dx = dt
1
 cos ( 2 x + 1) dx = 2  cos t dt
1
= sin t + C
2
1
= sin ( 2 x + 1) + C
2

SECTION-B (2 MARKS QUESTIONS)

2 − 3sin x  2 3sin x 
21.  2
cos x
dx =   −
 cos x cos x 
2 2  dx

30
INTEGRATION

(
=  2sec2 x − 3sec x tan x dx )
= 2 sec2 x dx − 3 sec x tan x dx
= 2 tan x − 3sec x + C
Or
2 cos x
 sin 2
x
dx =  2cosec x cot x dx


= −cosec x + C
  cosec x cot x dx = −cosec x 
22.
1 + tan x  
0 0
I=  dx =  tan  + x  dx
− 1 − tan x − 4 
4 4
0
   1
= log sec  + x   = log 2 = log 2
 4   − 2
4

d 
23.  ( log x.1) dx = log x  1dx −   dx ( log x )  1dx  dx
1
= ( log x ) x −  x dx = x log x − x + C.
x

a
1 
24. We have,  4+ x
0
2
dx =
8

 
a
1 x a
  tan −1  =  tan −1 −0 =
2 2 0 8 2 4
a  a
 tan −1 =  =1 a = 2
2 4 2
Or
1

x 1
e x dx = e 
−1 −1

= e1 − e −1
1
= e−
e
e −1
2
=
e

25. Let I =  0
2
cos 2 x dx

31
INTEGRATION

 sin 2 x 
 cos 2 x dx =   = F ( x)
2 

By second fundamental theorem of calculus, we obtain

 
I = F   − F (0)
2
1   
=  sin 2   − sin 0 
2 2 
1
= sin  − sin 0
2
1
=  0 − 0 = 0
2

26. Let I =  e x sin x dx

 d sin x x 
= sin x  e x dx −    e dx  dx
 dx
= e x sin x −  e x cos x dx
  d cos x x  
= e x sin x − cos x  e x dx −    e dx  dx 
  dx
I = e x sin x − e x cos x −  e x sin x dx
 I = e x ( sin x − cos x ) − I
 2 I = e x ( sin x − cos x )
ex
 I = ( sin x − cos x ) + C
2

SECTION-C (4 MARKS QUESTIONS)

1
27. Let I =  dx
1 + cot x
1
= dx
cos x
1+
sin x
sin x
= dx
sin x + cos x

32
INTEGRATION

1 2sin x
= 
2 sin x + cos x
dx

1 ( sin x + cos x ) + ( sin x − cos x )

2
= dx
( sin x + cos x )
1 1 sin x − cos x
=
2  1dx + 
2 sin x + cos x
dx

1 1 sin x − cos x
= ( x) +  dx
2 2 sin x + cos x
Let sin x + cos x = t  ( cos x − sin x ) dx = dt
x 1 − ( dt )
2 2 t
I = +

x 1
= − log t + C
2 2
x 1
= − log sin x + cos x + C
2 2
Or
e −1
2x

e2 x + 1
Dividing numerator and denominator by e x , we obtain
(e 2x
− 1)
e x e x − e− x
=
( e2 x + 1) e x + e− x
ex
Let e x + e − x = t
 ( e x − e − x ) dx = dt
e2 x − 1 e x − e− x
 dx =  e x + e− x dx
e2 x + 1
dt
=
t
= log t + C
= log e x + e − x + C

28. sin 4 x = sin 2 x sin 2 x

33
INTEGRATION

 1 − cos 2 x   1 − cos 2 x 
=  
 2  2 
1
= (1 − cos 2 x )
2

4
1
= 1 + cos 2 2 x − 2 cos 2 x 
4
1   1 + cos 4 x  
= 1 +   − 2 cos 2 x 
4  2  
1 1 1 
= 1 + + cos 4 x − 2 cos 2 x 
4 2 2 
1 3 1 
=  + cos 4 x − 2 cos 2 x 
4 2 2 
1 3 1 
  sin 4 x dx =   + cos 4 x − 2 cos 2 x  dx
4 2 2 
1 3 1  sin 4 x  2sin 2 x 
=  x+  − +C
4 2 2 4  2 
1 sin 4 x 
= 3 x + − 2sin 2 x  + C
8 4 
3x 1 1
= − sin 2 x + sin 4 x + C
8 4 32

29. ( x − a )( x − b ) can be written as x 2 − ( a + b ) x + ab.

Therefore,
x 2 − ( a + b ) x + ab
(a + b) (a + b)
2 2

= x − (a + b)
2
x+ − + ab
4 4
  a + b  ( a − b )
2 2

= x −   −
  2  4
1 1
 dx =  dx
( x − a )( x − b )   a + b   a − b 
2 2

x −   −  
  2   2 
 a+b
Let x −  =t
 2 
dx = dt

34
INTEGRATION

1 1
 dx =  dt
2 2
  a + b   a − b   a −b 
2

x −   −   t2 −  
  2   2   2 

 a −b 
2

= log t + t −   +C
2

 2 

  a + b 
= log  x −   + ( x − a )( x − b ) +C
  2 
Or
Let tan x = t
 sec 2 x dx = dt
sec 2 x dt
 dx = 
tan x + 4
2
t + 22
2

= log t + t 2 + 4 + C

= log tan x + tan 2 x + 4 + C

1 1 1
30. = =
( x4 −1) ( )( )
x 2 − 1 x 2 + 1 ( x + 1)( x − 1) 1 + x 2 ( )
1 A B Cx + D
Let = + + 2
(
( x + 1)( x − 1) 1 + x 2
)
( x + 1) ( x − 1) x + 1 ( )
( ) (
1 = A ( x − 1) x 2 + 1 + B ( x + 1) x 2 + 1 + ( Cx + D ) x 2 − 1 ) ( )
( ) (
1 = A x3 + x − x 2 − 1 + B x3 + x + x 2 + 1 + Cx 3 + Dx 2 − Cx − D )
1 = ( A + B + C ) x3 + ( − A + B + D ) x 2 + ( A + B − C ) x + ( − A + B − D )
Equating the coefficients of x 3 , x 2 , x, and constant term, we obtain
A+ B +C = 0
−A+ B + D = 0
A+ B −C = 0
−A+ B − D =1
On solving these equations, we obtain
1 1 1
A = − , B = , C = 0 and D = −
4 4 2
1 −1 1 1
 4 = + −
x − 1 4 ( x + 1) 4 ( x − 1) 2 x 2 + 1 ( )

35
INTEGRATION

1 1 1 1
 dx = − log x + 1 + log x − 1 − tan −1 x + C
x −1
4
4 4 2
1 x −1 1
= log − tan −1 x + C
4 x +1 2

31. Let x = tan   dx = sec2  d

 2x   2 tan  
 sin −1  = sin −1   = sin ( sin 2 ) = 2
−1
2 
 1+ x   1 + tan  
2

 2x 
  sin −1  2 
dx =  2 .sec 2  d = 2  .sec 2  d
 1+ x 
Integrating by parts, we obtain
  d   
2  . sec 2  d −      sec 2  d  d 
  d   
= 2  .tan  −  tan  d 
 
= 2  tan  + log cos   + C
 1 
= 2  x tan −1 x + log +C
 1 + x2 
1

( )
−
= 2 x tan −1 x + 2 log 1 + x 2 2 +C
 1 
(
= 2 x tan −1 x + 2  − log 1 + x 2  + C
 2 
)
(
= 2 x tan −1 x − log 1 + x 2 + C )
 /2 sin 4 x
32. Let I =  dx
0 sin 4 x + cos 4 x
Then, by P4
 
sin 4  − x 
 /2  2   /2 cos 4 x
I = dx =  dx
4   4  cos 4 x + sin 4 x
0 0
sin  − x  + cos  − x 
2  2 
Adding (i) and (ii), we get
 /2 sin x + cos x
4 4
 /2 

2I =  dx =  dx =  02 =
x
0 sin x + cos x
4 4 0 2

Hence, I =
4

SECTION-D (6 MARKS QUESTIONS)

36
INTEGRATION

  1 − sin x 
33. I = ex   dx
 /2
 1 − cos x 
 x x
  1 − 2sin cos 
=  ex  2 2 dx

 /2 x
 2sin 2 
 2 
 x 
 cosec 2

=  ex  2 − cot  dx
x
 /2

 2 2
 
x
Let f ( x ) = − cot
2
 1 x 1 x
 f ' ( x ) = −  − cosec 2  = cosec 2
 2 2 2 2
e x ( f ( x ) + f ' ( x )  dx

I = 
 /2

= e x  f ( x ) dx 
 /2

 x
= − e x  cot 
 2  /2
  
= − e x  cot − e /2  cot 
 2 4
= − e  0 − e /2  1
= e /2
Or
3
I =  ( x 2 + e 2 x +1 )dx
1

3 −1 2
Here a = 1, b = 3, h = =
n n
Now, I = lim h  f (1) + f (1 + h) + f (1 + 2h) + ... + f (1 + ( n − 1) h) 
h →0

I = lim h 7 + 2(1 + h) 2 + 5(1 + h) + 2(1 + 2h) 2 + 5(1 + 2h) + ... + 2(1 + (n − 1)h) 2 + 5(1 + ( n − 1) h) 
h →0

= lim h 7 + 9h + 2h 2 + 7 + 18h + 2.2 2 h 2 + ... + 7 + 9( n − 1) h + 2.( n − 1) 2 h 2 

h →0

  n(n − 1)  2  n( n − 1)(2n − 1)  
= lim h 7n + 9h   + 2h  
h →0
  2   6 

37
INTEGRATION

 9 1 
= lim 7 nh + nh ( nh − h ) + nh(nh − h)(2nh − h) 
h →0
 2 3 
16 112
= 14 + 18 + =
3 3

2 dx 2 dx
34. 0 x 2 + x + 4 0
=
1 1 1
2 2

x2 + 2   x +   −   + 4
2 2 2
2 dx
= 2
0
 1  15
x+  −
 2 4
2 dx
= 2
1   15 
0 2

 x +  − 
 2  2 
52 dt   1 
=  Putting  x +  = t  dx = dt 
 2
2
12
 15   
t2 −  
 2 
52
 15 
 1 t− 
= log 2 
 15 15 
 2  2 t+
2 
12

52
1  2t − 15 
= log 
15  2t + 15 1 2

1  5 − 15  1 − 15
= log  − log
15  5 + 15  1 + 15

1  5 − 15 1 + 15 
= log  
15  5 + 15 1 − 15 

3x + 5 3x + 5
35. =
x − x − x + 1 ( x − 1)2 ( x + 1)
3 2

3x + 5 A B C
Let = + +
( x − 1) ( x + 1)
2
( x − 1) ( x − 1) ( x + 1)
2

38
INTEGRATION

3 x + 5 = A ( x − 1)( x + 1) + B ( x + 1) + C ( x − 1)
2

( ) (
3 x + 5 = A x 2 − 1 + B ( x + 1) + C x 2 + 1 − 2 x ) ... ( i )
Substituting x = 1 in equation (i), we obtain
B=4
Equating the coefficients of x2 and x, we obtain
A +C=0
B – 2C = 3
On solving we obtain
1 1
A = − and C =
2 2
3x + 5 −1 4 1
 = + +
( x − 1) ( x + 1) 2 ( x − 1) ( x − 1) 2 ( x + 1)
2 2

3x + 5 1 1 1 1 1
 dx = −  dx + 4 dx +  dx
( x − 1) ( x + 1)
2
2 x −1 ( x − 1)
2
2 ( x + 1)
1  −1  1
= − log x − 1 + 4   + log x + 1 + C
2  x −1  2
1 x +1 4
= log − +C
2 x − 1 ( x − 1)
Or

Let 5 x + 3 = A
dx
(
d 2
x + 4 x + 10 + B)
 5x + 3 = A ( 2 x + 4) + B
Equating the coefficients of x and constant term, we obtain
5
2A = 5  A =
2
4 A + B = 3  B = −7
5
5x + 3 = ( 2 x + 4) − 7
2
5
5x + 3 ( 2x + 4) − 7
 dx =  2 dx
x 2 + 4 x + 10 x 2 + 4 x + 10
5 2x + 4 1
=  dx − 7  dx
2 x + 4 x + 10
2
x + 4 x + 10
2

2x + 4 1
Let I1 =  dx and I 2 =  dx
x + 4 x + 10
2
x + 4 x + 10
2

5x + 3 5
 dx = I1 − 7 I 2 ... ( i )
x 2 + 4 x + 10 2

39
INTEGRATION

2x + 4
Then, I1 =  dx
x + 4 x + 10
2

Let x 2 + 4 x + 10 = t
 ( 2 x + 4 ) dx = dt
dt
 I1 =  = 2 t = 2 x 2 + 4 x + 10 + C1 ... ( ii )
t
1
I2 =  dx
x + 4 x + 10
2

1
= dx
( x2 + 4 x + 4) + 6
1
= dx
( x + 2) ( 6)
2 2
+

= log ( x + 2 ) + x 2 + 4 x + 10 + C2 ... ( iii )

Using equations (ii) and (iii) in (i), we obtain

5x + 3
 x 2 + 4 x + 10 dx = 2  2 x + 4 x + 10 + C1  − 7 log ( x + 2 ) + x + 4 x + 10 + C2 
5 2 2

= 5 x 2 + 4 x + 10 − 7 log ( x + 2 ) + x 2 + 4 x + 10 + C

36. Let x 4 = t
 4 x3dx = dt
x3 sin ( tan −1 x 4 ) 1 sin ( tan t )
−1

 dx =  dt ... ( i )
1 + x8 4 1+ t2
Let tan −1 t = u
1
 dt = du
1+ t2
From (i), we obtain
(
x3 sin tan −1 x 4 dx ) 1
 1+ x 8
=
4
sin u du

1
= ( − cos u ) + C
4
−1
= cos ( tan −1 t ) + C
4
−1
= cos ( tan −1 x 4 ) + C
4

40