Apply C2 to induction machines:

1
Again the transformation transforms the slip ring machines
to commutator machines.

A B 𝜶 𝜷
𝑅1 + 𝐿1 𝜌
A 0 𝑀𝜌 cos 𝜃 −𝑀𝜌 sin 𝜃
B 0 𝑅1 + 𝐿1 𝜌 𝑀𝜌 sin 𝜃 𝑀𝜌 cos 𝜃
𝑍 ′ 𝜶=
𝑀𝜌 cos 𝜃 𝑀𝜌 sin 𝜃 𝑅2 + 𝐿2 𝜌 0
𝜷 −𝑀𝜌 sin 𝜃 𝑀𝜌 cos 𝜃 0 𝑅2 + 𝐿2 𝜌

The Theory Of The Unified Machines Lecture 7 21-Feb-20

 The impedance transformation
2
𝑍 ′′ = 𝐶2 𝑡 𝑍 ′ 𝐶2
And 𝑍 ′ is found before
C2 will act on the rotor only
′
1 0 𝑍11 ′
𝑍12 ′
1 0 𝑍 11 𝑍12 ′ 𝐶2
i.e. 𝑍 ′′ = =
0 𝐶2 𝑍21 ′ 𝑍22 ′ 0 𝐶2 𝐶2 𝑡 𝑍21 ′ 𝐶2 𝑡 𝑍22 ′ 𝐶2

From above matrix:

′′ ′ 𝑅1 + 𝐿1 𝜌 0
𝑍11 = 𝑍11 =
0 𝑅1 + 𝐿1 𝜌

The Theory Of The Unified Machines Lecture 7 21-Feb-20

3

′′ ′ 𝑀𝜌 cos 𝜃 −𝑀𝜌 sin 𝜃 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃

𝑍12 = 𝑍12 𝐶2 =
𝑀𝜌 sin 𝜃 𝑀𝜌 cos 𝜃 cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃
0 𝑀𝜌
=
𝑀𝜌 0
′ sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝑀𝜌 cos 𝜃 𝑀𝜌 sin 𝜃
𝑍21 ′′ = 𝐶2 𝑡 𝑍21 =
cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 −𝑀𝜌 sin 𝜃 𝑀𝜌 cos 𝜃
−𝑀𝑤𝑟 𝑀𝜌
=
𝑀𝜌 𝑀𝑤𝑟
′′ ′ 𝑅2 + 𝐿2 𝜌 −𝐿2 𝑤𝑟
𝑍22 = 𝐶2 𝑡 𝑍22 𝐶2 =
𝐿2 𝑤𝑟 𝑅2 + 𝐿2 𝜌

The Theory Of The Unified Machines Lecture 7 21-Feb-20

4 And the compete transformation is:
𝑅1 + 𝐿1 𝜌 0 0 𝑀𝜌
′′ 0 𝑅1 + 𝐿1 𝜌 𝑀𝜌 0
𝑍 (𝐼. 𝑀) =
−𝑀𝑤𝑟 𝑀𝜌 𝑅2 + 𝐿2 𝜌 −𝐿2 𝑤𝑟
𝑀𝜌 𝑀𝑤𝑟 𝐿2 𝑤𝑟 𝑅2 + 𝐿2 𝜌

The Theory Of The Unified Machines Lecture 7 21-Feb-20

5 To get the torque:
1 ′ 𝑑𝐿′ ′ 1 ′′ 𝑑𝐿′′ ′′
𝑇 ′′ = 𝑖 𝑖 = 𝑖 𝑖
2 𝑡 𝑑𝜃 2 𝑡 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝐿′′ 𝑑𝐿′
Where = 𝑐2 𝑡 𝑐
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃 2

0 0 0 0
𝑑𝐿′′ 0 0 0 0
=
𝑑𝜃 −𝑀 0 0 −𝐿2
0 𝑀 𝐿2 0

∴ 𝑇 = −𝑀𝐼𝐴 𝐼𝑞 + 𝑀𝐼𝐵 𝐼𝑑
The Theory Of The Unified Machines Lecture 7 21-Feb-20
6 Remember 3-∅ Induction machine (R,Y,B,r,y,b), when apply 𝐂𝟏 , the
stator (R,Y,B) become (0,A,B) and the rotor (r,y,b) become (0, 𝛼, 𝛽)
1 1 1
2 2 2 𝑉𝑅 = 𝑉1
V0 = 0 2 1 1
V𝐴 = 1 − − 𝑉𝑌 = 𝑎2 𝑉1
V𝐵 3 2 2 𝑉𝐵 = 𝑎𝑉1
3 3
0 −
2 2
𝑉1 = 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑉𝑅 )
3 3 3
V𝐴 = 𝑉 = 𝑉 = 2 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 3 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 3 𝑉1 cos 𝑤1 𝑡
2 1 2 𝑚𝑎𝑥 2
3
V𝐵 = −𝑗 𝑉= 3𝑉1 sin(𝑤1 𝑡) sin(𝑤1 𝑡) 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝐵 𝑙𝑎𝑔 𝐴 𝑏𝑦 90 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒
2 1
𝑤1 = 2𝜋𝑓1 (𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 )
The Theory Of The Unified Machines Lecture 7
7 1 1 1
V0 = 0 2 2 2 𝑉𝑟 = 𝑉2
2 1 1
V𝛼 = 1 − − 𝑉𝑦 = 𝑎2 𝑉2
V𝛽 3 2 2
𝑉𝑏 = 𝑎𝑉2
3 3
0 −
2 2

3
V𝛼 = 𝑉 = 3𝑉2 cos(𝑤2 𝑡) cos(𝑤2 𝑡) 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝛼 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝛽 𝑏𝑦 90 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒
2 2
3
V𝛽 = −𝑗 𝑉 = 3𝑉2 sin(𝑤2 𝑡) sin(𝑤2 𝑡) 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝛽 𝑙𝑎𝑔 𝛼 𝑏𝑦 90 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒
2 2

𝑤2 = 2𝜋𝑓2 (𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 )

The Theory Of The Unified Machines Lecture 7

8 Now when apply 𝐂𝟐 , the stator (0,A,B) does not affect and the
rotor (0, 𝛼, 𝛽) become (0,q,d)

Vq sin θ cos θ Vα = 3𝑉2 cos(𝑤2 𝑡)

=
Vd cos θ −sin θ Vβ = 3𝑉2 sin(𝑤2 𝑡)

𝑉𝑞 = 3𝑉2 cos(𝑤2 𝑡) sin 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑤2 𝑡) cos 𝜃 = 3𝑉2 sin 𝜃 + 𝑤2 𝑡

𝑉𝑑 = 3𝑉2 cos(𝑤2 𝑡) cos 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑤2 𝑡) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 3𝑉2 cos 𝜃 + 𝑤2 𝑡
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝜃 = 𝑤𝑟 𝑡
𝑤𝑟 is the rotor angular speed and 𝑤2 is the rotor supply frequency speed

The Theory Of The Unified Machines Lecture 7

 𝑤𝑟 = 𝑤1 − 𝑤2 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑤1 & 𝑤2 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 & 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
9
∴ 𝑉𝑞 = 3𝑉2 sin 𝜃 + 𝑤2 𝑡 = 3𝑉2 sin 𝑤1 𝑡 − 𝑤2 𝑡 + 𝑤2 𝑡

3
𝑉𝑞 = 3𝑉2 sin 𝑤1 𝑡 𝑙𝑎𝑔 = −𝑗 𝑉2
2
∴ 𝑉𝑑 = 3𝑉2 cos 𝜃 + 𝑤2 𝑡 = 3𝑉2 cos 𝑤1 𝑡 − 𝑤2 𝑡 + 𝑤2 𝑡
3
𝑉𝑑 = 3𝑉2 cos 𝑤1 𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑 = 𝑉
2 2

i.e. C2 transformation on the voltage and current is a frequency change i.e. the
actual rotor voltage at slip frequency 𝑤2 can replaced by voltage of equal
magnitude but at stator frequency 𝑤1 .
* 𝐶2 Transforms system from system rotate at 𝑓2 to system rotate at 𝑓1 , so the new
system is constant with respect to stator as both will rotate at 𝑓1
The Theory Of The Unified Machines Lecture 7
 The 3-∅ induction machines normal condition:
10
𝑉𝐴 𝑅1 + 𝐿1 𝜌 0 0 𝑀𝜌 𝐼𝐴
𝑉𝐵 0 𝑅1 + 𝐿1 𝜌 𝑀𝜌 0 𝐼𝐵
𝑉𝑞 = −𝑀𝑤𝑟 𝑀𝜌 𝑅2 + 𝐿2 𝜌 −𝐿2 𝑤𝑟 𝐼𝑞
𝑉𝑑 𝑀𝜌 𝑀𝑤𝑟 𝐿2 𝑤𝑟 𝑅2 + 𝐿2 𝜌 𝐼𝑑

The Theory Of The Unified Machines Lecture 7 21-Feb-20

 Form previously a proved for a balance 3-∅ and take 𝑉𝑅 and 𝑉𝑟
11
as reference
3 3
𝑉𝑑 = 𝑉 &&& 𝑉𝑞 = −𝑗 𝑉
2 2 2 2

3 3
𝑉𝐴 = 𝑉 &&& 𝑉𝐵 = −𝑗 𝑉
2 1 2 1

Similarly:
3 3
𝐼𝑑 = 𝐼 &&& 𝐼𝑞 = −𝑗 𝐼
2 2 2 2

3 3
𝐼𝐴 = 𝐼 &&& 𝐼𝐵 = −𝑗 𝐼
2 1 2 1

𝑉1 ,𝐼1 , 𝑉2 , 𝐼2 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡, 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟

The Theory Of The Unified Machines Lecture 7 21-Feb-20
12 For sinusoidal supply , i = 𝐼𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡
𝑑𝑖 𝑑
then 𝜌 𝑖 = 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝑡 𝐼𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 = 𝑗𝜔 𝐼 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡
𝑑
So The operator 𝜌 = for sinusoidal current equal 𝑗𝑤
𝑑𝑡

∴ 𝜌 = 𝑗𝑤
𝐿1 𝜌 = 𝐿1 𝑗𝑤 = 𝑗𝑤𝐿1 = 𝑗𝑋1
𝐿2 𝜌 = 𝐿2 𝑗𝑤 = 𝑗𝑤𝐿2 = 𝑗𝑋2
𝑀𝜌 = 𝑀𝑗𝑤 = 𝑗𝑤𝑀 = 𝑗𝑋𝑚
𝑤𝑟 = 𝑤1 − 𝑤2 = 𝑤1 1 − 𝑠 = 𝑤(1 − 𝑠)
S=𝑤2 /𝑤1 = 𝑤2 /𝑤 = (𝑤 − 𝑤𝑟 )/𝑤
𝑀𝑤𝑟 = 𝑀𝑤 1 − 𝑠 = 1 − 𝑠 𝑋𝑚
𝐿2 𝑤𝑟 = 𝐿2 𝑤 1 − 𝑠 = 1 − 𝑠 𝑋2
The Theory Of The Unified Machines Lecture 7 21-Feb-20
 Now if we substitute these values we get:
13

𝑉1 𝑅1 + 𝑗𝑋1 0 0 𝑗𝑋𝑚 𝐼1
−𝑗𝑉1 0 𝑅1 + 𝑗𝑋1 𝑗𝑋𝑚 0 −𝑗𝐼1
=
−𝑗𝑉2 − 1 − 𝑠 𝑋𝑚 𝑗𝑋𝑚 𝑅2 + 𝑗𝑋2 − 1 − 𝑠 𝑋2 −𝑗𝐼2
𝑉2 𝑗𝑋𝑚 1 − 𝑠 𝑋𝑚 1 − 𝑠 𝑋2 𝑅2 + 𝑗𝑋2 𝐼2

The first equation

𝑉1 = 𝑅1 + 𝑗𝑋1 𝐼1 + 𝑗𝑋𝑚 𝐼2 =====> (1)
The second equation
−𝑗𝑉1 = −𝑗 𝑅1 + 𝑗𝑋1 𝐼1 + 𝑋𝑚 𝐼2

The Theory Of The Unified Machines Lecture 7 21-Feb-20

14 𝑉1 = 𝑅1 + 𝑗𝑋1 𝐼1 + 𝑗𝑋𝑚 𝐼2
Which is the same as the first equation.
The third equation
−𝑗𝑉2 = − 1 − 𝑠 𝑋𝑚 𝐼1 + 𝑋𝑚 𝐼1 − 𝑗 𝑅2 + 𝑗𝑋2 𝐼2 − 1 − 𝑠 𝑋2 𝐼2
Or:
𝑉2 = 𝑗𝑠𝑋𝑚 𝐼1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑗𝑠𝑋2 𝐼2 ======> (2)
The fourth equation
𝑉2 = 𝑗𝑋𝑚 𝐼1 + 1 − 𝑠 𝑋𝑚 −𝑗𝐼1 + 1 − 𝑠 𝑋2 −𝑗𝐼2 + 𝑅2 + 𝑗𝑋2 𝐼2
𝑉2 = 𝑗𝑠𝑋𝑚 𝐼1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑗𝑠𝑋2 𝐼2
Which is similar to the third equation.
The Theory Of The Unified Machines Lecture 7 21-Feb-20
 Or
15
𝑉1 𝑅1 + 𝑗𝑋1 𝑗𝑋𝑚 𝐼1
=
𝑉2 𝑗𝑠𝑋𝑚 𝑅2 + 𝑗𝑠𝑋2 𝐼2
Or
𝑉1 𝑅1 + 𝑗𝑋1 𝑗𝑋𝑚 𝐼1
𝑉2 = 𝑅2
𝑗𝑋𝑚 + 𝑗𝑋2 𝐼2
𝑠 𝑠
Remember that:
𝑉1 is the phase voltage applied to the stator & 𝑉2 is the phase voltage
applied to the rotor from an external source which is normally is equal to
zero (𝑉2 = 0 𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑒, rotor is short circuit).

The Theory Of The Unified Machines Lecture 7 21-Feb-20

16 The mathematical equivalent circuit can be draw as:

The Theory Of The Unified Machines Lecture 7 21-Feb-20

17 Now if we introduce n which is the turn’s ratio and rewrite
the equation (1) and (2):
𝐼2
𝑉1 = 𝑅1 + 𝑗𝑋1 𝐼1 + 𝑗𝑛𝑋𝑚
𝑛
𝑉2 2 𝑅2 𝐼2
𝑛 = 𝑗𝑛𝑋𝑚 𝐼1 + 𝑛 + 𝑗𝑋2
𝑠 𝑠 𝑛
And put:
′ 𝐼2
𝑛𝑋𝑚 = 𝑋𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = −𝐼2 ′
𝑛
′ ′
𝑋1 − 𝑋𝑚 = 𝑥1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑋2 − 𝑋𝑚 = 𝑥2 ′
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑥2 ′ = 𝑛2 𝑋2
′
𝑅2 = 𝑛2 𝑅2
The Theory Of The Unified Machines Lecture 7 21-Feb-20
18 And 𝑅𝑐 is added to count for the core-losses and the practical
equivalent circuit will be:

The Theory Of The Unified Machines Lecture 7 21-Feb-20

19
The approximate equivalent circuit can be obtained by move
the magnetizing branch to the left as shown below:

The Theory Of The Unified Machines Lecture 7 21-Feb-20

20 The torque from the equivalent approximate circuit is given by:
3𝑅2 ′ ′2
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 1 − 𝑠 𝐼2
𝑇= = 𝑠
𝑤𝑟 1−𝑠 𝑤
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 3𝑅2 ′ ′ 2
𝑇= = 𝐼2 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑦𝑐ℎ. 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡
𝑤𝑟 𝑠

3𝑅2 ′ ′ 2
𝑇= 𝐼2 𝑖𝑛 𝑁𝑒𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑛. 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑠𝑤

′
3𝑅2 ′2
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 1 − 𝑠 𝐼2 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
𝑠
The Theory Of The Unified Machines Lecture 7
21 HW:
Find the torque using the torque equation?

𝑉𝐴 𝑅1 + 𝐿1 𝜌 0 0 𝑀𝜌 𝐼𝐴
𝑉𝐵 0 𝑅1 + 𝐿1 𝜌 𝑀𝜌 0 𝐼𝐵
𝑉𝑞 = −𝑀𝑤𝑟 𝑀𝜌 𝑅2 + 𝐿2 𝜌 −𝐿2 𝑤𝑟 𝐼𝑞
𝑉𝑑 𝑀𝜌 𝑀𝑤𝑟 𝐿2 𝑤𝑟 𝑅2 + 𝐿2 𝜌 𝐼𝑑

The Theory Of The Unified Machines Lecture 7

22

The Theory Of The Unified Machines Lecture 7 21-Feb-20