Media and Information Literacy 1

Learning COMPETENCIES:

✓ Describe the different dimensions of:

- text information and media
- visual information and media
- audio information and media
✓ Evaluate the reliability and validity of different information and media
and its/their sources using selection criteria

notes:

TEXT INFORMATION AND MEDIA

It is undeniable that words or texts
are indispensable components of every
form of media that we encounter daily. Of
the different forms of communication, it is
the easiest to decode and comprehend.
This is because texts and the different
symbols that represent different meanings
were already part of different cultures in
different areas in the world as
communication is key to better and more
peaceful community. As previously tackled, communication is essential for
survival, so it was developed from being basically spoken to being written;
thus, leading to the emergence of different ways to make production of
written works faster. Today, different media products are mainly textual in
nature like books, magazines, newspapers, text messages, e-mails, and
social media posts. So, what is text?
Text – a simple and flexible format of presenting information or conveying
ideas whether hand-written, printed or displayed on-screen
(Source: MIL TG by CHED)
– any ‘’human-readable sequence of characters’’ that can form
intelligible words (Rouse, 2015)

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As you very well know, presentation of texts varies depending on the

targeted readers. As different texts had existed for thousands of years,
people have grown fond of textual media and over the years, have
become more creative in the methods of using and presenting texts. They
can be formal or informal.
FORMAL TEXTS INFORMAL TEXTS

➢ Addressed to people you do ➢ Addressed to people you know

not know
➢ Possibly letters of complaint or
letters asking for information
➢ Avoid contractions (write out
full words – cannot, will not,
should not, etc.).
➢ Write in third person (except in
business letters where first
person may be used).
➢ Avoid addressing readers using
second person pronouns
(use one, one's, the reader, the
reader’s, etc.)
➢ Avoid using abbreviated words
(use full versions – like
photograph, television, etc.)
➢ Academic texts (thesis, business
proposal, public notices, tv and
radio news, etc.)
such as friends and relatives
➢ Friendly persona letters. May use
short and simple sentences.
➢ May use contractions
(can’t, won’t, shouldn’t, etc.).
➢ May use first, second, or third
person.
➢ May address readers using
second person pronouns
(you, your, etc)
➢ May use abbreviated words
(photo, TV, etc)
➢ Usually literary writing (poems, song,
etc.) and commercial materials
(posters, flyers, TV & radio ads).

TYPES OF TEXTS
1. HYPERTEXT
- These are texts that can link different electronic documents and enable
users to jump from one text to other in a nonlinear way. They are usually
in blue color and are always underlined. But these are only applicable
when viewing texts in different word processing applications in your
devices.
Ex. Textual media, communication

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2. PLAINTEXT or UNFORMATTED TEXT

- These are texts which are viewed with fixed-sized characters having
essentially the same type of appearance. These are the texts you
usually see in your computer’s notepad app.
Ex.

NOTEPAD

3. FORMATTED TEXT
- This type of text has its appearance changed/altered using font
parameters (bold, underline, italic, font size, font color, etc.). This can
be achieved using different word processors. A word processor is any
software used to “produce, edit, and format mainly text-based
documents such as writing letters, memos, reports, creating documents
or letter heads, producing labels, etc.” Popular examples of these are
MS Word and MS PowerPoint.
Ex.

TEXT TEXT TEXT TEXT TEXT

TEXT TEXT TEXT TEXT TEXT
TEXT TEXT TEXT TEXT TEXT

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COMMON FILE TYPES (TEXT FILES)

.DOC Microsoft Word Document - a native format for storing
documents created by MS Word package
- contains a rich set of formatting capabilities

.TXT Plain Text File - Unformatted text document by an editor as

notepad on Windows platform

.MSG Outlook Mail Message

.PAGES Pages Document

.TEX LaTeX Source Document

.DAT Data File

.PPS PowerPoint Slide Show

.PPT PowerPoint Presentation

.RTF Rich Text Format - Cross platform document exchange; default

format for Mac OS X’s default editor TextEdit

.PDF Portable Document Format - developed by Adobe systems

for cross platform exchange of documents, supports image
and graphics

VISUAL INFORMATION AND MEDIA

Visual media refers to any visual character that is
not textual in nature. Therefore, visual media are basically
pictures, photos, symbols, and the like. Nowadays,
communicating with images is a thing. This is pretty much
observable with the use of purely emojis to send some sort
of coded messages.
Visual Information help so much with making messages more
meaningful and attractive. In fact, some studies have shown that visuals
increase a person’s willingness to read by 80 % and that people retain 55%
more information when paired with an image. Thus, there has been a
drastic shift from heavily textual forms of information to using visuals in
presenting information like graphic organizers, pictographs, and the like.

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PURPOSES OF VISUAL INFORMATION

1. To catch readers’/viewers’ attention
2. To stimulate readers/viewers to create meaning
3. To facilitate retention of information
COMMON VISUAL MEDIA FILE TYPES
Image format Description
.jpeg Probably the most web-friendly image format there is. It
is great for images when you need to keep the size
small, such as when you need to upload it online.
.png This is the best format for web graphics, logos, and line
arts. This format is very flexible for designing since it
enables you to have transparent backgrounds.
.gif This format often comes in small sizes; thus, it is not very
suitable for web graphics. But if you want to add
animations, this is the best format to choose.
.tiff TIFF is the best and the only choice for professionals
when images are intended for print. It has the ability to
store such high pixel intensity.
.bmp These files are large and uncompressed, but the images
are rich in color, high in quality, simple and compatible
in all Windows OS and programs. BMP files are also
called raster or paint images.

ELEMENTS OF VISUAL DESIGN

1. LINE
- describes a shape or outline
- create texture and can be
thick or thin
- may be actual, implied,
vertical, horizontal, diagonal, or
contour lines

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2. SHAPE
- a geometric or organic area that stands out from the space next to or
around it, or because of differences in value, color, or texture

3. VALUE
- the degree of light and dark in a design
- contrast between black and white and all the tones in between

4. TEXTURE
- way a surface feels or is perceived to feel
- illusion of the surfaces peaks and valleys,
resulting in a feeling of smoothness or roughness
in objects

No texture

With texture

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5. COLOR
- determined by its hue (name of color), intensity (purity of the hue),
and value (lightness or darkness of hue)
- used for emphasis, or may elicit emotions from viewers

6. FORM
- a figure having volume and thickness
- an illusion of a 3-dimensional object can be implied with the use of
light and shading
- can be viewed from many angles

SHAPE FORM

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VISUAL DESIGN PRINCIPLES Example

1. CONSISTENCY
- Consistency of margins,
typeface, typestyle, and colors
is necessary, especially in slide
presentations or documents
that are more than one page.

2. CENTER OF INTEREST
- an area that first attracts attention in Example
a composition
- important objects or elements in a
composition
- can be achieved by contrast of values,
more colors, and placement

3. BALANCE
- visual equality in shape, form, value, color, etc.
- can be symmetrical and evenly or asymmetrical and unevenly
balanced

4. HARMONY
- brings together a Example
composition with similar
units
- notice how similar harmony
is to unity (some sources list
both terms)

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Example 5. CONTRAST
- offers some change in value creating
a visual discord in a composition
- shows the difference between
shapes and can be used as a
background to bring objects out and
forward in a design
- can also be used to create an area
of emphasis

6. DIRECTIONAL MOVEMENT Example

- a visual flow through the
composition
- can be the suggestion of
motion in a design as you
move from object to
object by way placement
and position

Example 7. RHYTHM
- a movement in which some elements
recur regularly
- like a dance, it will have a flow of objects
that will seem to be like the beat of music

Example
8. PERSPECTIVE
- created through the
arrangement of objects in two-
dimensional space to look like
they appear in real life
- learned meaning of the
relationship between different
objects seen in space

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9. DOMINANCE
- gives interest, counteracting confusion and monotony
- can be applied to one or more of the elements to give emphasis
Example

AUDIO INFORMATION AND MEDIA

Audio refers to sound, especially when recorded, transmitted, or
reproduced. Consequently, audio media is media communication that
uses audio or recordings to deliver and transfer information through the
means of sound.

TYPES OF AUDIO INFORMATION

1. Radio Broadcast
- live or recorded audio sent through radio waves to reach a wide audience
2. Music
- vocal or instrumental sounds combined in such a way as to produce
beauty of form, harmony, and expression of emotion
3. Sound Recording
- recording of an interview, meeting, or any sound from the environment
4. Sound Clips / Effects
- any sound artificially reproduced to create an effect in a dramatic
presentation (ex. sound of a storm, or a door)
5. Audio Podcast
- a digital audio or video file or recording, usually part of a themed series,
that can be downloaded from a website to a media player or a computer

WAYS TO STORE AUDIO INFORMATION:

1. Tape
- magnetic tape on which sound can
be recorded

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2. CD (Compact Disc)
- a plastic-fabricated, circular medium for recording,
storing, and playing back audio, video, and
computer data

3. USB Drive
- an external flash drive, small enough to carry on
a key ring, that can be used with any computer
that has a USB Port
4. Memory Card (aka Flash Memory Card or Storage Card)
- is a small storage medium used to store data
such as text, pictures, audio, and video, for
use on small, portable, or remote computing
devices.

5. Computer Hard Drive

- secondary storage devices for storing audio file

6. Internet / Cloud
- websites or file repositories for retrieving audio files, and
more precisely the files are stored in some datacenter
full of servers that is connected to the Internet

AUDIO FILE FORMATS

1. MP3 (MPEG Audio Layer 3)
- a common format for consumer audio, as well as a standard of digital
audio compression for the transfer and playback of music on most
digital audio players.
2. M4A / AAC (MPEG4 Audio/Advanced Audio Coding)
- an audio coding standard for lossy digital audio compression.
Designed to be the successor of the MP3 format, AAC generally
achieves better sound quality than MP3 at similar bit rate

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3. WAV
- is a Microsoft audio file format standard for storing an audio bitstream
on PCs. It has become a standard file format for game sounds,
among others
4. WMA (Windows Media Audio)
- is an audio data compression technology developed by Microsoft
and used with Windows Media Player

CHARACTERISTICS OF A SOUND
1. Volume – intensity of a sound
2. Tone – the audible characteristic of a sound
3. Pitch – is how high or low a sound is
4. Loudness – refers to the magnitude of the sound heard

PURPOSES OF A SOUND:
✓ Give instruction or information.
✓ Provide feedback.
✓ To personalize or customize

ELEMENTS OF SOUND DESIGN

1. Dialogue
- speech, conversation, voice-over
2. Sound Effects
- any sound other than music or dialogue
3. Music
- vocal or instrumental sounds (or both) combined in such a way as to
produce beauty of form, harmony, and expression of emotion

PRINCIPLES OF SOUND DESIGN

1. Mixing
- the combination, balance, and control of multiple sound elements
2. Pace
- time control, editing, order of events (linear, non-linear, or multi-linear)
3. Stereo Imaging
- Using left and right channel for depth. This refers to the aspect of
sound recording and reproduction.
4. Transition
- how you get from one segment or element to another

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TYPES OF TRANSITIONS
1. Segue
- one element stops, the next begins (“cut” in film)
2. Cross-fade
- one element fades out, the next fades in, and they overlap on the
way
3. V-Fade
- first element fades to being inaudible before the second element begins
4. Waterfall
- As first element fades out, the second element begins at full volume.
Better for voice transitions, than for effects

HEARING VS. LISTENING

Hearing
- the act of perceiving sound by the ear
Listening
- requires concentration so that your brain processes meaning from
words and sentences. Listening leads to learning.

Note to the reader: All these things are just guides for a better media
understanding and production. In the end, everything still rests upon
your capacity to think and your creativity to combine and execute
them. God bless!

Mind bogglers:
:
A1. Directions: Identify what is referred to by each statement. Write your
answer on the space provided.
_____________1. This is a type of audio transition wherein one element
stops, the next begins.
_____________2. This is designed to be the successor of the MP3 format
which generally achieves better sound quality than MP3
at similar bit rate.
_____________3. This refers to sound, especially when recorded,
transmitted, or reproduced.
_____________4. This visual design principle entails bringing together a
composition with similar units.
_____________5. This text file type is the native format for storing
documents created by MS Word package.

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_____________6. This type of text has its appearance changed/altered
using font parameters.
_____________7. This sound design principle refers to the combination,
balance, and control of multiple sound elements.
_____________8. These are websites or file repositories for retrieving audio
and even other files.
_____________9. This principle of visual design entails equality in shape,
form, value, color, and more.
_____________10. This simply means a figure having volume and thickness.
_____________11. This is the way a surface feels or is perceived to feel.
_____________12. These are texts that can link different electronic
documents and enable users to jump from one text to
other in a nonlinear way.
_____________13. These are any ‘’human-readable sequence of
characters’’ that can form intelligible words.
_____________14. In this audio transition type, the first element fades to
being inaudible before the second element begins
_____________15. This text file type is developed by Adobe systems for
cross platform exchange of documents
_____________16. This sound design element refers to any speech,
conversation, voice-over included in your audio.
_____________17. This is a Microsoft audio file format standard for storing an
audio bitstream on PCs.
_____________18. This is the degree of light and dark in a design.
_____________19. This visual media format is very flexible for designing since
it enables you to have transparent backgrounds.
_____________20. This is any software used to “produce, edit, and format text-
based documents such as letters, memos, reports, etc.
_____________21. This principle in visual design offers some change in value
creating a visual discord in a composition.
_____________22. This is a common format for consumer audio, as well as a
standard of digital audio compression.
_____________23. This sound design principle refers to how one gets from
one audio segment or audio element to another.
_____________24. These are texts which are viewed with fixed-sized
characters having essentially the same type of
appearance.
_____________25. This is unformatted text document by an editor as
notepad on Windows platform.
Score: _______

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A2. Directions: Draw a visual interpretation of the given poem. Use the
space provided. Refer to the criteria for scoring (recorded)
15 pts.

CROSSING THE BAR

By Alfred, Lord Tennyson
Sunset and evening star,
And one clear call for me!
And may there be no moaning of the bar,
When I put out to sea,

But such a tide as moving seems asleep,

Too full for sound and foam,
When that which drew from out the boundless deep
Turns again home.

Twilight and evening bell,

And after that the dark!
And may there be no sadness of farewell,
When I embark;

For though from out our bourne of time and place

The flood may bear me far,
I hope to see my Pilot face to face
When I have crossed the bar.

Criteria for scoring:

✓ Relevance to the message – 8 pts.
✓ Artistry
(elements and principles of visual design) – 5 pts.
✓ Clarity – 1 pt.
✓ Neatness – 1 pt.
TOTAL 15 pts.

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Note: For submission, please cut this page. Thank you. Don’t forget to inscribe your
name and section.
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A3. Directions: Write a textual interpretation of the given picture. Use the
space provided. Refer to the criteria for scoring (recorded)
15 pts.

Criteria for scoring:

✓ Content
(relevance, unity, and coherence) – 8 pts.
✓ Writing mechanics
(punctuation, capitalization,
spelling, grammar) – 5 pts.
✓ Clarity – 1 pt.
✓ Neatness – 1 pt.
TOTAL 15 pts.

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Note: For submission, please cut this page. Thank you. Don’t forget to inscribe your
name and section.
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REFERENCES:
Cantor, O. L. (2019). Media and Information Literacy. Quezon City: Vibal Group, Inc.
Liquigan, B. C. (n.d.). Media and Information Literacy. Diwa Learning Systems Inc. p.144
Media and Information Literacy Curriculum Guide by DepEd
Media and Information Literacy Teaching Guide by CHED
https://pdfslide.net/download/link/media-and-information-literacy-mil-text-information-and-media-part-1
https://www.slideshare.net/arnielping/media-and-information-literacy-mil-visual-information-and-media-part-
1?from_action=save
https://www.slideshare.net/arnielping/media-and-information-literacy-mil-visual-information-and-media-part-2
https://www.slideshare.net/markjhonoxillo/audio-information-and-media
http://springboardpr.ie/the-power-of-visual-content-marketing/
Know your Image Format Https://Makeawebsitehub.Com/Imageformats-Mega-Cheat-Sheets/
Digital Image File Types Explained Http://Users.Wfu.Edu/Matthews/Misc/Graphics/Formats/Formats.Html
Design Elements And Principles By Canva.Com Https://Designschool.Canva.Com/Design-Elementsprinciples/
Wilson’s Portfolio: Principles Of Design https://oss.adm.ntu.edu.sg/wheng004/tag/design/

References for photos used:

https://www.interactiondesign.org/literature/article/the-building-blocks-ofvisual-design
https://www.tes.com/lessons/AML9tkm0rSdgfA/organic-versus-geometric
https://www.sitepoint.com/principles-of-design-value/
http://www.sibleyfineart.com/glyscreen_oe.htm?gly/b23--bearded-collie.htm
https://www.creativeboom.com/resources/essentialcolourguidefordesignersunderstading-colourtheory/
http://visualartspdsf.blogspot.com/2012/04/formorvolume.html
http://www.loopassociates.com/projects/brand-consistency-leading-to-millions-in-costreduction/
https://oss.adm.ntu.edu.sg/wheng004/tag/design/
http://operationwritehome.org/all-things-being-equal-balance-in-design/
https://oss.adm.ntu.edu.sg/wheng004/tag/design/
https://www.designcontest.com/blog/contrast-indesign/
https://webdesign.tutsplus.com/articles/visual-direction-in-web-design-webdesign-2545
https://oss.adm.ntu.edu.sg/wheng004/tag/design/
https://piaart.wordpress.com/two-point-perspective/
https://oss.adm.ntu.edu.sg/wheng004/tag/design/
https://www.tes.com/lessons/AML9tkm0rSdgfA/organic-versusgeometric.

Date Accomplished: __________________

Parents’ Name and Signature: __________________

“As each has received a gift, use it to serve one another, as good

stewards of God’s varied grace.” -1 Peter 4:10

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